新型天线高维多目标优化设计理论和技术研究
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摘要
天线为无线通信系统中最为重要的元件之一。为减轻不断增长的系统需求以及提升系统的整体性能,天线的分析与综合设计在整个通信系统分析与设计中已经从次要的任务演变为关键论题。天线综合设计的电磁场逆问题由此成为计算电磁学的热点问题。有鉴于此,本文对一种平面双频天线、倒S型天线、以及介质加载的电子换向多波束天线等天线的综合设计理论和数值计算方法进行了系统分析和深入研究。
现有倒S型天线一般以屈折的带状线与直线带状线构成S形结构。此时为获得平面化的倒S型天线,以共面波导构成馈源网络。但是,研究发现此条件下极难实现阻抗匹配,与原始设计的经验公式不相契合。因此,平面倒S型天线综合设计这一电磁场逆问题只能通过将其表述为拥有多于三个目标的多目标优化问题才能解决。这类多于3个目标函数的优化问题也称为高维多目标优化问题。此外,为实现更为紧凑的体积,以及具备宽带特性与水平方向的全向性辐射场型,倒S型天线需要更为复杂和精细优化设计和改进。因此,本文提出电流路径屈折技术与对称几何结构以改造倒S型天线。由于这一新型结构设计并无可用的设计导则和工程实践经验,进行多目标优化设计是保证此类天线性能进而实现其工程应用的基础。
类似地,虽然介质加载电子换向多波束天线由Yagi-Uda天线组合而成,其加载的介质导致了这类天线的综合设计无法根据任何解析方法或经验方法进行,必须归结为优化设计问题。由于该天线具有实现角度分集的可能,因此本文提出应用多端口同时激励,以及等高角反射阵的新思想实现介质了加载电子换向多波束天线的角度分集和天线阵隔离。据此,如果采用高维多目标优化设计理论和技术,可以获得理想的多输入多输出天线设计方案。
除去多个目标这一问题,这些天线的优化问题还具有多个局部最优点以及高度的非线性,这些都增加了问题求解的难度。由于具有全局寻优能力并在一次运行中获得多个非控解的潜力,进化算法现已广泛应用于工程多目标综合设计问题。但现有的基于非控关系的多目标优化方法难以有效求解超出三维的高维多目标优化问题。为处理这一问题,已有若干算法和技术提出。其中,多重单目标Pareto采样算法(MSOPS)实现简单,计算复杂度低,但是收敛速度慢且结果的多样性不佳。为解决现有MSOPS算法的上述不足,本文首先对MSOPS算法进行了改进研究,提出了基于目标矢量拥挤操作的目标矢量更新新机制,以及目标矢量重新定位和独立外部档案设置等新思想。通过与MSOPS-II,NSGA Ⅱ,以及HypE等性能良好的主流多目标算法在测试函数与天线阵列(直线阵列,Yagi-Uda阵列)的实际应用比较,证明了改进算法在Pareto控制关系下的优越性。为进一步证明改进算法在实际天线问题中的有效性和优越性,应用本文算法实现了圆极化切角矩形贴片微带天线的优化设计。应用实例表明,本文算法得到的优化天线性能在多个方面均优于原有的经典设计天线的性能。
在对倒S型天线与介质加载电子换向多波束天线进行综合设计时,传统的分析技术不能估测其特性。故必须引入计算电磁学的数值计算方法。为此,本文采用了与有限元方法相结合的进化算法解决诸天线综合设计的逆问题。基于上述方法,平面倒S型天线与其改进类型得以首先优化。至于介质加载电子换向多波束天线,其用于多输入多输出系统的最优设计得以导出并与传统多波束天线进行了比较。
通过系统分析和大量的实例计算可以发现：
倒S型天线的优化设计只有对屈折带状线施加激励才能实现馈电。这表明可将倒S型天线视为印刷单极子天线。本文通过对优化设计的参数研究证实了这一特性。此外,由于采用了电流路径屈折技术与对称几何结构的缘故,改进型倒S型天线的优化给出了外形紧凑且水平方向上增益增加的设计方案。
在介质加载电子换向多波束天线研究方面,优化设计存在两种矛盾选择,即在天线大小与性能之间必须做出取舍。为此,本文基于反复优化设计实践阐明了加载介质的物理限制与阵列构型的特性。研究结论为：如条件允许,推荐使用更多的加载介质材料,同时阵元的长度也将受到了这一加载的影响。最后,根据某一优化设计制成了样品天线,其性能超过了传统多波束天线。
Antennas is one of the most critical components in wireless communication systems. To relax the ever-increasing system requirements and improve the overall system performance, their designs evolve from the secondary role to topical one. A planar dual band antenna, Inverted-S Antenna (ISA), and the dielectric embedded electronically steerable multiple beam (DE-ESMB) antenna array were comprehensively and sysmetically modified and synthesized in this dissertation.
The original ISA comprises a folded strip and a straight strip. Both strips create an S-shape structure. To obtain planar ISA, a coplanar waveguide is used as the feed network. However, the impedance matching is difficult in such a feeding mode, which is deviate from the physical understanding using the rule of thumb to design the original one. Thus the synthesis of ISA can only be solved by representing such an inverse problem as a multi-objective optimization one with more than three objectives, which is termed as many-objective optimization problem. Furthermore, the achievement of more compact size, broader bandwidth and omni-directional radiation pattern in azimuthal diractions requires more sophisticated designs. Therefore, the meandering technique and symmetrical geometry is proposed to modify the structure of ISA. Since no guideline is available to design this novel ISA, a many-objective optimization is inevitable.
Similarly, although constructed as a combination of Yagi-Uda antennas, the synthesis of DE-ESMB excludes any analytical or empirical solutions because of the loaded dielectric, and must be formulated as an optimization problem. If all-port operation mode and equal height corner reflector is utilized to modify DE-ESMB, the angle diversity and antenna isolation can be realized. In this way, a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna with exclusive features could be attainable, if the many-objective optimization technique is invoked again.
Besides multiple objective functions, the optimal design problems of these antennas have numerous local optimal solutions with highly nonlinear behavior, which additionally increase the problem complexity. Evolutionary algorithms not only converge to global optimal solutions but also have the potential to produce a multiple non-dominated solutions in a single run. Therefore, they are applied extensively in multi-objective optimization community. However, existing non-dominance based multi-objective optimal algorithms have difficulties in solving many-objective problems. To handle many-objective optimal problems, several techniques have been proposed. Among them, the Multiple Single Objective Pareto Sampling (MSOPS and MSOPS-II) Algorithm is simple in implementations and has a feasible computational complexity, but has slow convergence and poor diversity of the final results. To address these problems, an improved MSOPS is proposed by incorporating a crowding operation of target vectors, a non-uniform target vector updating mechanism, and an external archive. In terms of the optimization of test functions, the synthesis of linear array and Yagi-Uda array, the proposed algorithm outperforms the MSOPS-Ⅱ and the other two well developed multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, HypE and NSGA II, in the concept of Pareto dominance. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in engineering antenna synthesis problems, a circular polarized square patch microstrip antenna with truncated edge is firstly synthesized. The optimal solution outperforms the original classic design in many respects.
In the synthesis of ISA and DE-ESMB, the conventional analytical technique is incapable of predicting their characteristics. The computational electromagnetics must be introduced. To this end, a methodology combining finite element method and evolutionary algorithm is proposed in this dissertation.
With the help of aforementioned metodology, a planar ISA and its modified version are firstly optimized. As for the synthesis of DE-ESMB, the optimized design used in MEVIO application is conducted and compared with its traditional rival.
The optimization of ISA indicates that the ISA can be only fed via folded line, that is, an ISA can be regarded as a kind of printed monopoles. The parametric analysis of the optimal design validates such assumption, and a new guideline for ISA designs is given. Moreover, thanks to the proposed meandering technique and symmetrical structure, the optimization of the modified ISA produces some optimized designs with compact size, and enhanced gain in the azimuthal plane.
As far as the DE-ESMB concerned, there are two types of optimal designs. The trade-off between size and performance must be compromised. Based on the optimal designs, the physical limitation of the loaded dielectrics and the characteristics of array configurations are discussed. More loaded dielectric is recommended if the condition is permitted, and the height of monopole element is affected by such loading. In the end, a stereotype of the optimized design is fabricated, and the tested results demonstarted that the optimized stereotype outperforms its conventional rival.
现有倒S型天线一般以屈折的带状线与直线带状线构成S形结构。此时为获得平面化的倒S型天线,以共面波导构成馈源网络。但是,研究发现此条件下极难实现阻抗匹配,与原始设计的经验公式不相契合。因此,平面倒S型天线综合设计这一电磁场逆问题只能通过将其表述为拥有多于三个目标的多目标优化问题才能解决。这类多于3个目标函数的优化问题也称为高维多目标优化问题。此外,为实现更为紧凑的体积,以及具备宽带特性与水平方向的全向性辐射场型,倒S型天线需要更为复杂和精细优化设计和改进。因此,本文提出电流路径屈折技术与对称几何结构以改造倒S型天线。由于这一新型结构设计并无可用的设计导则和工程实践经验,进行多目标优化设计是保证此类天线性能进而实现其工程应用的基础。
类似地,虽然介质加载电子换向多波束天线由Yagi-Uda天线组合而成,其加载的介质导致了这类天线的综合设计无法根据任何解析方法或经验方法进行,必须归结为优化设计问题。由于该天线具有实现角度分集的可能,因此本文提出应用多端口同时激励,以及等高角反射阵的新思想实现介质了加载电子换向多波束天线的角度分集和天线阵隔离。据此,如果采用高维多目标优化设计理论和技术,可以获得理想的多输入多输出天线设计方案。
除去多个目标这一问题,这些天线的优化问题还具有多个局部最优点以及高度的非线性,这些都增加了问题求解的难度。由于具有全局寻优能力并在一次运行中获得多个非控解的潜力,进化算法现已广泛应用于工程多目标综合设计问题。但现有的基于非控关系的多目标优化方法难以有效求解超出三维的高维多目标优化问题。为处理这一问题,已有若干算法和技术提出。其中,多重单目标Pareto采样算法(MSOPS)实现简单,计算复杂度低,但是收敛速度慢且结果的多样性不佳。为解决现有MSOPS算法的上述不足,本文首先对MSOPS算法进行了改进研究,提出了基于目标矢量拥挤操作的目标矢量更新新机制,以及目标矢量重新定位和独立外部档案设置等新思想。通过与MSOPS-II,NSGA Ⅱ,以及HypE等性能良好的主流多目标算法在测试函数与天线阵列(直线阵列,Yagi-Uda阵列)的实际应用比较,证明了改进算法在Pareto控制关系下的优越性。为进一步证明改进算法在实际天线问题中的有效性和优越性,应用本文算法实现了圆极化切角矩形贴片微带天线的优化设计。应用实例表明,本文算法得到的优化天线性能在多个方面均优于原有的经典设计天线的性能。
在对倒S型天线与介质加载电子换向多波束天线进行综合设计时,传统的分析技术不能估测其特性。故必须引入计算电磁学的数值计算方法。为此,本文采用了与有限元方法相结合的进化算法解决诸天线综合设计的逆问题。基于上述方法,平面倒S型天线与其改进类型得以首先优化。至于介质加载电子换向多波束天线,其用于多输入多输出系统的最优设计得以导出并与传统多波束天线进行了比较。
通过系统分析和大量的实例计算可以发现：
倒S型天线的优化设计只有对屈折带状线施加激励才能实现馈电。这表明可将倒S型天线视为印刷单极子天线。本文通过对优化设计的参数研究证实了这一特性。此外,由于采用了电流路径屈折技术与对称几何结构的缘故,改进型倒S型天线的优化给出了外形紧凑且水平方向上增益增加的设计方案。
在介质加载电子换向多波束天线研究方面,优化设计存在两种矛盾选择,即在天线大小与性能之间必须做出取舍。为此,本文基于反复优化设计实践阐明了加载介质的物理限制与阵列构型的特性。研究结论为：如条件允许,推荐使用更多的加载介质材料,同时阵元的长度也将受到了这一加载的影响。最后,根据某一优化设计制成了样品天线,其性能超过了传统多波束天线。
Antennas is one of the most critical components in wireless communication systems. To relax the ever-increasing system requirements and improve the overall system performance, their designs evolve from the secondary role to topical one. A planar dual band antenna, Inverted-S Antenna (ISA), and the dielectric embedded electronically steerable multiple beam (DE-ESMB) antenna array were comprehensively and sysmetically modified and synthesized in this dissertation.
The original ISA comprises a folded strip and a straight strip. Both strips create an S-shape structure. To obtain planar ISA, a coplanar waveguide is used as the feed network. However, the impedance matching is difficult in such a feeding mode, which is deviate from the physical understanding using the rule of thumb to design the original one. Thus the synthesis of ISA can only be solved by representing such an inverse problem as a multi-objective optimization one with more than three objectives, which is termed as many-objective optimization problem. Furthermore, the achievement of more compact size, broader bandwidth and omni-directional radiation pattern in azimuthal diractions requires more sophisticated designs. Therefore, the meandering technique and symmetrical geometry is proposed to modify the structure of ISA. Since no guideline is available to design this novel ISA, a many-objective optimization is inevitable.
Similarly, although constructed as a combination of Yagi-Uda antennas, the synthesis of DE-ESMB excludes any analytical or empirical solutions because of the loaded dielectric, and must be formulated as an optimization problem. If all-port operation mode and equal height corner reflector is utilized to modify DE-ESMB, the angle diversity and antenna isolation can be realized. In this way, a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna with exclusive features could be attainable, if the many-objective optimization technique is invoked again.
Besides multiple objective functions, the optimal design problems of these antennas have numerous local optimal solutions with highly nonlinear behavior, which additionally increase the problem complexity. Evolutionary algorithms not only converge to global optimal solutions but also have the potential to produce a multiple non-dominated solutions in a single run. Therefore, they are applied extensively in multi-objective optimization community. However, existing non-dominance based multi-objective optimal algorithms have difficulties in solving many-objective problems. To handle many-objective optimal problems, several techniques have been proposed. Among them, the Multiple Single Objective Pareto Sampling (MSOPS and MSOPS-II) Algorithm is simple in implementations and has a feasible computational complexity, but has slow convergence and poor diversity of the final results. To address these problems, an improved MSOPS is proposed by incorporating a crowding operation of target vectors, a non-uniform target vector updating mechanism, and an external archive. In terms of the optimization of test functions, the synthesis of linear array and Yagi-Uda array, the proposed algorithm outperforms the MSOPS-Ⅱ and the other two well developed multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, HypE and NSGA II, in the concept of Pareto dominance. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in engineering antenna synthesis problems, a circular polarized square patch microstrip antenna with truncated edge is firstly synthesized. The optimal solution outperforms the original classic design in many respects.
In the synthesis of ISA and DE-ESMB, the conventional analytical technique is incapable of predicting their characteristics. The computational electromagnetics must be introduced. To this end, a methodology combining finite element method and evolutionary algorithm is proposed in this dissertation.
With the help of aforementioned metodology, a planar ISA and its modified version are firstly optimized. As for the synthesis of DE-ESMB, the optimized design used in MEVIO application is conducted and compared with its traditional rival.
The optimization of ISA indicates that the ISA can be only fed via folded line, that is, an ISA can be regarded as a kind of printed monopoles. The parametric analysis of the optimal design validates such assumption, and a new guideline for ISA designs is given. Moreover, thanks to the proposed meandering technique and symmetrical structure, the optimization of the modified ISA produces some optimized designs with compact size, and enhanced gain in the azimuthal plane.
As far as the DE-ESMB concerned, there are two types of optimal designs. The trade-off between size and performance must be compromised. Based on the optimal designs, the physical limitation of the loaded dielectrics and the characteristics of array configurations are discussed. More loaded dielectric is recommended if the condition is permitted, and the height of monopole element is affected by such loading. In the end, a stereotype of the optimized design is fabricated, and the tested results demonstarted that the optimized stereotype outperforms its conventional rival.
引文
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