用于凝视式相机的大视场离轴三反光学系统的研究
|
摘要
国内外空间光学系统总的发展趋势是向着长焦距、大视场、轻重量、小外形尺寸、大相对孔径、高成像质量方向发展，这使得人们对反射系统设计的兴趣日益增加。共轴两反射镜和多反射镜系统已成功地应用于空间遥感领域，获得了高分辨率的遥感图像。但是同轴的光学系统发展是有一定限制的，这主要是因为：同轴反射系统可用的视场受到限制，观测的画幅太小；再者，同轴系统由于有中心遮拦，使得系统的MTF受到限制。
离轴式光学系统对扩大系统的视场、提高系统分辨率、杂光抑制等方面具有共轴光学系统无法比拟的优势，因而越来越引起光学设计者的注意。系统地研究离轴光学系统的像差理论，并以理论来增进对设计的洞察力和理解，是当前光学设计领域的前沿课题。本论文通过对非球面离轴反射式光学成像系统设计的模型及其理论参数的研究分析，比较了现有的几种典型的非球面离轴反射式光学成像系统的性能配比，及其使用条件的优劣。针对凝视式相机大视场，大口径，长焦距等的特点，选择了适合该课题的结构和像质评价方法，对离轴反射系统的像差理论、系统形式、设计准则和设计方法等方面作了深入地研究，特别结合某项目，设计了一个焦距f=1000mm、视场角为3°×3°、D／f’=1／8的长焦距、大视场、大相对孔径反射式离轴光学成像系统。该系统在501p／mm中心视场传函达到0.85左右，接近衍射极限，边缘视场传函也达到了0.4左右；全视场弥散斑基本控制在10um左右。该系统克服了传统反射镜系统子午方向视场角小的问题，大大扩大了反射镜系统在空间光学等领域的应用。
The developing trend of the space optical system throughout the world is towards long focal length, broad view field, small dimension, great relative aperture, light weight and high resolution imaging, that increase the interest of scientists on reflective system designing. On-axis double-mirror systems and multi-mirror reflective systems have being successfully used in the space remote sensing field, and achieved the remote sensing picture with high resolution. But the performance of the traditional optical system is limited to a certain degree. This is caused mainly by the available view field of on-axis reflective system, the dimension of the territory observed, moreover, the MTF of the system is limited by the central shelter in on-axis system.
It is incomparable between off-axis systems and on-axis systems for enlarging the field coverage, enhancing the discerning potential and restraining straylight etc. So it attracts more and more optical designers' attention. It is a difficult problem to study the aberration theory of off-axis systems and use the theory to gain insights and understandings to those designs. The paper studies thoroughly on the off-axis systems linking with a certain practical item from aberration theory, system types, designing principles and designing methods, ect. And design a tri-mirror off-axis optical system satisfied the requirement based on a certain engineering project with wide field with 3°×3°, long focus with 1000mm and F/# with 1/8. The MTF of the system's center field near it's limiting diffraction and the MTF of it's edge field arrive at 0.4 while spatial frequency in cycles pre millimeter is 501p/mm; the circle of confusion control in 10um. This kind
离轴式光学系统对扩大系统的视场、提高系统分辨率、杂光抑制等方面具有共轴光学系统无法比拟的优势，因而越来越引起光学设计者的注意。系统地研究离轴光学系统的像差理论，并以理论来增进对设计的洞察力和理解，是当前光学设计领域的前沿课题。本论文通过对非球面离轴反射式光学成像系统设计的模型及其理论参数的研究分析，比较了现有的几种典型的非球面离轴反射式光学成像系统的性能配比，及其使用条件的优劣。针对凝视式相机大视场，大口径，长焦距等的特点，选择了适合该课题的结构和像质评价方法，对离轴反射系统的像差理论、系统形式、设计准则和设计方法等方面作了深入地研究，特别结合某项目，设计了一个焦距f=1000mm、视场角为3°×3°、D／f’=1／8的长焦距、大视场、大相对孔径反射式离轴光学成像系统。该系统在501p／mm中心视场传函达到0.85左右，接近衍射极限，边缘视场传函也达到了0.4左右；全视场弥散斑基本控制在10um左右。该系统克服了传统反射镜系统子午方向视场角小的问题，大大扩大了反射镜系统在空间光学等领域的应用。
The developing trend of the space optical system throughout the world is towards long focal length, broad view field, small dimension, great relative aperture, light weight and high resolution imaging, that increase the interest of scientists on reflective system designing. On-axis double-mirror systems and multi-mirror reflective systems have being successfully used in the space remote sensing field, and achieved the remote sensing picture with high resolution. But the performance of the traditional optical system is limited to a certain degree. This is caused mainly by the available view field of on-axis reflective system, the dimension of the territory observed, moreover, the MTF of the system is limited by the central shelter in on-axis system.
It is incomparable between off-axis systems and on-axis systems for enlarging the field coverage, enhancing the discerning potential and restraining straylight etc. So it attracts more and more optical designers' attention. It is a difficult problem to study the aberration theory of off-axis systems and use the theory to gain insights and understandings to those designs. The paper studies thoroughly on the off-axis systems linking with a certain practical item from aberration theory, system types, designing principles and designing methods, ect. And design a tri-mirror off-axis optical system satisfied the requirement based on a certain engineering project with wide field with 3°×3°, long focus with 1000mm and F/# with 1/8. The MTF of the system's center field near it's limiting diffraction and the MTF of it's edge field arrive at 0.4 while spatial frequency in cycles pre millimeter is 501p/mm; the circle of confusion control in 10um. This kind
引文
[1] R. N. Wilson. Reflecting Telescope Optics I. Springer. 1996.
[2] Wetherell W. B and Rimmer M.P. General analysis of aplanatic Cassegrain, Gregorian and Schwarzschild telescopes. Appl. Opt. 1972, 11(12): 2817～2832.
[3] 丁延卫 王立国，反射(折反)式望远镜物镜的形式及其像差．光机电信息11／2002，35～39
[4] Dietrich Korsch. A Three-Mirror Space Telescope. Optical Engineering 1975,14(6): 533～535
[5] Juranek, Hans J. Sand, Rolf et al. Off-axis telescope—the future generation of earth observation telescopes. SPIE 3439.1998
[6] John R. Rogers et al. Vector aberration theory and the design of off-axis systems. SPIE Vol. 554. International Lens Design Conference. 1985: 110～116
[7] 袁旭沧编著．光学设计．北京科学出版社．1983：635～644
[8] 王之江主编．光学设计理论基础．科学出版社．1985
[9] John W. Figoski. Development of a three-mirror, wide-field sensor, from paper design to hardware. SPIE Vol. 1113 Reflective Optics Ⅱ. 1989: 126～131
[10] Rick Blakley. Cesarian telescope optical system. Opt. Eng. 1996, 35(11): 3338-3341
[11] Juranek, Hans J., Sand, Rolf Off-axis telescope—the future generation of earth observation telescopes. SPIE 3439,1998
[12] John W. Figoski. Aberration characteristics of nonsymmetric systems. SPIE 554.1985: 104～111
[13] Roland V. Shack, gevin Thompson. Influence of alignment errors of a telescope system on its aberration field. SPIE Vol. 251, 1980:146～153
[14] John R. Rogers. Design techniques for system containing tilted components. SPIE Vol. 3737,.1999: 286～300
[15] Theodore S, Turner Jr. Vector aberration theory on a spreadsheet-analysis of tilted and decentered systems. SPIE Vol. 1752. 1992
[16] Kevin Thompson. A graphic approach to the analysis of perturbed optical systems. SPIE Vol. 237.1980: 127～134
[17] John R. Rogers and Satoru Tachihara. Practical Tilted Mirror Systems. SPIE Vol. 679.1986: 12～16
[18] A focal two-mirror system. Optical Engineering 32(6). 1993: 1325～1327
[19] 樊学武，陈荣利，马臻，李英才．偏心和倾斜光学系统初级像差理论的研究．光子学报．2004，33(4)
[20] Irving R. Abel, Marcus R. Hatch. The pursuit of symmetry in wide-angle reflective optical designs. SPIE Vol. 237.1980: 271～280
[21] Power distribution and symmetry in lens systems. Opt. Eng. March 1998, 37(3): 1001～1004
[22] Gelles R. Off-center aberration in nonaligned systems. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1978, 68(9), 1250～1254
[23] Peter O. Minott. Design of a wide-angle all reflective triplet for an orbiting push-broom linear array scanner. SPIE Vol. 554, 1985,164～168
[24] Jun-ichi Ishigaki, Toshihiro Okamura, Kunihiro Tanikawa, Hiromichi Shirahata, and Mitumasa Masutani, Hironobu Sakuta, and Masaru Ushida, Hiroshi Murofushi. Designing and Testing of Off-axis Three-Mirror Optical System for Multi-Spectral Sensor. SPIE Vol. 3061, 356～369
[25] Wide field of view three-mirror telescopes having a common optical axis. Optical Engineering 27(12).1046～1050 (December 1988)
[26] 樊学武，马卫红，陈荣利，李英才，具有二次像面的三反射光学系统的研 究，光子学报，2003，32(8)
[27] 张以谟，应用光学，机械工业出版社，1988
[28] Dietrich Korsch. A Three-Mirror Space Telescope. Optical Engineering 1975.14(6): 533～535
[29] J. Michael Rodgers. Unobscured mirror designs, Proceedings of OSA IODC Conference, 2002
[30] 刘琳，薛鸣球，沈为民，提高离轴三反射系统成像质量的途径，光学技术， 2002，Vol．28 No．2，181～184
[31] 樊学武，陈荣利，马臻，王伟，李英才，空间三反射望远镜光学系统的研究，2004年中国光学学会年会，瞬态光学和空间光学技术专题，2004年4月，杭州；
[32] M. Amon, S. Rosin, and B. Jackson. Large Objective for Night Observation. APPLIED OPTICS, Vol. lO, No. 3, 1971, 490～193
[33] Eugen Curatu. Reflecting/refracting objective for microlithography. SPIE Vol. 1752, 1992, 276～286
[34] John R. Rogers. Design techniques for systems containing tilted components. SPIE Vol. 3737, 1999
[35] 史光辉，卫星对地观测高分辨率光学系统和设计问题， 光学精密工程Vol．7，No．1，1999
[36] 樊学武，偏心和倾斜式反射望远镜光学系统的研究，博士论文，2004
[37] 潘君骅，光学非球面的设计、加工和检验，科学出版社，1994
[38] John R. Rogers. Design techniques for systems containing tilted components. SPIE Vol. 3737. 286～299
[39] John W. Figoski. The QuickBird telescope: the reality of large, high-quality, commercial space optics. SPIE Vol. 3779, 22～30
[40] C. T. Cotton. Design of an All-Spherical, Three-Mirror, Off-Axis Telescope Objective, Optical Society of America. 1994, 349～351
[41] Dietrich Korsch. Closed-form solutions for imaging systems, corrected for third-order aberrations. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 63, No. 6 June1973
[42] 潘君骅，具有三个二次曲面反射镜的光学系统研究，光学学报．Vol．8，No．8，1988
[43] 苏大图，光学测量与像质鉴定，北京工业学院出版社，1988
[44] Kevin J. Heffernan, John E, et. al, The UVISI Instrument, Johns Hopkins Apl. Technical Digest, Vol 17, No. 2,1996
[45] David Beach, Ultra-high-speed Wide-angle catadioptric corrector system for medium-scale spherical mirror telescopes, Opt. Eng. 42(2)405-415, 2003
[46] James E. Howard, Imaging Properties of off-axis Parabolic Mirrors, Applied Optics, Vol.18, No. 15,1979
[2] Wetherell W. B and Rimmer M.P. General analysis of aplanatic Cassegrain, Gregorian and Schwarzschild telescopes. Appl. Opt. 1972, 11(12): 2817～2832.
[3] 丁延卫 王立国，反射(折反)式望远镜物镜的形式及其像差．光机电信息11／2002，35～39
[4] Dietrich Korsch. A Three-Mirror Space Telescope. Optical Engineering 1975,14(6): 533～535
[5] Juranek, Hans J. Sand, Rolf et al. Off-axis telescope—the future generation of earth observation telescopes. SPIE 3439.1998
[6] John R. Rogers et al. Vector aberration theory and the design of off-axis systems. SPIE Vol. 554. International Lens Design Conference. 1985: 110～116
[7] 袁旭沧编著．光学设计．北京科学出版社．1983：635～644
[8] 王之江主编．光学设计理论基础．科学出版社．1985
[9] John W. Figoski. Development of a three-mirror, wide-field sensor, from paper design to hardware. SPIE Vol. 1113 Reflective Optics Ⅱ. 1989: 126～131
[10] Rick Blakley. Cesarian telescope optical system. Opt. Eng. 1996, 35(11): 3338-3341
[11] Juranek, Hans J., Sand, Rolf Off-axis telescope—the future generation of earth observation telescopes. SPIE 3439,1998
[12] John W. Figoski. Aberration characteristics of nonsymmetric systems. SPIE 554.1985: 104～111
[13] Roland V. Shack, gevin Thompson. Influence of alignment errors of a telescope system on its aberration field. SPIE Vol. 251, 1980:146～153
[14] John R. Rogers. Design techniques for system containing tilted components. SPIE Vol. 3737,.1999: 286～300
[15] Theodore S, Turner Jr. Vector aberration theory on a spreadsheet-analysis of tilted and decentered systems. SPIE Vol. 1752. 1992
[16] Kevin Thompson. A graphic approach to the analysis of perturbed optical systems. SPIE Vol. 237.1980: 127～134
[17] John R. Rogers and Satoru Tachihara. Practical Tilted Mirror Systems. SPIE Vol. 679.1986: 12～16
[18] A focal two-mirror system. Optical Engineering 32(6). 1993: 1325～1327
[19] 樊学武，陈荣利，马臻，李英才．偏心和倾斜光学系统初级像差理论的研究．光子学报．2004，33(4)
[20] Irving R. Abel, Marcus R. Hatch. The pursuit of symmetry in wide-angle reflective optical designs. SPIE Vol. 237.1980: 271～280
[21] Power distribution and symmetry in lens systems. Opt. Eng. March 1998, 37(3): 1001～1004
[22] Gelles R. Off-center aberration in nonaligned systems. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1978, 68(9), 1250～1254
[23] Peter O. Minott. Design of a wide-angle all reflective triplet for an orbiting push-broom linear array scanner. SPIE Vol. 554, 1985,164～168
[24] Jun-ichi Ishigaki, Toshihiro Okamura, Kunihiro Tanikawa, Hiromichi Shirahata, and Mitumasa Masutani, Hironobu Sakuta, and Masaru Ushida, Hiroshi Murofushi. Designing and Testing of Off-axis Three-Mirror Optical System for Multi-Spectral Sensor. SPIE Vol. 3061, 356～369
[25] Wide field of view three-mirror telescopes having a common optical axis. Optical Engineering 27(12).1046～1050 (December 1988)
[26] 樊学武，马卫红，陈荣利，李英才，具有二次像面的三反射光学系统的研 究，光子学报，2003，32(8)
[27] 张以谟，应用光学，机械工业出版社，1988
[28] Dietrich Korsch. A Three-Mirror Space Telescope. Optical Engineering 1975.14(6): 533～535
[29] J. Michael Rodgers. Unobscured mirror designs, Proceedings of OSA IODC Conference, 2002
[30] 刘琳，薛鸣球，沈为民，提高离轴三反射系统成像质量的途径，光学技术， 2002，Vol．28 No．2，181～184
[31] 樊学武，陈荣利，马臻，王伟，李英才，空间三反射望远镜光学系统的研究，2004年中国光学学会年会，瞬态光学和空间光学技术专题，2004年4月，杭州；
[32] M. Amon, S. Rosin, and B. Jackson. Large Objective for Night Observation. APPLIED OPTICS, Vol. lO, No. 3, 1971, 490～193
[33] Eugen Curatu. Reflecting/refracting objective for microlithography. SPIE Vol. 1752, 1992, 276～286
[34] John R. Rogers. Design techniques for systems containing tilted components. SPIE Vol. 3737, 1999
[35] 史光辉，卫星对地观测高分辨率光学系统和设计问题， 光学精密工程Vol．7，No．1，1999
[36] 樊学武，偏心和倾斜式反射望远镜光学系统的研究，博士论文，2004
[37] 潘君骅，光学非球面的设计、加工和检验，科学出版社，1994
[38] John R. Rogers. Design techniques for systems containing tilted components. SPIE Vol. 3737. 286～299
[39] John W. Figoski. The QuickBird telescope: the reality of large, high-quality, commercial space optics. SPIE Vol. 3779, 22～30
[40] C. T. Cotton. Design of an All-Spherical, Three-Mirror, Off-Axis Telescope Objective, Optical Society of America. 1994, 349～351
[41] Dietrich Korsch. Closed-form solutions for imaging systems, corrected for third-order aberrations. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 63, No. 6 June1973
[42] 潘君骅，具有三个二次曲面反射镜的光学系统研究，光学学报．Vol．8，No．8，1988
[43] 苏大图，光学测量与像质鉴定，北京工业学院出版社，1988
[44] Kevin J. Heffernan, John E, et. al, The UVISI Instrument, Johns Hopkins Apl. Technical Digest, Vol 17, No. 2,1996
[45] David Beach, Ultra-high-speed Wide-angle catadioptric corrector system for medium-scale spherical mirror telescopes, Opt. Eng. 42(2)405-415, 2003
[46] James E. Howard, Imaging Properties of off-axis Parabolic Mirrors, Applied Optics, Vol.18, No. 15,1979