海洋生态健康胁迫因子分析
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摘要
海洋是我国经济发展、社会发展的重要组成部分,其必将成为我国未来重要的依托领域之一。但是多年来,我国的海洋污染问题始终得不到解决,相反呈现越来越严重的事态。
本文通过对典型近岸海域双台子河口2004年海洋生态调查结果分析的基础上,利用生态健康评价方法,首次对双台子河口地区的水环境、沉积环境、生物残毒、生物多样性健康状况的分析评价,并对影响海洋生态健康的胁迫因子进行分析,为掌握了解邻近河口海域的生态状况及对双台子河口湿地生态系统的影响,在大辽河口、大凌河口和锦州湾设置部分监测断面。形成一个以双台子河口湿地监测为主体,以邻近河口湿地监测为补充的扇形监测区域。监测结果及结论如下:
水环境健康状况:五月份为亚健康,八月份为健康;
沉积环境健康状况:健康;
生物残毒:健康;
生物多样性:五月份为健康,八月份为亚健康。
海洋生态健康胁迫因子即由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,超越海洋生态系统自身承载能力,破坏海洋生态系统生物多样性,威胁海洋生态系统健康,使其服务功能丧失的一系列不良因素。
自然因素主要是海洋灾害。海洋灾害主要有风暴潮、灾害海浪、海冰、赤潮和海啸五种。
人为因素主要有外来物种入侵、人为污染(排放废水、废渣)、全球变暖(二氧化碳、一氧化碳、氮氧化物的排量增加)、淡水减少(上游水域修建工厂)、水产养殖、栖息地丧失(围垦造田及石油开采)等。
从以上结论可以看出,威胁海洋生态健康的主要胁迫因子还是人为因素。在科技发展的今天,人们对海洋开发技术上有飞跃的进步,但在科技进步的同时,健康的海洋也逐渐离我们远去;因此在开发利用海洋资源的同时,应尽最大所能保护海洋生态健康,使海洋生态健康胁迫因子对海洋生态系统的影响及破坏程度降为最低,保护海洋生态健康,才是人类最大的财富。
The ocean is one significant component of our economic and social development, which would become a key depended field of development in the future. Nonetheless, marine pollution issue in China has been more and more serious rather than been better for many years.
Based on the analysis on the survey for typical coastal waters of the Shanuangtiazi estuary in 2004, the ecological health assessment methods were applied—the first time—to analyze and evaluate the mouth water, sediment environment, biological Candu, the analysis of health status of biological diversity, and analysis for the stress factors on impacting the health of the marine ecosystem. Establishing some monitoring sections in Liaohe River mouth, big mouth, and Jinzhou Bay are in order to collect the basic ecological status of waters adjacent to the estuary, and the wetland ecosystem effects in Shuangtaizi, which shapes Shuangtaizi as the main monitoring body, and the near mouth wetlands as complement regional monitoring areas. Monitoring the results and conclusions are as follows:
Water Environment health status: May for the sub-health, in August for health;
Deposition environmental health condition: health;
Biological Candu: health;
Biodiversity: May for health, in August for the sub-health
Marine ecosystem health stress factor that is due to natural factors and human factors, beyond the marine ecosystem carrying capacity of their own, damage to marine ecosystem biodiversity, marine ecosystem health threat, the loss of services to a series of negative factors.
The main factors of marine are natural disasters. A major marine disaster storm surges, disaster waves, sea ice, red tide and tsunami five.
The main human factors are:alien species invasion, man-made pollution (emissions from waste water, waste residue), global warming (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide emissions increase), fresh water to reduce (the construction of factories upstream waters), aquaculture, habitat loss ( Zaotian oil exploration and reclamation).
According to the above conclusions, the primary stress factors threatening the health of the marine ecology are from human side. Nowadays, although people make a huge progress on ocean exploring strategies with the development of science and technology, the healthy ocean has run counter to the direction of ours. When we explore and use the resources of ocean, therefore, we should maintain the ecological health of our ocean as best as we can. Likewise, we have to minimize the damage that caused by the stress factors of marine ecosystem so that we can protect the ecological health which can be seen as the greatest fortune of human beings.
本文通过对典型近岸海域双台子河口2004年海洋生态调查结果分析的基础上,利用生态健康评价方法,首次对双台子河口地区的水环境、沉积环境、生物残毒、生物多样性健康状况的分析评价,并对影响海洋生态健康的胁迫因子进行分析,为掌握了解邻近河口海域的生态状况及对双台子河口湿地生态系统的影响,在大辽河口、大凌河口和锦州湾设置部分监测断面。形成一个以双台子河口湿地监测为主体,以邻近河口湿地监测为补充的扇形监测区域。监测结果及结论如下:
水环境健康状况:五月份为亚健康,八月份为健康;
沉积环境健康状况:健康;
生物残毒:健康;
生物多样性:五月份为健康,八月份为亚健康。
海洋生态健康胁迫因子即由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,超越海洋生态系统自身承载能力,破坏海洋生态系统生物多样性,威胁海洋生态系统健康,使其服务功能丧失的一系列不良因素。
自然因素主要是海洋灾害。海洋灾害主要有风暴潮、灾害海浪、海冰、赤潮和海啸五种。
人为因素主要有外来物种入侵、人为污染(排放废水、废渣)、全球变暖(二氧化碳、一氧化碳、氮氧化物的排量增加)、淡水减少(上游水域修建工厂)、水产养殖、栖息地丧失(围垦造田及石油开采)等。
从以上结论可以看出,威胁海洋生态健康的主要胁迫因子还是人为因素。在科技发展的今天,人们对海洋开发技术上有飞跃的进步,但在科技进步的同时,健康的海洋也逐渐离我们远去;因此在开发利用海洋资源的同时,应尽最大所能保护海洋生态健康,使海洋生态健康胁迫因子对海洋生态系统的影响及破坏程度降为最低,保护海洋生态健康,才是人类最大的财富。
The ocean is one significant component of our economic and social development, which would become a key depended field of development in the future. Nonetheless, marine pollution issue in China has been more and more serious rather than been better for many years.
Based on the analysis on the survey for typical coastal waters of the Shanuangtiazi estuary in 2004, the ecological health assessment methods were applied—the first time—to analyze and evaluate the mouth water, sediment environment, biological Candu, the analysis of health status of biological diversity, and analysis for the stress factors on impacting the health of the marine ecosystem. Establishing some monitoring sections in Liaohe River mouth, big mouth, and Jinzhou Bay are in order to collect the basic ecological status of waters adjacent to the estuary, and the wetland ecosystem effects in Shuangtaizi, which shapes Shuangtaizi as the main monitoring body, and the near mouth wetlands as complement regional monitoring areas. Monitoring the results and conclusions are as follows:
Water Environment health status: May for the sub-health, in August for health;
Deposition environmental health condition: health;
Biological Candu: health;
Biodiversity: May for health, in August for the sub-health
Marine ecosystem health stress factor that is due to natural factors and human factors, beyond the marine ecosystem carrying capacity of their own, damage to marine ecosystem biodiversity, marine ecosystem health threat, the loss of services to a series of negative factors.
The main factors of marine are natural disasters. A major marine disaster storm surges, disaster waves, sea ice, red tide and tsunami five.
The main human factors are:alien species invasion, man-made pollution (emissions from waste water, waste residue), global warming (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide emissions increase), fresh water to reduce (the construction of factories upstream waters), aquaculture, habitat loss ( Zaotian oil exploration and reclamation).
According to the above conclusions, the primary stress factors threatening the health of the marine ecology are from human side. Nowadays, although people make a huge progress on ocean exploring strategies with the development of science and technology, the healthy ocean has run counter to the direction of ours. When we explore and use the resources of ocean, therefore, we should maintain the ecological health of our ocean as best as we can. Likewise, we have to minimize the damage that caused by the stress factors of marine ecosystem so that we can protect the ecological health which can be seen as the greatest fortune of human beings.
引文
[1]陈雪堂我国海洋环境污染问题研究东北林业大学2004
[2]祁帆,李晴新,朱琳海洋生态系统健康评价研究进展海洋通报2007,06
[3]李百齐树立科学的发展观努力保护海洋环境短论
[4] http://baike.baidu.com /物理海洋学基础……百度百科
[5]曾晓舵,丁常荣,郑习健生态系统健康评价及其问题生态环境2004,13(2):287-289
[6]王晶渤海(预期性)环境风险评价研究中国海洋大学2004
[7]王素凤杨希存近海污染与人类健康医学动物防治2004,01
[8]任海,邬健国,彭少麟等。生态系统健康的评估,热带地理,2000.20(4):310-316
[9]王志远,蒋铁民渤黄海区域海洋管理海洋出版社2003,10
[10]王斌中国海洋环境状况及保护对策国家海洋局
[11]李会民,王洪礼,郭嘉良海洋生态系统健康评价研究天津大学
[12]John .G .Field, Gotthilf Hempel, Colin P Summerhayes著吴克勤,林宝法,祁冬梅译2002年的海洋科学发展趋势和可持续反战面临的挑战海洋出版社2004,10
[13]宁修人,孙松海湾生态系统观测方法中国环境科学出版社2005,01
[14]张秋丰天津近岸海域海洋生态健康评价与分析中国海洋大学
[15]白冬梅,张之涛,白希尧海洋生物入侵性传播及绿色防治科学出版社2005,10
[2]祁帆,李晴新,朱琳海洋生态系统健康评价研究进展海洋通报2007,06
[3]李百齐树立科学的发展观努力保护海洋环境短论
[4] http://baike.baidu.com /物理海洋学基础……百度百科
[5]曾晓舵,丁常荣,郑习健生态系统健康评价及其问题生态环境2004,13(2):287-289
[6]王晶渤海(预期性)环境风险评价研究中国海洋大学2004
[7]王素凤杨希存近海污染与人类健康医学动物防治2004,01
[8]任海,邬健国,彭少麟等。生态系统健康的评估,热带地理,2000.20(4):310-316
[9]王志远,蒋铁民渤黄海区域海洋管理海洋出版社2003,10
[10]王斌中国海洋环境状况及保护对策国家海洋局
[11]李会民,王洪礼,郭嘉良海洋生态系统健康评价研究天津大学
[12]John .G .Field, Gotthilf Hempel, Colin P Summerhayes著吴克勤,林宝法,祁冬梅译2002年的海洋科学发展趋势和可持续反战面临的挑战海洋出版社2004,10
[13]宁修人,孙松海湾生态系统观测方法中国环境科学出版社2005,01
[14]张秋丰天津近岸海域海洋生态健康评价与分析中国海洋大学
[15]白冬梅,张之涛,白希尧海洋生物入侵性传播及绿色防治科学出版社2005,10