重庆市畜禽粪便污染调查及防治对策
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摘要
畜牧业是农业甚至整个国民经济的重要组成部分，世界上许多国家的畜牧业产值超过农业总产值的50％。然而，随着近年来畜牧业特别是规模化养殖业的迅猛发展，原本潜在的由畜禽养殖带来的环境污染问题日益显现，并且随着人们环保意识的增加而越来越突出。我国现阶段畜禽养殖环境污染的一个新趋势是，污染从城市扩散到农村，从点源发展到面源，农村面源污染日趋严重，已经威胁到了广大农村的生态安全。畜禽粪便、农药、化肥、农膜是世界公认的农村面源污染的主要来源，我国畜禽饲养量居世界第一。占到世界畜禽饲养量的一半以上，畜禽粪便污染相对较其他国家形式更严峻。世界上的一些发达国家如日本、芬兰、美国等在上世纪七十年代就开始了畜禽粪便对环境的污染治理工作，我国在上世纪九十年代初一些城市(上海、北京等)也开始进行了畜禽粪便的区域治理，并取得了一些成果。
重庆境内江河纵横、水系发达，总计流域面积大于50 hm~2的河流374条。目前，只要流经农业、城镇区域的河流，几乎都已发生水体富营养化。渝西的永川、大足、荣昌等地的水污染现象已相当严重。从九龙坡区走马流往北碚的梁滩河，在流经西永镇时已全面富营养化，到北碚几乎全部是黑色，已严重污染。调查结果表明，嘉陵江也有了富营养化的迹象，而长寿湖则已经明显富营养化。近年来，仅重庆市农村每年因各种污染造成的死鱼数量就有2500t，相当于1670 hm~2的鱼塘减产50％。重庆市畜禽粪便的污染被评为2003年重庆市十大环境问题。
重庆市自从1997年直辖以来，在包括社会、经济的各个方面做了大量工作来防治环境污染，全市环保投入逐年增加，2001年全市投入资金30.5亿元，比1996年增长2.8倍，占GDP的比例达到1.7％。经过几年不懈的努力，我市环境质量进一步提高，生态环境恶化的趋势有所遏制，目前长江、嘉陵江和乌江重庆段26个断面水质总体稳定在Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水平；SO_2浓度和酸雨频率分别比1996年下降66.4和33.4个百分点；主城区一年空气质量达到良好级207天，占全年总天数的56.7％。全市环境保护工作总体上取得了明显的成效，但作为近年农村面源污染主要来源的畜禽粪便污染治理却收效甚微，而我市这方面的研究几乎一片空白。在此以前，我市还没有对全市存在的畜禽粪便污染问题进行过全面系统的调查研究，全市范围内各区市县及总的存在的畜禽粪便污染问题也一直未摸清，急需进行这方面的研究。
通过收集国内外畜禽粪便排放参数，结合对我市的一些区县的畜禽养殖场和畜禽散养农户的调查。确定出我市畜禽的粪便排放参数，并以我市直辖前(1995、1996年)和直辖后(2000、2001年)畜禽养殖数据为基准，估算出重庆市各区市县畜禽的年粪便排放量，进而摸清重庆市各区市县畜禽粪便年排放量的大小；对估算出的数据进行分析对比，从时间和区域上分析重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的变化趋势，找出重庆市畜禽粪便负荷量较大和较小区域，以便进行分区域防治畜禽粪便污染；通过重庆市畜禽粪便含有的营养物质有机质、氮、磷、钾年排放量与重庆市年使用化肥中相应物质量及相应物质当量的对比，分析重庆市畜禽粪便污染负
西南农业大学硕士学位论文
摘要
荷的相对大小。通过对重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场的调查，摸清我市规模化畜禽养殖场数量、
大小、分布、粪污处理等情况，找出我市规模化畜禽养殖存在的主要问题:分析重庆市的土
壤、水、大气等基本环境情况，探讨畜禽粪便对我市土壤、大气、水环境的污染和危害:分
析国内外治理措施及方法，探讨重庆市治理畜禽粪便污染的可行办法，从而形成较为系统、
完整的信息，为重庆的环境保护、畜牧养殖业生产规划和管理等方面的决策提供必要的技术
支持。
重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量估算表明，1995、1996、2000、2001年畜禽粪尿总排放量为
7455.03万t、7831.56万t、7223.84万t、7421;52万t，畜禽粪便猪粪当量分别为6954.84万t、
7419.62万t、6433.5万t、6748.02万t，猪粪当量负荷年均10此mZ左右;畜禽粪便中年有机
质排放量为800万t、氮42万t、磷21万t、钾44万t左右，畜禽粪便中年有机质、氮、磷、
钾负荷分别为x .05比mZ、0.075内m，、0.035比mZ、0.065比mZ左右:重庆市畜禽粪便猪粪当
量负荷和有机质、氮、磷、钾分布负荷以近郊为重，而畜禽粪便年排放量、猪粪当量及有机
质、氮、磷、钾量却是位于三峡库区的区县量较大;直辖前后畜禽粪便年排放量及猪粪当量、
猪粪当量负荷，氮、磷、钾排放总量及负荷均差距不明显。
重庆市生态环境仍面临比较严峻的问题，部分区域畜禽粪便污染严重，我市一些次级河
流(如梁滩河九曲河)、湖泊(如长寿湖)、水库(如南彭水库)等，由于畜禽粪便的污染而
使这些区域环境恶化。重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场存在几个方面的问题，一是布局不合理;二
是粪污处理不力;三是管理粗放，措施不力.近年来，我市畜禽粪便的环境污染己引起人们
的重视，环保投入力度不断加大:系列畜禽粪便污染防治法规出台;农村能源建设有效的遏
制了畜禽粪便对环境的污染;畜禽粪便污染治理全面展开;规模化畜禽养殖粪便污染治理工
作正式启动。
今后重庆市畜?
Animal husbandry industry plays an important role in agriculture and the whole national economy. In many countries, this industry contributes to more than 50% of the value of agriculture output. However, with the explosive growth of the industry , potential environmental pollution caused by raising poultry becomes more serious as people's environmental protection awareness increases. Currently, a new tendency of poultry-raising pollution in China is that pollution is being spread from urban area to rural area and from point source to non-point source. The increasingly serious pollution has become a threat to the ecological safety in the country. And poultry excrements, fertilizers, poisons and films in agriculture are generally considered as main pollution source in the country. Because the number of poultry raised in China takes the lead in the world, with more than half of the world's poultry raised here, pollution resulted from poultry excrements is worse than any other country. Some developed countries s
uch as Japan, Finland and America have started to deal with poultry excrements pollution since 1970s, China also has done this work in some cities (such as Beijing, Shanghai) ever since early 1990s and has obtained some constructive achievements.
With 374 rivers each covering more than 50 square kilometers, Chongqing is abundent in water resource. Nowadays, almost all the rivers through agricultural areas and towns are over-nutrient. Water pollution in West Chongqing, for example, yongchuan.Dazu and Rongchang, is rather serious. The Liangtan river flowing from Jiulongpo district to Beibei district has become over-nutrient completely in Xiyong town .which is so badly polluted that it appears black when it arrives in Beibei district. Also, some signals indicate that Jiangling river has been over-nutrient, but also Changshou lake has become over-nutrient obviously. In recent years, 2500 tons of fish has died because of all kinds of pollution in the country of Chongqing, this figure is equivalent to the fish production decreasing by 50 percent of 1670 hectare of fish pond. Poultry excrements pollution was listed one of the ten most severe environmental problems of Chongqing in 2003.
Chongqing has done much to prevent environmental pollution in many aspects .including social aspect and economic aspect since 1997.With investment on environment growing year by year, 3.05 billion yuan occupying1.7 percent of GDP was invested in 2001,which was more than 2.8 times as it in 1996. On account of years of persistent efforts, the quality of environment has become better and the tendency of deterioration in ecological environment has been restrained more or less. At present, 26 water sections in Chongqing rivers such as Yangtze River,Jialing River and Wujiang river generally keep at Two-Three level; The density of SO2 has decreased by 66.4%, and the frequency of acid rain decreases by 33.4%. In 207 days, about 56.7% of a year the air
quality in main urban districts is fine. On the whole, evident effect has been achieved in pollution protection in Chongqing, but as main source of country non-point pollution, poultry excrements has not been effectively dealt with, and research in this field has been done little in Chongqing. Systematic and integrated research and study on poultry excrements pollution has not been carried on before, so the pollution througnout Chongqing has not been clear.therefore,it is urgent to conduct some research in this field .By collecting excreta parameters of poultry excrements home and abroad, and investigating some poultry-raising farms and farmers raising poultry in some districts , excreta parameters of poultry excrements are determined, based on the figures of the years 1995,1996 and 2000,2001 in every district and county of Chongqing per year; then the amount of poultry excrements are estimated ;by analyzing and comparing the estimated figures and analyzing the tendency of excreta amount of poultry shit per year, which area confronts major load and which area confronts minor load o
重庆境内江河纵横、水系发达，总计流域面积大于50 hm~2的河流374条。目前，只要流经农业、城镇区域的河流，几乎都已发生水体富营养化。渝西的永川、大足、荣昌等地的水污染现象已相当严重。从九龙坡区走马流往北碚的梁滩河，在流经西永镇时已全面富营养化，到北碚几乎全部是黑色，已严重污染。调查结果表明，嘉陵江也有了富营养化的迹象，而长寿湖则已经明显富营养化。近年来，仅重庆市农村每年因各种污染造成的死鱼数量就有2500t，相当于1670 hm~2的鱼塘减产50％。重庆市畜禽粪便的污染被评为2003年重庆市十大环境问题。
重庆市自从1997年直辖以来，在包括社会、经济的各个方面做了大量工作来防治环境污染，全市环保投入逐年增加，2001年全市投入资金30.5亿元，比1996年增长2.8倍，占GDP的比例达到1.7％。经过几年不懈的努力，我市环境质量进一步提高，生态环境恶化的趋势有所遏制，目前长江、嘉陵江和乌江重庆段26个断面水质总体稳定在Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水平；SO_2浓度和酸雨频率分别比1996年下降66.4和33.4个百分点；主城区一年空气质量达到良好级207天，占全年总天数的56.7％。全市环境保护工作总体上取得了明显的成效，但作为近年农村面源污染主要来源的畜禽粪便污染治理却收效甚微，而我市这方面的研究几乎一片空白。在此以前，我市还没有对全市存在的畜禽粪便污染问题进行过全面系统的调查研究，全市范围内各区市县及总的存在的畜禽粪便污染问题也一直未摸清，急需进行这方面的研究。
通过收集国内外畜禽粪便排放参数，结合对我市的一些区县的畜禽养殖场和畜禽散养农户的调查。确定出我市畜禽的粪便排放参数，并以我市直辖前(1995、1996年)和直辖后(2000、2001年)畜禽养殖数据为基准，估算出重庆市各区市县畜禽的年粪便排放量，进而摸清重庆市各区市县畜禽粪便年排放量的大小；对估算出的数据进行分析对比，从时间和区域上分析重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的变化趋势，找出重庆市畜禽粪便负荷量较大和较小区域，以便进行分区域防治畜禽粪便污染；通过重庆市畜禽粪便含有的营养物质有机质、氮、磷、钾年排放量与重庆市年使用化肥中相应物质量及相应物质当量的对比，分析重庆市畜禽粪便污染负
西南农业大学硕士学位论文
摘要
荷的相对大小。通过对重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场的调查，摸清我市规模化畜禽养殖场数量、
大小、分布、粪污处理等情况，找出我市规模化畜禽养殖存在的主要问题:分析重庆市的土
壤、水、大气等基本环境情况，探讨畜禽粪便对我市土壤、大气、水环境的污染和危害:分
析国内外治理措施及方法，探讨重庆市治理畜禽粪便污染的可行办法，从而形成较为系统、
完整的信息，为重庆的环境保护、畜牧养殖业生产规划和管理等方面的决策提供必要的技术
支持。
重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量估算表明，1995、1996、2000、2001年畜禽粪尿总排放量为
7455.03万t、7831.56万t、7223.84万t、7421;52万t，畜禽粪便猪粪当量分别为6954.84万t、
7419.62万t、6433.5万t、6748.02万t，猪粪当量负荷年均10此mZ左右;畜禽粪便中年有机
质排放量为800万t、氮42万t、磷21万t、钾44万t左右，畜禽粪便中年有机质、氮、磷、
钾负荷分别为x .05比mZ、0.075内m，、0.035比mZ、0.065比mZ左右:重庆市畜禽粪便猪粪当
量负荷和有机质、氮、磷、钾分布负荷以近郊为重，而畜禽粪便年排放量、猪粪当量及有机
质、氮、磷、钾量却是位于三峡库区的区县量较大;直辖前后畜禽粪便年排放量及猪粪当量、
猪粪当量负荷，氮、磷、钾排放总量及负荷均差距不明显。
重庆市生态环境仍面临比较严峻的问题，部分区域畜禽粪便污染严重，我市一些次级河
流(如梁滩河九曲河)、湖泊(如长寿湖)、水库(如南彭水库)等，由于畜禽粪便的污染而
使这些区域环境恶化。重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场存在几个方面的问题，一是布局不合理;二
是粪污处理不力;三是管理粗放，措施不力.近年来，我市畜禽粪便的环境污染己引起人们
的重视，环保投入力度不断加大:系列畜禽粪便污染防治法规出台;农村能源建设有效的遏
制了畜禽粪便对环境的污染;畜禽粪便污染治理全面展开;规模化畜禽养殖粪便污染治理工
作正式启动。
今后重庆市畜?
Animal husbandry industry plays an important role in agriculture and the whole national economy. In many countries, this industry contributes to more than 50% of the value of agriculture output. However, with the explosive growth of the industry , potential environmental pollution caused by raising poultry becomes more serious as people's environmental protection awareness increases. Currently, a new tendency of poultry-raising pollution in China is that pollution is being spread from urban area to rural area and from point source to non-point source. The increasingly serious pollution has become a threat to the ecological safety in the country. And poultry excrements, fertilizers, poisons and films in agriculture are generally considered as main pollution source in the country. Because the number of poultry raised in China takes the lead in the world, with more than half of the world's poultry raised here, pollution resulted from poultry excrements is worse than any other country. Some developed countries s
uch as Japan, Finland and America have started to deal with poultry excrements pollution since 1970s, China also has done this work in some cities (such as Beijing, Shanghai) ever since early 1990s and has obtained some constructive achievements.
With 374 rivers each covering more than 50 square kilometers, Chongqing is abundent in water resource. Nowadays, almost all the rivers through agricultural areas and towns are over-nutrient. Water pollution in West Chongqing, for example, yongchuan.Dazu and Rongchang, is rather serious. The Liangtan river flowing from Jiulongpo district to Beibei district has become over-nutrient completely in Xiyong town .which is so badly polluted that it appears black when it arrives in Beibei district. Also, some signals indicate that Jiangling river has been over-nutrient, but also Changshou lake has become over-nutrient obviously. In recent years, 2500 tons of fish has died because of all kinds of pollution in the country of Chongqing, this figure is equivalent to the fish production decreasing by 50 percent of 1670 hectare of fish pond. Poultry excrements pollution was listed one of the ten most severe environmental problems of Chongqing in 2003.
Chongqing has done much to prevent environmental pollution in many aspects .including social aspect and economic aspect since 1997.With investment on environment growing year by year, 3.05 billion yuan occupying1.7 percent of GDP was invested in 2001,which was more than 2.8 times as it in 1996. On account of years of persistent efforts, the quality of environment has become better and the tendency of deterioration in ecological environment has been restrained more or less. At present, 26 water sections in Chongqing rivers such as Yangtze River,Jialing River and Wujiang river generally keep at Two-Three level; The density of SO2 has decreased by 66.4%, and the frequency of acid rain decreases by 33.4%. In 207 days, about 56.7% of a year the air
quality in main urban districts is fine. On the whole, evident effect has been achieved in pollution protection in Chongqing, but as main source of country non-point pollution, poultry excrements has not been effectively dealt with, and research in this field has been done little in Chongqing. Systematic and integrated research and study on poultry excrements pollution has not been carried on before, so the pollution througnout Chongqing has not been clear.therefore,it is urgent to conduct some research in this field .By collecting excreta parameters of poultry excrements home and abroad, and investigating some poultry-raising farms and farmers raising poultry in some districts , excreta parameters of poultry excrements are determined, based on the figures of the years 1995,1996 and 2000,2001 in every district and county of Chongqing per year; then the amount of poultry excrements are estimated ;by analyzing and comparing the estimated figures and analyzing the tendency of excreta amount of poultry shit per year, which area confronts major load and which area confronts minor load o
引文
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