超高强石渣混凝土的研发、力学性能与抗火特性研究
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摘要
以活性粉末混凝土为代表的超高强混凝土由于具有质量比强度大、能源资源消耗少、全寿命周期的建筑成本低等优点,具有极为广阔的应用前景,是近几年研究的热点之一。但由于活性粉末混凝土所用的原材料稀缺、价格昂贵,制备工艺复杂,限制了其在工程实际中的应用。在福建省自然科学基金计划资助项目(2011J01327、2007J0163)和福建省莆田市科技计划项目(2007G26)的资助下,本文采用试验手段、试验成果分析与理论分析相结合的方法,为推广应用活性粉末混凝土解决一些关键的技术难题。本文的主要工作和创新点如下：
(1)通过超高强石渣混凝土配制方法研究得出结论：
以石渣替代河砂,利用普通的成型工艺,以低至350kg/m3的水泥消耗量完全可以制备抗压强度高达137.3MPa的超高强混凝土。在试验参数范围内,超高强石渣混凝土的单位质量水泥贡献的质强比约为普通混凝土的4.17倍,约为高强混凝土的2.49倍,活性粉末混凝土的2.02倍。
以较少水泥消耗量配制的超高强石渣混凝土和聚丙烯纤维超高强石渣混凝土自收缩量小,将它们填充至钢管内可妥善解决钢管与核心混凝土界面间过早脱离的技术难题。
(2)通过超高强石渣混凝土的抗火性能试验研究发现,素超高强石渣混凝土、钢纤维超高强石渣混凝土的抗爆裂性能较差,爆裂温度约为400℃；在超高强石渣混凝土中掺入聚丙烯纤维可显著地改善其抗爆裂性能；高温后超高强石渣混凝土的抗压强度的变化规律有其自身的特点：当经受低于360℃的高温后,素超高强石渣混凝土的抗压强度随温度的上升而增大,经受360℃高温后抗压强度达到常温时的1.47倍；聚丙烯纤维超高强石渣混凝土经受低于400℃的高温后,其抗压强度随温度的升高而略有提高,经受400℃高温后抗压强度为常温时的1.07倍,经受高于400℃的高温后抗压强度便随温度的升高而降低；最后分析了高温后超高强石渣混凝土的抗压强度随温度变化的机理。
(3)通过14根钢管超高强石渣混凝土短柱和19根钢管聚丙烯纤维超高强石渣混凝土短柱的轴心抗压试验研究得出结论,在试验参数范围内,试件的套箍指标和混凝土强度是影响其静力特性的主要因素；试件受压时的荷载-平均应变曲线基本上都可以分为四个阶段,即弹性变形阶段、弹塑性变形阶段、承载力下降阶段和承载力回升阶段,套箍指标较小时,弹塑性段较短,下降段陡峭,承载力下降幅度较大；套箍指标较大时,弹塑性上升段和承载力下降变形曲线较平缓,承载力下降幅度较小；所有试件的破坏形态都呈剪切型的破坏特征,都具有较高的残余承载力和良好的延性；最后,分别推荐了经回归分析得到与试验结果比较吻合的短柱轴心受压承载力的计算公式。
(4)提出预制钢管超高强石渣混凝土叠合柱这种新型的结构型式,并以核心混凝土类型、含钢管率、长径比等为试验参数进行了11根试件的轴心受压试验,研究结果表明,叠合柱具有较大的后期承载力和良好的延性性能,其极限应变是钢筋混凝土柱的极限应变的1.86-8.29倍,具有比钢筋混凝土柱优越的的轴压性能。最后推荐了预制钢管超高强石渣混凝土叠合柱短柱的极限承载力计算公式,经过比较,与实测数据吻合良好。
(5)通过12根高温后钢管超高强石渣混凝土短柱的轴心受压试验研究得出结论,在试验参数范围内,高温后试件的荷载-轴向平均应变关系曲线与常温下的曲线相似,都可以分为弹性变形阶段、弹塑性变形阶段、承载力下降阶段和承载力回升阶段等四个阶段；但高温后曲线的弹性变形阶段明显缩短,弹性极限荷载与极限荷载的比值减小,刚度明显蜕化；极限应变增大,而最大压缩应变明显减小。
Being higher with the specific strength, and lower with the consumption of natural resource and the cost in their life cycle, Reactive Powder Concrete as the representative of green super high strength concrete is of a promising application and has become the focus of research and application on the modern concrete. However, raw materials being expensive and scarce, as well as complicated process technologies, RPC is limited in engineering practice. On the support by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No.2011J01327,2007J0163) and the Scientific and Technological Planning of Putian of Fujian Province (No.2007G26), the dissertation has concentrated on tackling deal with the technological difficult problems concerning applying RPC to practice through experiment studies combined with theoretical analysis, and has achieved a few of creative works as following:
(1) Based on The experimental studies on the mix technology of green super high strength concrete used local materials, it is shown that it is possible for us to make up the new type of environmentally friendly concrete, i.e., super-high strength concrete, with the strength being as high as137.3MPa by means of the general technical process with the cheap local materials, and at the lower consumption of ordinary Portland cement of350kg/m3. It was found that within the factor scope of this test, specific strength of per unit cement of Green Super high strength concrete used Stone-chip (abbreviated to GSHSCUS) was about4.17times as high as that of ordinary concrete, and2.49times that of HSC, and2.02times that of RPC.
It was found that both GSHSCUS and Polypropylene fiber reinforced super high strength concrete used stone-chip (abbreviated to PFRSHSCUS) shew excellent perfomance on the self-shrinkage, and it is possible to eliminate the disengaging at interface of steel and the core concrete by filling GSHSCUS or PFRSHSCUS with the reduced consumption of cement.
(2) A series of experiments on the fire behavior of GSHSCUS with the two different parameters including temperature and fiber type were carried out in the laboratory, experimental results show that, GSHSCUS without fiber has a weak refractory performance as well as GSHSCUS mixed with the steel fiber, with being about400℃of cracking temperature, and that GSHSCUS mixed with polypropylene fiber exhibits excellent resistance to high temperature, and that after the high temperature all of them show distinguished characteristic different from that of ordinary concrete, HSC or HPC, namely the strength of GSHSCUS without fiber increases with the elevated temperature under360℃at which strength was as high as1.47times of that at room temperature, and GSHSCUS mixed with the polypropylene fiber show slowing growth of strength by400℃at which strength was1.07times of that at room temperature, then keeps declining. Also analyzed is the mechanism of the strength changing with elevated temperature.
(3) Based on the experimental studies of14short steel tubular columns filled with GSHSCUS and19with PFRGSHSCUS, it is found that within the factor scope of these tests, both the confinement index and the concrete strength of the specimens have great influence on their features of specimen subjected to axial load. Experiment results show that the load&average strain curves of the specimens might be divided into four stages:elastic deformation process, elastic-plastic deformation process, the descent process and the recovery process of its carrying capacity, and that specimens with the lower confinement index exhibits a rapid softening process in the post-peak region with a towering peak and a shorter incremental portion plus the weak recovery in the forth stage, while specimens with the higher confinement index exhibits a gradual softening process in the post-peak region with a chubby curve and a longer incremental portion plus the strong momentum of recovery in the forth stage. The experimental phenomena indicate that all specimens are typical of the higher residual load capacity and excellent ductility. Then the formula of its ultimate load capacity was built by regression based on experimental results at the end, by which the calculated results have a good coincidence with those from the experiments.
(4) Composition columns reinforced with the prefabricated GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes was put forward, and based on the experimental studies on the12short composition columns reinforced with the prefabricated GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes with1RC as reference. The experimental parameters were the concrete type inner steel tubes, and L/D ratio, steel ratio and so on. Experiment results show that mechanical properties of composition columns reinforced with the prefabricated GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes is superior to that of RC columns, with the higher residual load capacity and excellent ductility with ultimate strain being1.86～8.29times that of RC columns. Then the hypothesis was put forward based on experimental phenomena observed, and the formula of its ultimate load capacity was suggested based on superposition method, by which the predicted values have a good coincidence with those from the experiments.
(5) Based on the experimental studies of12GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes short columns, it was found that within the factor scope of this test, the load&average strain curves of the specimens may be divided into four stages:elastic deformation, elastic-plastic deformation, the descent process and the recovery process of its carrying capacity, which is similar to that at room temperature, but elastic deformation stage was shorter with the lower stiffness and the ratio of elastic limiting load to ultimate load being lower, and with the peak strain increasing and the maximum strain decreased.
(1)通过超高强石渣混凝土配制方法研究得出结论：
以石渣替代河砂,利用普通的成型工艺,以低至350kg/m3的水泥消耗量完全可以制备抗压强度高达137.3MPa的超高强混凝土。在试验参数范围内,超高强石渣混凝土的单位质量水泥贡献的质强比约为普通混凝土的4.17倍,约为高强混凝土的2.49倍,活性粉末混凝土的2.02倍。
以较少水泥消耗量配制的超高强石渣混凝土和聚丙烯纤维超高强石渣混凝土自收缩量小,将它们填充至钢管内可妥善解决钢管与核心混凝土界面间过早脱离的技术难题。
(2)通过超高强石渣混凝土的抗火性能试验研究发现,素超高强石渣混凝土、钢纤维超高强石渣混凝土的抗爆裂性能较差,爆裂温度约为400℃；在超高强石渣混凝土中掺入聚丙烯纤维可显著地改善其抗爆裂性能；高温后超高强石渣混凝土的抗压强度的变化规律有其自身的特点：当经受低于360℃的高温后,素超高强石渣混凝土的抗压强度随温度的上升而增大,经受360℃高温后抗压强度达到常温时的1.47倍；聚丙烯纤维超高强石渣混凝土经受低于400℃的高温后,其抗压强度随温度的升高而略有提高,经受400℃高温后抗压强度为常温时的1.07倍,经受高于400℃的高温后抗压强度便随温度的升高而降低；最后分析了高温后超高强石渣混凝土的抗压强度随温度变化的机理。
(3)通过14根钢管超高强石渣混凝土短柱和19根钢管聚丙烯纤维超高强石渣混凝土短柱的轴心抗压试验研究得出结论,在试验参数范围内,试件的套箍指标和混凝土强度是影响其静力特性的主要因素；试件受压时的荷载-平均应变曲线基本上都可以分为四个阶段,即弹性变形阶段、弹塑性变形阶段、承载力下降阶段和承载力回升阶段,套箍指标较小时,弹塑性段较短,下降段陡峭,承载力下降幅度较大；套箍指标较大时,弹塑性上升段和承载力下降变形曲线较平缓,承载力下降幅度较小；所有试件的破坏形态都呈剪切型的破坏特征,都具有较高的残余承载力和良好的延性；最后,分别推荐了经回归分析得到与试验结果比较吻合的短柱轴心受压承载力的计算公式。
(4)提出预制钢管超高强石渣混凝土叠合柱这种新型的结构型式,并以核心混凝土类型、含钢管率、长径比等为试验参数进行了11根试件的轴心受压试验,研究结果表明,叠合柱具有较大的后期承载力和良好的延性性能,其极限应变是钢筋混凝土柱的极限应变的1.86-8.29倍,具有比钢筋混凝土柱优越的的轴压性能。最后推荐了预制钢管超高强石渣混凝土叠合柱短柱的极限承载力计算公式,经过比较,与实测数据吻合良好。
(5)通过12根高温后钢管超高强石渣混凝土短柱的轴心受压试验研究得出结论,在试验参数范围内,高温后试件的荷载-轴向平均应变关系曲线与常温下的曲线相似,都可以分为弹性变形阶段、弹塑性变形阶段、承载力下降阶段和承载力回升阶段等四个阶段；但高温后曲线的弹性变形阶段明显缩短,弹性极限荷载与极限荷载的比值减小,刚度明显蜕化；极限应变增大,而最大压缩应变明显减小。
Being higher with the specific strength, and lower with the consumption of natural resource and the cost in their life cycle, Reactive Powder Concrete as the representative of green super high strength concrete is of a promising application and has become the focus of research and application on the modern concrete. However, raw materials being expensive and scarce, as well as complicated process technologies, RPC is limited in engineering practice. On the support by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No.2011J01327,2007J0163) and the Scientific and Technological Planning of Putian of Fujian Province (No.2007G26), the dissertation has concentrated on tackling deal with the technological difficult problems concerning applying RPC to practice through experiment studies combined with theoretical analysis, and has achieved a few of creative works as following:
(1) Based on The experimental studies on the mix technology of green super high strength concrete used local materials, it is shown that it is possible for us to make up the new type of environmentally friendly concrete, i.e., super-high strength concrete, with the strength being as high as137.3MPa by means of the general technical process with the cheap local materials, and at the lower consumption of ordinary Portland cement of350kg/m3. It was found that within the factor scope of this test, specific strength of per unit cement of Green Super high strength concrete used Stone-chip (abbreviated to GSHSCUS) was about4.17times as high as that of ordinary concrete, and2.49times that of HSC, and2.02times that of RPC.
It was found that both GSHSCUS and Polypropylene fiber reinforced super high strength concrete used stone-chip (abbreviated to PFRSHSCUS) shew excellent perfomance on the self-shrinkage, and it is possible to eliminate the disengaging at interface of steel and the core concrete by filling GSHSCUS or PFRSHSCUS with the reduced consumption of cement.
(2) A series of experiments on the fire behavior of GSHSCUS with the two different parameters including temperature and fiber type were carried out in the laboratory, experimental results show that, GSHSCUS without fiber has a weak refractory performance as well as GSHSCUS mixed with the steel fiber, with being about400℃of cracking temperature, and that GSHSCUS mixed with polypropylene fiber exhibits excellent resistance to high temperature, and that after the high temperature all of them show distinguished characteristic different from that of ordinary concrete, HSC or HPC, namely the strength of GSHSCUS without fiber increases with the elevated temperature under360℃at which strength was as high as1.47times of that at room temperature, and GSHSCUS mixed with the polypropylene fiber show slowing growth of strength by400℃at which strength was1.07times of that at room temperature, then keeps declining. Also analyzed is the mechanism of the strength changing with elevated temperature.
(3) Based on the experimental studies of14short steel tubular columns filled with GSHSCUS and19with PFRGSHSCUS, it is found that within the factor scope of these tests, both the confinement index and the concrete strength of the specimens have great influence on their features of specimen subjected to axial load. Experiment results show that the load&average strain curves of the specimens might be divided into four stages:elastic deformation process, elastic-plastic deformation process, the descent process and the recovery process of its carrying capacity, and that specimens with the lower confinement index exhibits a rapid softening process in the post-peak region with a towering peak and a shorter incremental portion plus the weak recovery in the forth stage, while specimens with the higher confinement index exhibits a gradual softening process in the post-peak region with a chubby curve and a longer incremental portion plus the strong momentum of recovery in the forth stage. The experimental phenomena indicate that all specimens are typical of the higher residual load capacity and excellent ductility. Then the formula of its ultimate load capacity was built by regression based on experimental results at the end, by which the calculated results have a good coincidence with those from the experiments.
(4) Composition columns reinforced with the prefabricated GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes was put forward, and based on the experimental studies on the12short composition columns reinforced with the prefabricated GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes with1RC as reference. The experimental parameters were the concrete type inner steel tubes, and L/D ratio, steel ratio and so on. Experiment results show that mechanical properties of composition columns reinforced with the prefabricated GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes is superior to that of RC columns, with the higher residual load capacity and excellent ductility with ultimate strain being1.86～8.29times that of RC columns. Then the hypothesis was put forward based on experimental phenomena observed, and the formula of its ultimate load capacity was suggested based on superposition method, by which the predicted values have a good coincidence with those from the experiments.
(5) Based on the experimental studies of12GSHSCUS filled with steel tubes short columns, it was found that within the factor scope of this test, the load&average strain curves of the specimens may be divided into four stages:elastic deformation, elastic-plastic deformation, the descent process and the recovery process of its carrying capacity, which is similar to that at room temperature, but elastic deformation stage was shorter with the lower stiffness and the ratio of elastic limiting load to ultimate load being lower, and with the peak strain increasing and the maximum strain decreased.
引文
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