基于UPFC的自愈配电环网及其潮流优化控制技术的研究
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摘要
供电可靠性用于表征供电系统持续供电的能力,是衡量电网性能的根本指标。传统的供电可靠性只关注停电时间大于3min的持续停电,对于短时间停电影响不大的传统负荷而言能够满足要求；而随着社会经济的发展,对供电可靠性要求较高的敏感设备得到了广泛应用,停电尤其短时停电引起的负荷损失越来越大。提高供电可靠性尤其解决短时停电问题已成为国内外电网企业乃至整个社会普遍关注的焦点。
配电网处于电力系统的末端,直接面向用户,70%的负荷停电都源于中低压配电网故障,配电网是提高供电可靠性的关键环节。传统配电网一般遵循“闭环设计、开环运行”的原则,即使采用配网自动化等手段,依然无法解决负荷转供引起的短时停电；单电源配电环网配备差动保护技术,能够解决馈线故障引起的停电,但无法应对电源侧故障的影响；若采用双电源配电环网,能够同时应对电源侧以及馈线故障引起的停电问题,但需要采取潮流控制措施以解决循环功率过大导致的两侧电源出力不均甚至功率倒送问题,而传统的配电网潮流控制手段存在着调节次数、调节连续性等方面的弊端,无法及时有效保证配电环网的潮流控制效果。随着现代电力电子技术与先进控制理论的发展,统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller, UPFC)在电力系统尤其输电系统中得到了成功应用,凭借其强大的潮流控制能力,能够有效提高系统运行稳定性、增强输电能力。若将其应用到配电网解决闭环运行潮流控制问题,技术上不存在难点,但需突破UPFC应用的经济性瓶颈。功率半导体技术的发展使得电力电子设备单位容量成本不断下降；且配电环网电压等级低、潮流调节量有限,所需UPFC容量较小；再者,停电对敏感负荷的损失巨大,用户关注的不仅仅是用电成本而更为关键的是停电损失,诸多因素均为UPFC应用到配电网创造了条件。
本文从社会经济发展对提高供电可靠性的内在需求出发,以解决短时停电为核心目标,分别针对中低压自愈配电环网及其潮流控制技术进行研究。提出了基于中压双电源配电环网的故障无缝自愈供电系统实现方案,为保证环网稳定运行,利用UPFC对环网潮流进行控制,并着重对基于UPFC的中压配电环网潮流优化控制方法进行研究,以确保UPFC应用的经济性；针对低压多源并供系统存在的问题,提出了基于UPFC的低压母线潮流控制方法并初步进行了相关试验。具体研究内容如下：
(1)中压双电源配电环网故障无缝自愈供电系统实现方法的研究。通过分析短时停电产生的原因以及传统供电可靠性提高措施存在的局限性,提出了基于UPFC的中压双电源配电环网故障无缝自愈供电系统实现方案,并与传统短时停电解决措施进行了技术经济性对比；给出了该供电系统的构成环节与关键实现技术,主要包括环网潮流控制技术与快速自愈保护算法两部分,而前者是确保系统稳定运行的前提。
(2)基于UPFC的中压双电源配电环网潮流优化控制策略的研究。在分析中压配电环网潮流分布特征的基础上,得出了配电环网与输电网潮流控制机理之间的区别,给出了选择UPFC进行配电环网潮流控制的原因；为突破UPFC在中压配电网中应用的经济性瓶颈,在满足系统功率调节要求的前提下,分别提出了基于UPFC输出串联补偿电压最小、串联输出有功功率最小以及输出视在功率最小的潮流优化控制策略,从不同角度提高UPFC的应用经济性,建模仿真结果证明了三种优化方法的有效性。
(3)基于UPFC的中压配电环网最优潮流控制策略的研究。推导出双电源配电环网中考虑网络损耗与节点电压偏差的最优潮流控制模型,并将该控制策略应用于含分布式电源的配电环网,仿真结果表明,网络损耗与节点电压能够得到进一步改善；为提高UPFC的经济性,构建了网络损耗、节点电压偏差与UPFC实现成本隶属函数,通过分配不同权值建立了潮流综合优化控制模型,实现了系统优化运行与UPFC应用经济性的有机结合；并对上述两种控制模型下的UPFC经济性进行了对比。
(4)基于UPFC的低压多源并供系统潮流优化控制方法的研究。分析了低压多源并供点状网络的构成及其在提高供电可靠性方面的优势；推导出多个电源并供时各自的出力表达式,得到了电源出力与电压差、系统等值阻抗、低压负荷等诸多因素之间的关系,分析了导致电源出力不均衡甚至引起功率倒送的原因,提出了采用UPFC在低压母线侧进行潮流控制以均衡各电源出力的方法；针对系统参数未知情况,提出了基于扰动信号的阻抗参数在线辨识潮流优化控制方法,给出了参数辨识与潮流控制一体化实现流程；为使退出并供的电源能够及时满足并供操作条件,提出了基于UPFC的并供操作电压控制方法；简单给出了多源并供系统低压侧继电保护与基于UPFC的潮流控制之间的协调配合原则,以确保系统故障时UPFC能够主动配合继电保护动作,及时实现故障隔离；电源恢复正常后,UPFC能够主动进行电压控制,以确保待并入电源及时实现并供运行。
(5)基于UPFC的潮流控制试验系统开发。结合实验室现有条件,设计开发了基于UPFC的物理试验系统,并针对低压多源并供点状网络进行了稳态潮流控制和并供操作电压控制试验,初步试验结果表明,该方式能够有效均衡电源出力、灵活控制并供操作点电压；且利用较小的UPFC容量即可实现大范围的系统潮流调节,并具有较高的调节精度。
总之,本文提出的故障自愈配电环网供电系统能够有效解决短时停电问题；而基于UPFC的潮流优化控制方法在均衡潮流分布、确保环网系统稳定运行的基础上,能够有效提高UPFC应用的经济性。本文的研究为智能电网尤其智能配电网实现故障“无缝自愈”目标,提供了一种新的实现思路和方法。
The power supply reliability, which is the core index to reflect the performance of power system, characterizes the keeping power ability. The duration interruption (more than3min) is focused on in the traditional reliability evaluation code, which could meet the requirement of normal load that is lightly affected with poor power reliability. But with the development of digital economy, sensitive equipments to the interruption have been widely used and the load loss caused by interruption especially by the temporary interruption is enormous. So improving the reliability and particularly solving the temporary interruption has become the attention focus by the power enterprises and even the whole society.
Distribution network lies in the end of power system, facing to the load directly, and70%of interruption is caused by fault in the distribution system, so the distribution is the key link to improve the supply reliability. Generally, distribution network is designed in closed loop and operated in open loop. Even though the advanced technical measure is taken, such as distribution automation system, the temporary interruption caused by the load transfer couldn't be avoided. Closed loop distribution network with single source could solve the fault in the feeder based on the differential protection, but it is helpless against the source fault. The closed loop distribution system with dual sources could cope with fault in the feeder and sources, in which there might be much circle power or even reverse power. But the traditional power flow control methods have some shortcomings, such as adjusting frequency and continuity, which couldn't ensure the controlling effect. With the development of power electronic and advanced control theory, UPFC is applied successfully in the transmission system, which could improve the system stability and transmission ability. If UPFC is used in the distribution system, the key issue is not technology but economy. With the development of power semiconductor technology, the unit cost has been reduced gradually. Moreover, the needed capacity of UPFC is limited because the power flow in the distribution system is relatively less than that in the transmission system. More importantly, interruption could bring about huge losses on sensitive load, and the electric customers pay more attention to the interruption loss than to the electricity consumption. Thus many positive factors have created conditions for the UPFC to be applied in the distribution.
From the internal demand of digital economy to improve the power supply reliability, the fault self-healing supply system and it's power flow control method in the low and medium voltage distribution network is studied in this thesis.The fault seamless self-healing system of medium voltage closed-loop distribution with dual sources is presented to solve the temporary interruption, and the power flow is adjusted by UPFC to ensure the stable operation of the closed-loop system. The optimal control method of power flow is the focus to ensure the application economy of UPFC. A power flow control method of the low-voltage bus is presented based on UPFC to decrease the reverse power in the spot network with multi low-voltage sources parallel supplying. The main contents are as following.
(1) Research on the fault seamless self-healing system of the medium voltage closed-loop distribution network with dual sources. Based on the analysis of the reason of temporary interruption and the limitation of the traditional measurement to improve the supply reliability, the fault seamless self-healing system of the medium voltage closed-loop distribution network with dual sources is presented, compared with the traditional method in technology and economy. The constitution and the key technology is given, including the power flow control method and the fast self-healing algorithm. And the control of power flow is the foundation to ensure the stable operation of the system.
(2) Research on the optimal control strategy of the power flow in the medium voltage distribution system with closed-loop operation based on UPFC. The characteristic of power flow in the closed-loop distribution network is deduced and the difference between the distribution and transmission system is analyzed. Against the traditional power flow control measurement, the control method based on UPFC is presented, as the foundation of closed loop operation. In order to break the neck bottle of UPFC's application economy, with the precondition of adjusted demand on power flow of the system, the optimal power flow control strategy based on UPFC is studied. And three optimal strategies are presented, including the minimum compensated voltage, the minimum active power, the minimum capacity of UPFC, thus ensuring the economy from various angles. And the simulation results prove the validity of the presented methods.
(3) Research on the optimal power flow control method based on UPFC. The optimal power flow model considering the loss and nodal voltage in the closed loop distribution network is deduced, which is available for the active distribution system. And the simulation results prove that the loss and nodal voltage could be further improved. In order to combine the economy of UPFC application with the optimal power flow, the membership function of the loss, nodal voltage and UPFC's cost is designed individually. And the comprehensive objective function is founded by weighted average, transforming the multi-objective problem into a single-objective one. And the application economy of UPFC with above strategies is compared.
(4) Research on the power flow control method of the spot network with multi low-voltage sources parallel operation system based on UPFC. The constitution of spot network and it's advantages in improving supply reliability are introduced. The output power expression of any source is deduced, describing the relationship between the output of the source with source voltage, system equivalent impedance and load at the low voltage bus. The reason causing the unbalanced output power, even reverse power is analyzed and the power flow control method at the low voltage bus based on UPFC is presented to balance the output power among the sources. In case the system parameter is unknown, the parameter identification based on disturbing signal on line and power control method is presented. In order to ensure the exited source to operate in parallel in time, the control method of the parallel spot voltage is introduced based on UPFC. And the simple match principle between the power flow control and protective relay is presented, ensuring the normal operation of multi sources in parallel and the exited source going back to work in time.
(5) The development of testing system based on UPFC. Considering the laboratory condition, the physical experimental platform is designed and relative experiment about stable power flow control and voltage control as operating to parallel in the spot network is carried out. The results show that this method could balance the output power, and adjust the voltage at the parallel operation spot flexibly. Besides, a significant amount of power could be adjusted by a little of UPFC's capacity with high accuracy.
In a word, the fault seamless self healing system of the closed loop distribution network with dual sources could avoid the temporary interruption effectively, and the power flow control method considering the economy of UPFC could balance the power flow distribution, establishing the foundation for the normal closed loop distribution network and spot network to operate stably. The research conclusion of this thesis offers a new solution to improve the supply reliability and achieve the fault seamless self-healing target for smart grid, especially for smart distribution grid.
配电网处于电力系统的末端,直接面向用户,70%的负荷停电都源于中低压配电网故障,配电网是提高供电可靠性的关键环节。传统配电网一般遵循“闭环设计、开环运行”的原则,即使采用配网自动化等手段,依然无法解决负荷转供引起的短时停电；单电源配电环网配备差动保护技术,能够解决馈线故障引起的停电,但无法应对电源侧故障的影响；若采用双电源配电环网,能够同时应对电源侧以及馈线故障引起的停电问题,但需要采取潮流控制措施以解决循环功率过大导致的两侧电源出力不均甚至功率倒送问题,而传统的配电网潮流控制手段存在着调节次数、调节连续性等方面的弊端,无法及时有效保证配电环网的潮流控制效果。随着现代电力电子技术与先进控制理论的发展,统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller, UPFC)在电力系统尤其输电系统中得到了成功应用,凭借其强大的潮流控制能力,能够有效提高系统运行稳定性、增强输电能力。若将其应用到配电网解决闭环运行潮流控制问题,技术上不存在难点,但需突破UPFC应用的经济性瓶颈。功率半导体技术的发展使得电力电子设备单位容量成本不断下降；且配电环网电压等级低、潮流调节量有限,所需UPFC容量较小；再者,停电对敏感负荷的损失巨大,用户关注的不仅仅是用电成本而更为关键的是停电损失,诸多因素均为UPFC应用到配电网创造了条件。
本文从社会经济发展对提高供电可靠性的内在需求出发,以解决短时停电为核心目标,分别针对中低压自愈配电环网及其潮流控制技术进行研究。提出了基于中压双电源配电环网的故障无缝自愈供电系统实现方案,为保证环网稳定运行,利用UPFC对环网潮流进行控制,并着重对基于UPFC的中压配电环网潮流优化控制方法进行研究,以确保UPFC应用的经济性；针对低压多源并供系统存在的问题,提出了基于UPFC的低压母线潮流控制方法并初步进行了相关试验。具体研究内容如下：
(1)中压双电源配电环网故障无缝自愈供电系统实现方法的研究。通过分析短时停电产生的原因以及传统供电可靠性提高措施存在的局限性,提出了基于UPFC的中压双电源配电环网故障无缝自愈供电系统实现方案,并与传统短时停电解决措施进行了技术经济性对比；给出了该供电系统的构成环节与关键实现技术,主要包括环网潮流控制技术与快速自愈保护算法两部分,而前者是确保系统稳定运行的前提。
(2)基于UPFC的中压双电源配电环网潮流优化控制策略的研究。在分析中压配电环网潮流分布特征的基础上,得出了配电环网与输电网潮流控制机理之间的区别,给出了选择UPFC进行配电环网潮流控制的原因；为突破UPFC在中压配电网中应用的经济性瓶颈,在满足系统功率调节要求的前提下,分别提出了基于UPFC输出串联补偿电压最小、串联输出有功功率最小以及输出视在功率最小的潮流优化控制策略,从不同角度提高UPFC的应用经济性,建模仿真结果证明了三种优化方法的有效性。
(3)基于UPFC的中压配电环网最优潮流控制策略的研究。推导出双电源配电环网中考虑网络损耗与节点电压偏差的最优潮流控制模型,并将该控制策略应用于含分布式电源的配电环网,仿真结果表明,网络损耗与节点电压能够得到进一步改善；为提高UPFC的经济性,构建了网络损耗、节点电压偏差与UPFC实现成本隶属函数,通过分配不同权值建立了潮流综合优化控制模型,实现了系统优化运行与UPFC应用经济性的有机结合；并对上述两种控制模型下的UPFC经济性进行了对比。
(4)基于UPFC的低压多源并供系统潮流优化控制方法的研究。分析了低压多源并供点状网络的构成及其在提高供电可靠性方面的优势；推导出多个电源并供时各自的出力表达式,得到了电源出力与电压差、系统等值阻抗、低压负荷等诸多因素之间的关系,分析了导致电源出力不均衡甚至引起功率倒送的原因,提出了采用UPFC在低压母线侧进行潮流控制以均衡各电源出力的方法；针对系统参数未知情况,提出了基于扰动信号的阻抗参数在线辨识潮流优化控制方法,给出了参数辨识与潮流控制一体化实现流程；为使退出并供的电源能够及时满足并供操作条件,提出了基于UPFC的并供操作电压控制方法；简单给出了多源并供系统低压侧继电保护与基于UPFC的潮流控制之间的协调配合原则,以确保系统故障时UPFC能够主动配合继电保护动作,及时实现故障隔离；电源恢复正常后,UPFC能够主动进行电压控制,以确保待并入电源及时实现并供运行。
(5)基于UPFC的潮流控制试验系统开发。结合实验室现有条件,设计开发了基于UPFC的物理试验系统,并针对低压多源并供点状网络进行了稳态潮流控制和并供操作电压控制试验,初步试验结果表明,该方式能够有效均衡电源出力、灵活控制并供操作点电压；且利用较小的UPFC容量即可实现大范围的系统潮流调节,并具有较高的调节精度。
总之,本文提出的故障自愈配电环网供电系统能够有效解决短时停电问题；而基于UPFC的潮流优化控制方法在均衡潮流分布、确保环网系统稳定运行的基础上,能够有效提高UPFC应用的经济性。本文的研究为智能电网尤其智能配电网实现故障“无缝自愈”目标,提供了一种新的实现思路和方法。
The power supply reliability, which is the core index to reflect the performance of power system, characterizes the keeping power ability. The duration interruption (more than3min) is focused on in the traditional reliability evaluation code, which could meet the requirement of normal load that is lightly affected with poor power reliability. But with the development of digital economy, sensitive equipments to the interruption have been widely used and the load loss caused by interruption especially by the temporary interruption is enormous. So improving the reliability and particularly solving the temporary interruption has become the attention focus by the power enterprises and even the whole society.
Distribution network lies in the end of power system, facing to the load directly, and70%of interruption is caused by fault in the distribution system, so the distribution is the key link to improve the supply reliability. Generally, distribution network is designed in closed loop and operated in open loop. Even though the advanced technical measure is taken, such as distribution automation system, the temporary interruption caused by the load transfer couldn't be avoided. Closed loop distribution network with single source could solve the fault in the feeder based on the differential protection, but it is helpless against the source fault. The closed loop distribution system with dual sources could cope with fault in the feeder and sources, in which there might be much circle power or even reverse power. But the traditional power flow control methods have some shortcomings, such as adjusting frequency and continuity, which couldn't ensure the controlling effect. With the development of power electronic and advanced control theory, UPFC is applied successfully in the transmission system, which could improve the system stability and transmission ability. If UPFC is used in the distribution system, the key issue is not technology but economy. With the development of power semiconductor technology, the unit cost has been reduced gradually. Moreover, the needed capacity of UPFC is limited because the power flow in the distribution system is relatively less than that in the transmission system. More importantly, interruption could bring about huge losses on sensitive load, and the electric customers pay more attention to the interruption loss than to the electricity consumption. Thus many positive factors have created conditions for the UPFC to be applied in the distribution.
From the internal demand of digital economy to improve the power supply reliability, the fault self-healing supply system and it's power flow control method in the low and medium voltage distribution network is studied in this thesis.The fault seamless self-healing system of medium voltage closed-loop distribution with dual sources is presented to solve the temporary interruption, and the power flow is adjusted by UPFC to ensure the stable operation of the closed-loop system. The optimal control method of power flow is the focus to ensure the application economy of UPFC. A power flow control method of the low-voltage bus is presented based on UPFC to decrease the reverse power in the spot network with multi low-voltage sources parallel supplying. The main contents are as following.
(1) Research on the fault seamless self-healing system of the medium voltage closed-loop distribution network with dual sources. Based on the analysis of the reason of temporary interruption and the limitation of the traditional measurement to improve the supply reliability, the fault seamless self-healing system of the medium voltage closed-loop distribution network with dual sources is presented, compared with the traditional method in technology and economy. The constitution and the key technology is given, including the power flow control method and the fast self-healing algorithm. And the control of power flow is the foundation to ensure the stable operation of the system.
(2) Research on the optimal control strategy of the power flow in the medium voltage distribution system with closed-loop operation based on UPFC. The characteristic of power flow in the closed-loop distribution network is deduced and the difference between the distribution and transmission system is analyzed. Against the traditional power flow control measurement, the control method based on UPFC is presented, as the foundation of closed loop operation. In order to break the neck bottle of UPFC's application economy, with the precondition of adjusted demand on power flow of the system, the optimal power flow control strategy based on UPFC is studied. And three optimal strategies are presented, including the minimum compensated voltage, the minimum active power, the minimum capacity of UPFC, thus ensuring the economy from various angles. And the simulation results prove the validity of the presented methods.
(3) Research on the optimal power flow control method based on UPFC. The optimal power flow model considering the loss and nodal voltage in the closed loop distribution network is deduced, which is available for the active distribution system. And the simulation results prove that the loss and nodal voltage could be further improved. In order to combine the economy of UPFC application with the optimal power flow, the membership function of the loss, nodal voltage and UPFC's cost is designed individually. And the comprehensive objective function is founded by weighted average, transforming the multi-objective problem into a single-objective one. And the application economy of UPFC with above strategies is compared.
(4) Research on the power flow control method of the spot network with multi low-voltage sources parallel operation system based on UPFC. The constitution of spot network and it's advantages in improving supply reliability are introduced. The output power expression of any source is deduced, describing the relationship between the output of the source with source voltage, system equivalent impedance and load at the low voltage bus. The reason causing the unbalanced output power, even reverse power is analyzed and the power flow control method at the low voltage bus based on UPFC is presented to balance the output power among the sources. In case the system parameter is unknown, the parameter identification based on disturbing signal on line and power control method is presented. In order to ensure the exited source to operate in parallel in time, the control method of the parallel spot voltage is introduced based on UPFC. And the simple match principle between the power flow control and protective relay is presented, ensuring the normal operation of multi sources in parallel and the exited source going back to work in time.
(5) The development of testing system based on UPFC. Considering the laboratory condition, the physical experimental platform is designed and relative experiment about stable power flow control and voltage control as operating to parallel in the spot network is carried out. The results show that this method could balance the output power, and adjust the voltage at the parallel operation spot flexibly. Besides, a significant amount of power could be adjusted by a little of UPFC's capacity with high accuracy.
In a word, the fault seamless self healing system of the closed loop distribution network with dual sources could avoid the temporary interruption effectively, and the power flow control method considering the economy of UPFC could balance the power flow distribution, establishing the foundation for the normal closed loop distribution network and spot network to operate stably. The research conclusion of this thesis offers a new solution to improve the supply reliability and achieve the fault seamless self-healing target for smart grid, especially for smart distribution grid.
引文
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