隔水管涡激振动抑制装置的流动控制实验研究
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摘要
陆地资源的日益衰竭使得海洋资源的开发力度越发引人关注。当波浪、海流流经隔水管时，在一定的流速下会使得隔水管尾迹产生周期性漩涡脱落，当隔水管的固有频率与漩涡脱落频率接近时会产生涡激振动现象。隔水管在持续涡激振动的作用下，会产生疲劳破坏，从而严重影响海洋作业，甚至带来严重的工程和环境事故。因此，针对隔水管涡激振动所提出的不同抑制装置的基础研究有重要的理论和实际意义。
本文根据流动相似原理，通过与水洞实验及CFD计算结果的比较，验证了风洞实验作为隔水管流动控制研究手段的可行性。固定分离盘和附属管风洞实验和水洞实验结果比较显示在仅研究隔水管动力学特性及漩涡脱落的情况下，即将隔水管模型主体设置成固定安装，不考虑流体涡泄变化引起的振动，风洞实验与水洞实验的结果有很好的流动相似性。而附属管风洞实验和以水为介质的CFD计算结果也相差不大，变化趋势和范围基本一致，比较结果从侧面验证了此方案的可行性。
试验研究了固定/旋转分离盘的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：当L/D<4.0时，旋转分离盘会在压差的作用下调整两个相互对称的平衡位置之一并以极小的振幅在此位置来回震荡。但对于L/D4.0时，仅有一个平衡位置，就是在=180°处。附加固定分离盘后，隔水管尾迹部分压力的都远远高于单隔水管情况，且背压C pb均提高至-1以上。而附加旋转分离盘后，短分离盘（L/D3.5）的时均压力分布不再关于=180°对称，压力在平衡位置e处有一个突变。而长分离盘（L/D4.0）的时均压力分布很明显与固定分离盘相似，背压处不存在压力突变。在所实验的0.5L/D6.0范围内，固定分离盘在L/D=6.0时能使C_d和C_l '获得最大30.3%和96.4%的降低；旋转分离盘同样在L/D=6.0时能使C_d和C_l '获得最大31.2%和91.4%的降低。附加固定分离盘后St均低于相应单隔水管，而附加旋转分离盘后，当L/D2.0时，漩涡脱落频率高于单隔水管情况，而对于L/D>2.0时，则小于单隔水管。
试验研究了固定/旋转整流罩的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：旋转整流罩在流体力产生的力矩作用下旋转至一个偏离尾流中心线固定角度的动态平衡位置。附加固定整流罩尾流部分压力比较平稳且均高于单隔水管情况，而附加旋转整流罩后，相对单隔水管能够在180一侧提高尾迹区域压力。在所实验的3090范围内，相对单隔水管情况，固定整流罩分别在30和45时能使C d和Cl '获得最大36.1%和74.5%的降低；旋转分离盘分别在30和75时能使C d和Cl '获得最大43.5%和67.0%的降低。不管采用固定还是旋转整流罩之后，升力的功率谱均只有一个主频，且主频的幅值较之单隔水管有了数量级上的降低。对于固定整流罩，随着的减小St逐渐减小，而旋转整流罩则刚好相反。
试验研究了首次提出的仿鱼尾整流罩的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：仿鱼尾整流罩在来流作用下，也会旋转至一个偏离尾流中心线固定角度的动态平衡位置。但相对于旋转整流罩而言，鱼尾柔性板的存在能够起到减小平衡位置偏转夹角δ的作用。在所实验的4590范围内，相对单隔水管情况，其在α=90°，L=1.5D时Cd能获得最大16.5%的降低，并且在α=60°，L=1.0D时Cl’获得最大25.7%的降低。仿鱼尾整流罩与单隔水管相比，主频峰值要低很多，几乎看不出特别明显的峰值。
试验研究了沿隔水管周向对称布置的附属管的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：附加4mm和8mm两种直径附属管后，每种情况下隔水管表面的压力分布存在很大的差异，但多管数情况(N8)受来流角的影响要比少管数情况(N6)的小很多，而且是管数越多，对于来流角的敏感性越小。在所实验的3N12范围内， N8的附属管Cd对来流敏感性最小，且相对单隔水管情况降低Cd的效果最好，基本均能起到30%以上的减阻效果； N8的附属管Cl’对来流敏感性最小，且相对单隔水管情况降低Cl’的效果最好，基本均能起到80%以上的减升效果。两种直径附属管的PSD峰值只有少数几个高于单隔水管情况，包括(N=3,0)、(N=4,45)和(N=5,36)等，其他多数情况则低于单隔水管结果，这表明着附加附属管确实能够有效抑制交替的漩涡产生。
对本文六种抑制装置的研究结果进行了对比分析，总结了各自的优缺点。一、固定分离盘和固定整流罩能起到最好的减阻减升以及抑制漩涡脱落的效果，但是存在无法适应流向的缺点，实际应用受限；二、旋转分离盘会导致时均升力的增加，减阻效果也比固定分离盘差，但由于其能自适应流向，也有着很好脉动升力和漩涡脱落抑制效果，有一定的实际应用价值；三、旋转整流罩能自适应流向，在30和45时，时均阻力、脉动升力及漩涡脱落抑制效果均不亚于固定整流罩，但时均升力有所增加，因此旋转整流罩有着不错的应用价值；四、仿鱼尾整流罩抑制脉动升力效果不如旋转整流罩，但由于能减小偏转角，在降低时均升力上有较好效果，同时漩涡脱落抑制效果也优于旋转整流罩，因此仿鱼尾整流罩具有很好的研究潜力，应用价值有待进一步验证；五、附属管由于利用了隔水管的附属管线，有着更好的操作性和经济性，不同管数和直径附属管的流向适应性、流体力和漩涡脱落抑制效果差异较大，因此选择优化的附属管布置方式对于隔水管流动控制有着非常好的应用价值。
通过综合研究分析，对六种抑制装置的规格参数进行了优化选择：(1)虽然固定和旋转分离盘都是L/D4.0时效果最佳，但选择L=0.5D~1.5D的固定分离盘以及L=1.0D~2.0D的旋转分离盘也能达到不错的流动控制效果，且实际应用价值更高，故宜选择作为分离盘中较优化的模型；(2)宜选择=45的固定整流罩以及=60的旋转整流罩作为整流罩中较优化的模型；(3)宜选择(α=60°, L=1.5D)作为仿鱼尾整流罩中较优化的模型；(4)宜选择(d=4mm, N=10)和(d=8mm, N=12)作为附属管中较优化的模型。
Much attention has been paid to the development of marine resources due to the growingscarce of land resources. Wave and current flow causes periodic vortex shedding in the wakeof the riser under certain flow rate, and vortex-induced vibration (VIV) may occur when thenatural frequency of the riser is close to the vortex shedding frequency. Sustained VIV maycause fatigue failure of the riser, thereby affecting marine operations, and even lead to seriousengineering and environmental accidents. Therefore, the basic investigation of different VIVsuppression devices for riser is of important practical and theoretical significance.
Wind tunnel experiments were used as an important method for studying the flow controland vortex shedding of riser in the paper. Comparison among the wind tunnel experiments,water tunnel experiment and CFD calculation results verified the feasibility of this method.Wind and water tunnel results of the fixed splitter plates and axial-rod shrouds show that, theflow similarity of the two methods is very good when only considering dynamiccharacteristics and vortex shedding behavious, namely without considering vortex inducedvibration. While CFD calculation results of axial-rod shrouds are also close to that of the windtunnel, which indicates the feasibility of this method in another aspect.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of fixed/rotatable splitter plates wereexperimentally studied. The results show that: Rotatable splitter plates oscillate slightly withvery small amplitude in some certain equilibrium position when L/D<4.0. But it wouldoscillate slightly at=180°instead of deflecting to a stable angle on one side when L/D4.0.Base pressure of the riser with fixed splitter plates are much higher than that of the bare riser.The time-averaged pressure distribution of the short rotatable splitter plates is no longersymmetrical to=180°. While the results of long rotatable splitter plates are similar to thefixed ones. Within the studied range of0.5L/D6.0, a maximum time-averaged drag Cdand fluctuating lift Cl' reduction up to30.3%and96.4%was obtained for fixed splitter plates when L/D=6.0, and31.2%and91.4%for rotatable ones also when L/D=6.0. St of fixed splitter plates are all lower than that of bare riser. But St of rotatable ones are higher than that of bare riser when L/D≤2and get lower than that when L/D>2.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of fixed/rotatable fairings were experimentally studied. The results show that:Rotatable fairing rotates to an equilibrium position (on either side of the wake with equal probability) rather than align itself with free stream due to the integrated effect of the pressure difference along the either side of the fairing. Near wake pressure of the riser is relative stable and higher than that of the bare riser when fixed fairings attached, but it is higher on only one side when rotatable fairings attached. Further, it is concluded that both of the time-averaged drag coefficients and the fluctuating lift coefficients are less than the corresponding bare riser. Within the studied range of30°≤α≤90°, a maximum time-averaged drag Cd and fluctuating lift Cl' reduction up to36.1%and74.5%was obtained for fixed fairings when α=30°and α=45°, respectively; and43.5%and67.0%for rotatable ones when α=30°and α=75°, respectively. No matter fixed or rotatable fairings, there is only one main frequency in each power spectrum of lift, and the peak values are all much lower than that of the bare riser. St gets smaller with the decreasing of α when fixed fairings attached, but the trend is opposite for rotatable ones.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of tail-fairings were experimentally studied. The results show that:Tail-fairing also rotates to an off-axis equilibrium position (on either side of the wake with equal probability) rather than align itself with free stream. But compared to the corresponding rotatable fairing, the existence of flexible tail-plate plays a role in reducing off-axis angle δ. Within the studied range of45°≤α≤90°, a maximum time-averaged drag Cd reduction up to16.5%was obtained for tail-fairings when α=90°, L=1.5D; and a maximum fluctuating lift Cl' reduction up to25.7%when α=60°, L=1.0D. There is no obvious main frequency in each power spectrum of lift for tail-fairings, and the peak values are extremely lower than that of the bare riser.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of axial-rod shrouds were experimentally studied. The results show that:For axial-rod shrouds with two rods diameters4mm and8mm, there are great differences between the pressure distributions of all shrouds. More rods cases (N>8) are less affected by inflow angle than less rods cases (N<6), and the more rods the less sensitive to inflow angle. Within the studied range of3≤N≤12, N≥8shrouds are least sensitive to inflow angle, over30%and80%reductions of time-averaged drag Cd and fluctuating lift Cl' were obtained for these shrouds, respectively. The peak values of few cases, including (N=3, α=0°(N=4, α=45°) and (N=5, α=36°), are higher than that of the bare riser, while the peak values are lower for most cases. It illustrates that the alternating Karman type vortex is effectively suppressed with axial-rod shrouds attached.
The advantages and disadvantages of these devices were summarized after a comparative analysis. First, fixed splitter plate and fixed fairing have the best effects of drag and lift reduction and vortex shedding suppression. But the shortcoming of not having flow direction adaptive ability limits their engineering application. Second, rotatable splitter plate develops a time-averaged transverse force, but due to flow direction adaptive ability and fine fluctuating lift and vortex shedding suppression effects, it shows certain practical value. Third, time-averaged drag, fluctuating lift and vortex shedding suppression effects of rotatable fairing are not less than the corresponding fixed fairing when α=30°and α=45°Considering its flow direction adaptive ability, rotatable fairing also have good practical value. Forth, although fluctuating lift suppression effect of tail-fairing is worse than that of rotatable fairing, the better performances on time-averaged lift and vortex shedding ensure its potential research value. Fifth, axial-rod shroud has advantages in maneuverability and economy. It shall have broad application prospects in case of optimal geometric parameters selected.
Optimized selection of all parameters of the tested devices has been made through a comprehensive analysis:(1) Although suppression effect of L/D=4.0cases for fixed and rotatable splitter plates are the best, L=0.5D～1.5D fixed and L=1.0D～2.0D rotatable splitter plates also can achieve good effect and possess higher practical value. As a result, the latter ones were recommend as optimized selection in all splitter plates;(2) Finally, α=45°fixed fairing and α=60°rotatable fairing were recommend as optimized selection in all fairings;(3) Finally,(α=60°, L=1.5D) tail-fairing was recommend as optimized selection in all tail-fairings;(4) Finally,(d=4mm, N=10) and (d=8mm, N=12) axial-rod shrouds were recommend as optimized selection in all shrouds.
本文根据流动相似原理，通过与水洞实验及CFD计算结果的比较，验证了风洞实验作为隔水管流动控制研究手段的可行性。固定分离盘和附属管风洞实验和水洞实验结果比较显示在仅研究隔水管动力学特性及漩涡脱落的情况下，即将隔水管模型主体设置成固定安装，不考虑流体涡泄变化引起的振动，风洞实验与水洞实验的结果有很好的流动相似性。而附属管风洞实验和以水为介质的CFD计算结果也相差不大，变化趋势和范围基本一致，比较结果从侧面验证了此方案的可行性。
试验研究了固定/旋转分离盘的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：当L/D<4.0时，旋转分离盘会在压差的作用下调整两个相互对称的平衡位置之一并以极小的振幅在此位置来回震荡。但对于L/D4.0时，仅有一个平衡位置，就是在=180°处。附加固定分离盘后，隔水管尾迹部分压力的都远远高于单隔水管情况，且背压C pb均提高至-1以上。而附加旋转分离盘后，短分离盘（L/D3.5）的时均压力分布不再关于=180°对称，压力在平衡位置e处有一个突变。而长分离盘（L/D4.0）的时均压力分布很明显与固定分离盘相似，背压处不存在压力突变。在所实验的0.5L/D6.0范围内，固定分离盘在L/D=6.0时能使C_d和C_l '获得最大30.3%和96.4%的降低；旋转分离盘同样在L/D=6.0时能使C_d和C_l '获得最大31.2%和91.4%的降低。附加固定分离盘后St均低于相应单隔水管，而附加旋转分离盘后，当L/D2.0时，漩涡脱落频率高于单隔水管情况，而对于L/D>2.0时，则小于单隔水管。
试验研究了固定/旋转整流罩的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：旋转整流罩在流体力产生的力矩作用下旋转至一个偏离尾流中心线固定角度的动态平衡位置。附加固定整流罩尾流部分压力比较平稳且均高于单隔水管情况，而附加旋转整流罩后，相对单隔水管能够在180一侧提高尾迹区域压力。在所实验的3090范围内，相对单隔水管情况，固定整流罩分别在30和45时能使C d和Cl '获得最大36.1%和74.5%的降低；旋转分离盘分别在30和75时能使C d和Cl '获得最大43.5%和67.0%的降低。不管采用固定还是旋转整流罩之后，升力的功率谱均只有一个主频，且主频的幅值较之单隔水管有了数量级上的降低。对于固定整流罩，随着的减小St逐渐减小，而旋转整流罩则刚好相反。
试验研究了首次提出的仿鱼尾整流罩的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：仿鱼尾整流罩在来流作用下，也会旋转至一个偏离尾流中心线固定角度的动态平衡位置。但相对于旋转整流罩而言，鱼尾柔性板的存在能够起到减小平衡位置偏转夹角δ的作用。在所实验的4590范围内，相对单隔水管情况，其在α=90°，L=1.5D时Cd能获得最大16.5%的降低，并且在α=60°，L=1.0D时Cl’获得最大25.7%的降低。仿鱼尾整流罩与单隔水管相比，主频峰值要低很多，几乎看不出特别明显的峰值。
试验研究了沿隔水管周向对称布置的附属管的脉动流体力特性及频谱特性。研究表明：附加4mm和8mm两种直径附属管后，每种情况下隔水管表面的压力分布存在很大的差异，但多管数情况(N8)受来流角的影响要比少管数情况(N6)的小很多，而且是管数越多，对于来流角的敏感性越小。在所实验的3N12范围内， N8的附属管Cd对来流敏感性最小，且相对单隔水管情况降低Cd的效果最好，基本均能起到30%以上的减阻效果； N8的附属管Cl’对来流敏感性最小，且相对单隔水管情况降低Cl’的效果最好，基本均能起到80%以上的减升效果。两种直径附属管的PSD峰值只有少数几个高于单隔水管情况，包括(N=3,0)、(N=4,45)和(N=5,36)等，其他多数情况则低于单隔水管结果，这表明着附加附属管确实能够有效抑制交替的漩涡产生。
对本文六种抑制装置的研究结果进行了对比分析，总结了各自的优缺点。一、固定分离盘和固定整流罩能起到最好的减阻减升以及抑制漩涡脱落的效果，但是存在无法适应流向的缺点，实际应用受限；二、旋转分离盘会导致时均升力的增加，减阻效果也比固定分离盘差，但由于其能自适应流向，也有着很好脉动升力和漩涡脱落抑制效果，有一定的实际应用价值；三、旋转整流罩能自适应流向，在30和45时，时均阻力、脉动升力及漩涡脱落抑制效果均不亚于固定整流罩，但时均升力有所增加，因此旋转整流罩有着不错的应用价值；四、仿鱼尾整流罩抑制脉动升力效果不如旋转整流罩，但由于能减小偏转角，在降低时均升力上有较好效果，同时漩涡脱落抑制效果也优于旋转整流罩，因此仿鱼尾整流罩具有很好的研究潜力，应用价值有待进一步验证；五、附属管由于利用了隔水管的附属管线，有着更好的操作性和经济性，不同管数和直径附属管的流向适应性、流体力和漩涡脱落抑制效果差异较大，因此选择优化的附属管布置方式对于隔水管流动控制有着非常好的应用价值。
通过综合研究分析，对六种抑制装置的规格参数进行了优化选择：(1)虽然固定和旋转分离盘都是L/D4.0时效果最佳，但选择L=0.5D~1.5D的固定分离盘以及L=1.0D~2.0D的旋转分离盘也能达到不错的流动控制效果，且实际应用价值更高，故宜选择作为分离盘中较优化的模型；(2)宜选择=45的固定整流罩以及=60的旋转整流罩作为整流罩中较优化的模型；(3)宜选择(α=60°, L=1.5D)作为仿鱼尾整流罩中较优化的模型；(4)宜选择(d=4mm, N=10)和(d=8mm, N=12)作为附属管中较优化的模型。
Much attention has been paid to the development of marine resources due to the growingscarce of land resources. Wave and current flow causes periodic vortex shedding in the wakeof the riser under certain flow rate, and vortex-induced vibration (VIV) may occur when thenatural frequency of the riser is close to the vortex shedding frequency. Sustained VIV maycause fatigue failure of the riser, thereby affecting marine operations, and even lead to seriousengineering and environmental accidents. Therefore, the basic investigation of different VIVsuppression devices for riser is of important practical and theoretical significance.
Wind tunnel experiments were used as an important method for studying the flow controland vortex shedding of riser in the paper. Comparison among the wind tunnel experiments,water tunnel experiment and CFD calculation results verified the feasibility of this method.Wind and water tunnel results of the fixed splitter plates and axial-rod shrouds show that, theflow similarity of the two methods is very good when only considering dynamiccharacteristics and vortex shedding behavious, namely without considering vortex inducedvibration. While CFD calculation results of axial-rod shrouds are also close to that of the windtunnel, which indicates the feasibility of this method in another aspect.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of fixed/rotatable splitter plates wereexperimentally studied. The results show that: Rotatable splitter plates oscillate slightly withvery small amplitude in some certain equilibrium position when L/D<4.0. But it wouldoscillate slightly at=180°instead of deflecting to a stable angle on one side when L/D4.0.Base pressure of the riser with fixed splitter plates are much higher than that of the bare riser.The time-averaged pressure distribution of the short rotatable splitter plates is no longersymmetrical to=180°. While the results of long rotatable splitter plates are similar to thefixed ones. Within the studied range of0.5L/D6.0, a maximum time-averaged drag Cdand fluctuating lift Cl' reduction up to30.3%and96.4%was obtained for fixed splitter plates when L/D=6.0, and31.2%and91.4%for rotatable ones also when L/D=6.0. St of fixed splitter plates are all lower than that of bare riser. But St of rotatable ones are higher than that of bare riser when L/D≤2and get lower than that when L/D>2.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of fixed/rotatable fairings were experimentally studied. The results show that:Rotatable fairing rotates to an equilibrium position (on either side of the wake with equal probability) rather than align itself with free stream due to the integrated effect of the pressure difference along the either side of the fairing. Near wake pressure of the riser is relative stable and higher than that of the bare riser when fixed fairings attached, but it is higher on only one side when rotatable fairings attached. Further, it is concluded that both of the time-averaged drag coefficients and the fluctuating lift coefficients are less than the corresponding bare riser. Within the studied range of30°≤α≤90°, a maximum time-averaged drag Cd and fluctuating lift Cl' reduction up to36.1%and74.5%was obtained for fixed fairings when α=30°and α=45°, respectively; and43.5%and67.0%for rotatable ones when α=30°and α=75°, respectively. No matter fixed or rotatable fairings, there is only one main frequency in each power spectrum of lift, and the peak values are all much lower than that of the bare riser. St gets smaller with the decreasing of α when fixed fairings attached, but the trend is opposite for rotatable ones.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of tail-fairings were experimentally studied. The results show that:Tail-fairing also rotates to an off-axis equilibrium position (on either side of the wake with equal probability) rather than align itself with free stream. But compared to the corresponding rotatable fairing, the existence of flexible tail-plate plays a role in reducing off-axis angle δ. Within the studied range of45°≤α≤90°, a maximum time-averaged drag Cd reduction up to16.5%was obtained for tail-fairings when α=90°, L=1.5D; and a maximum fluctuating lift Cl' reduction up to25.7%when α=60°, L=1.0D. There is no obvious main frequency in each power spectrum of lift for tail-fairings, and the peak values are extremely lower than that of the bare riser.
Characteristics of fluctuating forces and spectrum of axial-rod shrouds were experimentally studied. The results show that:For axial-rod shrouds with two rods diameters4mm and8mm, there are great differences between the pressure distributions of all shrouds. More rods cases (N>8) are less affected by inflow angle than less rods cases (N<6), and the more rods the less sensitive to inflow angle. Within the studied range of3≤N≤12, N≥8shrouds are least sensitive to inflow angle, over30%and80%reductions of time-averaged drag Cd and fluctuating lift Cl' were obtained for these shrouds, respectively. The peak values of few cases, including (N=3, α=0°(N=4, α=45°) and (N=5, α=36°), are higher than that of the bare riser, while the peak values are lower for most cases. It illustrates that the alternating Karman type vortex is effectively suppressed with axial-rod shrouds attached.
The advantages and disadvantages of these devices were summarized after a comparative analysis. First, fixed splitter plate and fixed fairing have the best effects of drag and lift reduction and vortex shedding suppression. But the shortcoming of not having flow direction adaptive ability limits their engineering application. Second, rotatable splitter plate develops a time-averaged transverse force, but due to flow direction adaptive ability and fine fluctuating lift and vortex shedding suppression effects, it shows certain practical value. Third, time-averaged drag, fluctuating lift and vortex shedding suppression effects of rotatable fairing are not less than the corresponding fixed fairing when α=30°and α=45°Considering its flow direction adaptive ability, rotatable fairing also have good practical value. Forth, although fluctuating lift suppression effect of tail-fairing is worse than that of rotatable fairing, the better performances on time-averaged lift and vortex shedding ensure its potential research value. Fifth, axial-rod shroud has advantages in maneuverability and economy. It shall have broad application prospects in case of optimal geometric parameters selected.
Optimized selection of all parameters of the tested devices has been made through a comprehensive analysis:(1) Although suppression effect of L/D=4.0cases for fixed and rotatable splitter plates are the best, L=0.5D～1.5D fixed and L=1.0D～2.0D rotatable splitter plates also can achieve good effect and possess higher practical value. As a result, the latter ones were recommend as optimized selection in all splitter plates;(2) Finally, α=45°fixed fairing and α=60°rotatable fairing were recommend as optimized selection in all fairings;(3) Finally,(α=60°, L=1.5D) tail-fairing was recommend as optimized selection in all tail-fairings;(4) Finally,(d=4mm, N=10) and (d=8mm, N=12) axial-rod shrouds were recommend as optimized selection in all shrouds.
引文
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