土层扩孔压力型锚杆的锚固机理研究
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摘要
锚杆因其造价低，施工简便，工期短而被广泛应用于建筑、水利、电力、公路、边坡加固和基坑支护中，但目前普遍使用的是拉力型锚杆，存在锚固效率低、设计长度大、抗腐蚀性和耐久性差等问题。扩孔压力型锚杆和多段扩孔压力型锚杆是近年发展起来，逐步投入应用的新型锚固技术，可以有效提高锚固效率、改善注浆固结体受力条件和解决锚杆拉杆防腐问题。由于缺乏对锚固机理的认识和系统研究，目前工程实践中扩孔压力型锚杆仍沿用拉力型锚杆的设计方法。论文采用弹性力学方法、现场试验实测资料对比研究、数值模拟分析等多种方法研究了土层扩孔压力型锚杆的锚固机理和影响参数；并将研究结果应用到多段扩孔压力型锚杆的锚固分析。据此提出了扩孔和多段扩孔压力型锚杆的设计方法。本文的主要工作内容如下：
（1）假定扩孔段端头土体屈服和锚固体整体拉出两种破坏模式，用弹性力学方法推导了扩孔压力型锚杆锚固体轴向应力以及锚固体与岩土体粘结界面的剪应力计算公式，得到两者沿锚杆轴向的分布规律呈负指数变化，并探讨了压力型锚杆扩孔段和普通钻孔锚固段长度的合理设置问题。利用叠加原理对多段扩孔压力分散型锚杆的受力特点进行了分析，并进一步分析了锚杆设计参数（锚固段长度、扩孔直径）、力学参数（粘聚力、内摩擦角和刚度系数）、锚杆埋深以及承载体个数等因素对锚固体与岩土体粘结界面剪应力分布的影响。
（2）利用我院自制的扩孔钻头，在两个工点进行扩孔压力型锚杆和多段扩孔压力型锚杆的现场试验，得到锚杆的荷载-位移曲线以及锚固体轴向应变曲线，并与理论推导分布关系进行了对比，证明了理论推导成果的合理性。
（3）结合现场试验的资料，利用FLAC3D软件对拉力型、压力型和扩孔压力型锚杆进行数值分析，得到不同类型锚杆的承载力以及锚固体与岩土体粘结界面的剪应力分布。与其他类型锚杆相比，扩孔压力型锚杆提高了锚固承载力，降低了应力集中程度。理论分析、现场试验以及数值分析得到的结果相近。
（4）根据Kelvin问题的基本解，分析单孔扩孔压力型锚杆的附加应力和位移场，利用叠加得到群锚的附加应力和位移场，提出了群锚的合理间距，用应力和位移的叠加面积计算群锚效应系数和锚杆共同作用系数。
（5）研究土层扩孔压力型锚杆的设计方法，提出可以采用等剪应力峰值、应力连续方法对土层扩孔压力型锚杆的锚固扩孔段长度以及普通钻孔锚固段长度进行设计。
论文特别感谢深圳市国土局对“深圳地区地质灾害治理新技术的研究”课题的支持与赞助。
For low cost, simple construction technique, short construction period, groundanchor is widely used in field of architecture, water conservancy, electric power, road, slopereinforcement and pit support. However, tension anchor is commonly used, existingproblems of low bearing capacity, long anchoring length, poor corrosion resistance anddurablity. Under-reamed and multi-under-reamed pressure anchors are new type anchordeveloped in recent years, which can effectively improve anchoring effeciency, and forcingstate and corrosion problems. For lack of recoginition of anhoring mechanism and systemticresearch, they were designed in method of tension anchor designing. By means of elasticmechanics method, comparative study of field test data, numerical simulation, the anchoringmechanisim and design method of under-reamed pressure anchor is studied, thenmulti-under-reamed pressure anchor is then studied. The main contents of the works are asfollows:
(1) According to forcing analysis of under-reamed pressure anchor, two type of failuremodes were assumed, which are soil yield in front of reamming segments and pull-out of thewhole anchoring body. On basis of elasticity theory, the shear stress and anxial forcedistribution is derived in shape of negative exponential distribution. Furthermore, the forcingcharacterisitics of multi-under-reamed anchor was studied by the principle of superposition.Further analysis was made to study the influencing factors on anchoring effect, such asfactors of design parameters(anchoring length and reaming borehole diameter), mechanicalparameters (cohension, internal friction angle and stiffness coefficient), bearing depth andbearing body number,etc.
(2) By making use of the insititution-made reaming driller, field test at two site wasundertaken to study the anchoring mechanism of under-reamed and multi-under-reamedpressure anchor. The pull-out tests were done and load-displacement curves were achieved,and strain of reamed anchoring body was monitored during the test.
(3) Based on results of field tests, numerical analysis was done with FLAC3D. Thebearing capacity and stress distribution was gotten, and inluence of anchoring body layoutwas analyzed. Comparitive analysis was conducted on computing results of anchors withdifferent type, also results of numerical results with those of field tests, it was showned thatunder-reamed pressure anchor could get higher bearing capacity and lower stressconcentration.
(4) With Kelvin’s fundamental solution，the additional stress and displacement field ofsingle under-reamed pressure anchor was anlayzed, and results of group anchors werederived by superimposing of single anchor. The resonable spacing of anchors was thenachieved and group effect was characterized by group effect coefficient and interactioneffect coefficent.
(5) The design method of under-reamed pressure anchor was studied, the equal peakstress method and continuous stress method was proposed to design the reaming segmentlength and effective anchoring length.
The paper forwards particularly grate to Shenzhen Land Bureau for the supportingand sponsorship of the subject on "New technologies study on control of geological disastersin Shenzhen area ".
（1）假定扩孔段端头土体屈服和锚固体整体拉出两种破坏模式，用弹性力学方法推导了扩孔压力型锚杆锚固体轴向应力以及锚固体与岩土体粘结界面的剪应力计算公式，得到两者沿锚杆轴向的分布规律呈负指数变化，并探讨了压力型锚杆扩孔段和普通钻孔锚固段长度的合理设置问题。利用叠加原理对多段扩孔压力分散型锚杆的受力特点进行了分析，并进一步分析了锚杆设计参数（锚固段长度、扩孔直径）、力学参数（粘聚力、内摩擦角和刚度系数）、锚杆埋深以及承载体个数等因素对锚固体与岩土体粘结界面剪应力分布的影响。
（2）利用我院自制的扩孔钻头，在两个工点进行扩孔压力型锚杆和多段扩孔压力型锚杆的现场试验，得到锚杆的荷载-位移曲线以及锚固体轴向应变曲线，并与理论推导分布关系进行了对比，证明了理论推导成果的合理性。
（3）结合现场试验的资料，利用FLAC3D软件对拉力型、压力型和扩孔压力型锚杆进行数值分析，得到不同类型锚杆的承载力以及锚固体与岩土体粘结界面的剪应力分布。与其他类型锚杆相比，扩孔压力型锚杆提高了锚固承载力，降低了应力集中程度。理论分析、现场试验以及数值分析得到的结果相近。
（4）根据Kelvin问题的基本解，分析单孔扩孔压力型锚杆的附加应力和位移场，利用叠加得到群锚的附加应力和位移场，提出了群锚的合理间距，用应力和位移的叠加面积计算群锚效应系数和锚杆共同作用系数。
（5）研究土层扩孔压力型锚杆的设计方法，提出可以采用等剪应力峰值、应力连续方法对土层扩孔压力型锚杆的锚固扩孔段长度以及普通钻孔锚固段长度进行设计。
论文特别感谢深圳市国土局对“深圳地区地质灾害治理新技术的研究”课题的支持与赞助。
For low cost, simple construction technique, short construction period, groundanchor is widely used in field of architecture, water conservancy, electric power, road, slopereinforcement and pit support. However, tension anchor is commonly used, existingproblems of low bearing capacity, long anchoring length, poor corrosion resistance anddurablity. Under-reamed and multi-under-reamed pressure anchors are new type anchordeveloped in recent years, which can effectively improve anchoring effeciency, and forcingstate and corrosion problems. For lack of recoginition of anhoring mechanism and systemticresearch, they were designed in method of tension anchor designing. By means of elasticmechanics method, comparative study of field test data, numerical simulation, the anchoringmechanisim and design method of under-reamed pressure anchor is studied, thenmulti-under-reamed pressure anchor is then studied. The main contents of the works are asfollows:
(1) According to forcing analysis of under-reamed pressure anchor, two type of failuremodes were assumed, which are soil yield in front of reamming segments and pull-out of thewhole anchoring body. On basis of elasticity theory, the shear stress and anxial forcedistribution is derived in shape of negative exponential distribution. Furthermore, the forcingcharacterisitics of multi-under-reamed anchor was studied by the principle of superposition.Further analysis was made to study the influencing factors on anchoring effect, such asfactors of design parameters(anchoring length and reaming borehole diameter), mechanicalparameters (cohension, internal friction angle and stiffness coefficient), bearing depth andbearing body number,etc.
(2) By making use of the insititution-made reaming driller, field test at two site wasundertaken to study the anchoring mechanism of under-reamed and multi-under-reamedpressure anchor. The pull-out tests were done and load-displacement curves were achieved,and strain of reamed anchoring body was monitored during the test.
(3) Based on results of field tests, numerical analysis was done with FLAC3D. Thebearing capacity and stress distribution was gotten, and inluence of anchoring body layoutwas analyzed. Comparitive analysis was conducted on computing results of anchors withdifferent type, also results of numerical results with those of field tests, it was showned thatunder-reamed pressure anchor could get higher bearing capacity and lower stressconcentration.
(4) With Kelvin’s fundamental solution，the additional stress and displacement field ofsingle under-reamed pressure anchor was anlayzed, and results of group anchors werederived by superimposing of single anchor. The resonable spacing of anchors was thenachieved and group effect was characterized by group effect coefficient and interactioneffect coefficent.
(5) The design method of under-reamed pressure anchor was studied, the equal peakstress method and continuous stress method was proposed to design the reaming segmentlength and effective anchoring length.
The paper forwards particularly grate to Shenzhen Land Bureau for the supportingand sponsorship of the subject on "New technologies study on control of geological disastersin Shenzhen area ".
引文
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