边坡工程灾害防治技术研究
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摘要
本文以上三高速公路、金丽温高速公路和温州市扶贫开发区边坡等工程灾害的治理研究为基础。通过大量的现场地质调查、现场监测、室内外试验、数值模拟分析等方法,在以下几个方面开展了系统的研究:
①在已有资料和文献调查的基础上,总结了边坡工程灾害的发生机制,分析影响边坡稳定性的主要因素,讨论了边坡失稳破坏的发育规律和力学机制,对边坡变形破坏的基本模式进行分类。
②开展了基于有限元强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析,建立有限元边坡稳定性分析的建模方法、参数取值的方法。讨论边坡失稳判据的选择问题。研究各种参数变化对强度折减法的影响规律。从数值分析的结果差别方面,探讨有限元强度折减和传统的极限平衡法及极限分析法的异同。以上三高速公路6~#滑坡的工程为背景,详细阐述了有限元法在滑坡变形破坏机理和抗滑桩加固作用机制研究方面的具体应用,通过具体工程实例的分析计算,阐述了有限元强度折减法的特点和优点。
③研究抗滑桩桩后土拱效应的形成条件,揭示桩土相互作用的方式。分析桩后土拱的形状及其主要因素的影响,建立计算土拱形状的回归方程。讨论影响桩后土拱效应和桩土荷载分担比的主要因素。提出充分利用桩后土拱效应,发挥桩土相互作用有利影响的抗滑桩设计建议。
④以金丽温高速公路K81高边坡的锚固工程为研究背景,采用三维有限元数值分析的方法,系统研究预应力锚索加固破碎岩质边坡的锚固机理。分析不同外锚结构作用下,坡面和坡体内部的压缩变形和应力扩散规律。从加固机理上阐述锚索框格梁外锚体系加固破碎岩质边坡的力学本质。讨论了锚固设计所关心的预应力锚索的合理间距,预应力锚索框格梁的截面高度,锚索预应力的损失以及预应力锚索的最优锚固角等问题。
⑤总结边坡滚石灾害的发生机理。建立边坡滚石运动的计算模型,讨论设计计算参数的取值方法。提出边坡滚石灾害综合防治的思路。
通过上述这些内容的研究,论文取得了以下一些创新成果:
①讨论了有限元强度折减法失稳判据的选择问题。提出失稳判据的选择应
The background of the dissertation was based on some research efforts on some typical slope disasters, such as research on a landslide reinforced by stability piles in Shang-san Highway, and research on K81 rock slope reinforced by pre-stressed cables in Jin-li-wen Highway, and research on rockfall disaster induced by irrational excavation in Wenzhou. By means of a series of research methods, like site geologic survey, field monitoring, indoor and outdoor testing and numerical analysis, the dissertation studied some aspects in the area of slope engineering disaster as follows:(1) Summarized the development mechanics of slope engineering disasters based on our group's former research achievements and literature survey results, analyzed the major influence factors of slope stability, discussed the slope collapsing and failure mechanics as well as mechanical principle, and classified the basic failure mode of slope disasters.(2) Studied the method of slope stability analysis based on finite element shear strength reduction method (SSR method). Dissertated a methodological system of modeling and parameter selection. Particularly discussed the failure criterion of SSR method. Then studied the calculation precision of SSR method affected by the change of various parameters. And compared the results calculated by method of SSR and method of limit equilibrium like Spencer method. Dissertated the advantage and characteristics of SSR method in slope stability analysis of Shang-san Highway No.6 landslide.(3) Studied the development rules of soil arching effects behind the stability piles. Revealed the rules of pile-soil interaction around piles. Analyzed the shape of the soil arch behind the piles and its major influence factors. An equation of the arch shape was derived by regression analysis based on numerical results. And according to the equation, the influence factors of soil arching effects as well as percent of residual load acting on soil between piles was discussed. As a result, a series of design proposal were presented in order to make use of soil arching effects.(4) Based on a case of crush rock slope reinforced by pre-stressed cables in Jin-li-wen Highway, the pre-stressed anchorage mechanism in crush rock slope were systematically analyzed by 3D FEM. First, according to the site tested relational curves of cable tension forces and rock deformation, the physical and mechanical properties of rock mass was evaluated using numerical back-analysis method. Then,
an analytic mechanical model was developed. Combined with site tested data and laboratory research result, the stress dispersion manner of cable's pre-stress was analyzed, the distribution of slope stress and deformation varied with influence of rock mass properties, cable tension tonnage as well as different anchorage structures was discussed, the rule of slope stress and deformation response under pre-stressed anchorage forces was studied. Then the slope surface compression deformation and subsidiary stresses changes rule with different pre-stressed cables intervals as well as different frame beam depths were discussed. The long-term loss of cable's pre-stress and the optimum anchorage angle were also discussed at last.(5) Summarized the development mechanics of rockfall disaster. Based on an engineering case of rockfall in Wenzhou, the dissertation had picked out the major controlling factors of the trajectory and set up a series of calculation formulas on the view of the engineering utilities. Discussed the present main measures of rockfall prevention. According to site survey result and calculation conclusions and based on the site conditions, a comprehensive control idea of rockfall hazards prevention were presented.And the dissertation's main innovative results are:? Selection of failure criterion in SSR method was analyzed. The results showed that the failure criterion should be combined with proper iterative algorithms, strain mode assumption and plastic flow rule. When numerical calculation convergence criterion is employed, arc-length control iterative algorithms and small strain mode should be adopted. When slope surface displacement abruptly changing criterion is employed, large strain mode should be adopted in consideration of numerical convergence. Some calculation examples shows that SSR method can obtain almost the same results as Spencer method.(2) The method of slope stability using FEM was systematically dissertated. The core technology of method such as FE modeling and parameters selection was analyzed. Based on a typical landslide analysis in Shang-san Highway, the application of FEM used in slope analysis was fully discussed.(3) Analyzed the development principle of soil arching effects behind stability piles and pointed out the development of soil arch could be divided into three phases according to the p-S curve. And the stress distribution and deformation of the soil around the pile has different characters in different phases.? Shape equations of soil arch behind piles were derived by regression analysis of numerical results and based on these equations the mechanical reasons of arching effects affected by space between piles was an explained.(5) The anchorage mechanism of pre-stressed cables in crush rock slope was systematically discovered by the way of numerical simulation. The slope surface compression deformation and subsidiary stresses distribution were analyzed. And influence of changes with different pre-stressed cables intervals as well as different frame beam depths were also discussed. Some proposal was presented for designing purpose.
(6) A series of calculation formula of rockfall trajectory were set up according to major controlling factors research on the view of engineering utilities. A comprehensive controlling idea of rockfall hazards was presented. The method shows great advantages in technology, economics and environmental protection compared with a single prevention measure. The ideals and the methods can be used to evaluate the rockfall trajectory and design the prevention structures of similar slope.
①在已有资料和文献调查的基础上,总结了边坡工程灾害的发生机制,分析影响边坡稳定性的主要因素,讨论了边坡失稳破坏的发育规律和力学机制,对边坡变形破坏的基本模式进行分类。
②开展了基于有限元强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析,建立有限元边坡稳定性分析的建模方法、参数取值的方法。讨论边坡失稳判据的选择问题。研究各种参数变化对强度折减法的影响规律。从数值分析的结果差别方面,探讨有限元强度折减和传统的极限平衡法及极限分析法的异同。以上三高速公路6~#滑坡的工程为背景,详细阐述了有限元法在滑坡变形破坏机理和抗滑桩加固作用机制研究方面的具体应用,通过具体工程实例的分析计算,阐述了有限元强度折减法的特点和优点。
③研究抗滑桩桩后土拱效应的形成条件,揭示桩土相互作用的方式。分析桩后土拱的形状及其主要因素的影响,建立计算土拱形状的回归方程。讨论影响桩后土拱效应和桩土荷载分担比的主要因素。提出充分利用桩后土拱效应,发挥桩土相互作用有利影响的抗滑桩设计建议。
④以金丽温高速公路K81高边坡的锚固工程为研究背景,采用三维有限元数值分析的方法,系统研究预应力锚索加固破碎岩质边坡的锚固机理。分析不同外锚结构作用下,坡面和坡体内部的压缩变形和应力扩散规律。从加固机理上阐述锚索框格梁外锚体系加固破碎岩质边坡的力学本质。讨论了锚固设计所关心的预应力锚索的合理间距,预应力锚索框格梁的截面高度,锚索预应力的损失以及预应力锚索的最优锚固角等问题。
⑤总结边坡滚石灾害的发生机理。建立边坡滚石运动的计算模型,讨论设计计算参数的取值方法。提出边坡滚石灾害综合防治的思路。
通过上述这些内容的研究,论文取得了以下一些创新成果:
①讨论了有限元强度折减法失稳判据的选择问题。提出失稳判据的选择应
The background of the dissertation was based on some research efforts on some typical slope disasters, such as research on a landslide reinforced by stability piles in Shang-san Highway, and research on K81 rock slope reinforced by pre-stressed cables in Jin-li-wen Highway, and research on rockfall disaster induced by irrational excavation in Wenzhou. By means of a series of research methods, like site geologic survey, field monitoring, indoor and outdoor testing and numerical analysis, the dissertation studied some aspects in the area of slope engineering disaster as follows:(1) Summarized the development mechanics of slope engineering disasters based on our group's former research achievements and literature survey results, analyzed the major influence factors of slope stability, discussed the slope collapsing and failure mechanics as well as mechanical principle, and classified the basic failure mode of slope disasters.(2) Studied the method of slope stability analysis based on finite element shear strength reduction method (SSR method). Dissertated a methodological system of modeling and parameter selection. Particularly discussed the failure criterion of SSR method. Then studied the calculation precision of SSR method affected by the change of various parameters. And compared the results calculated by method of SSR and method of limit equilibrium like Spencer method. Dissertated the advantage and characteristics of SSR method in slope stability analysis of Shang-san Highway No.6 landslide.(3) Studied the development rules of soil arching effects behind the stability piles. Revealed the rules of pile-soil interaction around piles. Analyzed the shape of the soil arch behind the piles and its major influence factors. An equation of the arch shape was derived by regression analysis based on numerical results. And according to the equation, the influence factors of soil arching effects as well as percent of residual load acting on soil between piles was discussed. As a result, a series of design proposal were presented in order to make use of soil arching effects.(4) Based on a case of crush rock slope reinforced by pre-stressed cables in Jin-li-wen Highway, the pre-stressed anchorage mechanism in crush rock slope were systematically analyzed by 3D FEM. First, according to the site tested relational curves of cable tension forces and rock deformation, the physical and mechanical properties of rock mass was evaluated using numerical back-analysis method. Then,
an analytic mechanical model was developed. Combined with site tested data and laboratory research result, the stress dispersion manner of cable's pre-stress was analyzed, the distribution of slope stress and deformation varied with influence of rock mass properties, cable tension tonnage as well as different anchorage structures was discussed, the rule of slope stress and deformation response under pre-stressed anchorage forces was studied. Then the slope surface compression deformation and subsidiary stresses changes rule with different pre-stressed cables intervals as well as different frame beam depths were discussed. The long-term loss of cable's pre-stress and the optimum anchorage angle were also discussed at last.(5) Summarized the development mechanics of rockfall disaster. Based on an engineering case of rockfall in Wenzhou, the dissertation had picked out the major controlling factors of the trajectory and set up a series of calculation formulas on the view of the engineering utilities. Discussed the present main measures of rockfall prevention. According to site survey result and calculation conclusions and based on the site conditions, a comprehensive control idea of rockfall hazards prevention were presented.And the dissertation's main innovative results are:? Selection of failure criterion in SSR method was analyzed. The results showed that the failure criterion should be combined with proper iterative algorithms, strain mode assumption and plastic flow rule. When numerical calculation convergence criterion is employed, arc-length control iterative algorithms and small strain mode should be adopted. When slope surface displacement abruptly changing criterion is employed, large strain mode should be adopted in consideration of numerical convergence. Some calculation examples shows that SSR method can obtain almost the same results as Spencer method.(2) The method of slope stability using FEM was systematically dissertated. The core technology of method such as FE modeling and parameters selection was analyzed. Based on a typical landslide analysis in Shang-san Highway, the application of FEM used in slope analysis was fully discussed.(3) Analyzed the development principle of soil arching effects behind stability piles and pointed out the development of soil arch could be divided into three phases according to the p-S curve. And the stress distribution and deformation of the soil around the pile has different characters in different phases.? Shape equations of soil arch behind piles were derived by regression analysis of numerical results and based on these equations the mechanical reasons of arching effects affected by space between piles was an explained.(5) The anchorage mechanism of pre-stressed cables in crush rock slope was systematically discovered by the way of numerical simulation. The slope surface compression deformation and subsidiary stresses distribution were analyzed. And influence of changes with different pre-stressed cables intervals as well as different frame beam depths were also discussed. Some proposal was presented for designing purpose.
(6) A series of calculation formula of rockfall trajectory were set up according to major controlling factors research on the view of engineering utilities. A comprehensive controlling idea of rockfall hazards was presented. The method shows great advantages in technology, economics and environmental protection compared with a single prevention measure. The ideals and the methods can be used to evaluate the rockfall trajectory and design the prevention structures of similar slope.
引文
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