压力型岩锚内锚固段锚固性能及工程应用研究
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摘要
压力型岩锚作为一种较为新型的岩土锚固技术,在引入我国的十余年时间里,获得了很快的发展,在水利边坡锚固,道路边坡支护,隧道洞口加固,建筑基础抗浮等方面都得到了广泛应用,在实践中体现出了优良的锚固性能和较好的性价比。但是,压力型岩锚的工程应用远远超前于理论研究,因此工程实践中可能存在潜在风险隐患或过度浪费的现象。论文以国家杰出青年科学基金项目“岩土工程减灾”(50625824)和重庆市科委科技计划攻关项目(CSTC2008AC0077)为依托,采用野外现场调研、资料收集整理、理论分析、试验研究以及数值模拟等方法,系统地研究了压力型岩锚内锚固段的锚固性能和受力机理。论文的主要工作如下:
①根据压力型岩锚的主要失效模式,从理论上分析其荷载传递机制。选择合适的荷载传递模型,考虑注浆体的三向受力状态,基于Kelvin解建立反映压力型岩锚注浆体与岩体粘结界面相互作用规律的基本方程,求解界面剪应力分布规律以及注浆体中轴向和径向应力应变分布规律。建立了简化的弹性叠加模型,计算锚固体周围岩体中的应力场。分析了各种锚固体和岩体材料参数对应力分布规律的影响。
②选取重庆地区工程建设中常见的岩石,注浆体、高强钢筋为原材料进行缩尺模型试验。研究了适合模型试验的承载体和无粘结钢筋实施方案,设计了不同的锚固段长度,研究锚固段长度这一主要因素对压力型岩锚锚固性能的影响。在试验室中获得了压力型岩锚的荷载位移全曲线。通过与相同条件下的普通拉力型岩锚进行对比,分析了二者在承载力,位移等各种宏观力学机理上的不同表现。
③选择有代表性的现场岩质边坡,进行压力型岩锚的现场原位拉拔试验。试验钻孔130mm,采用6束1860MPa标准无粘结钢绞线为锚索杆体,30MPa级抗压强度的砂浆,模拟实际工程条件进行测试,获得了压力型岩锚在各种失效模式下的拉拔力学性能,现场压力型锚索的荷载位移全曲线,受力全过程中的界面剪应力分布演化特征。研究了压力型锚索的位移延性性能。在锚固段注浆体中置入应变测试元件,测试了受力过程中锚固体的应力应变分布规律,并与理论分析和室内试验进行对比,相互验证。
④对压力(分散)型岩锚进行了数值模拟分析,选用与实际情况较为吻合的模型和参数进行分析计算,将数值计算的结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型和参数的合理性,分析了不同锚固长度,不同孔径等多种条件对锚固性能的影响。分析了不同岩体中的应力分布情况。对压力分散型岩锚的优化设计概念进行数值计算验证,并总结了相关的规律。
⑤结合工程实践,对压力型岩锚和压力分散型岩锚的设计方法和施工构造要点问题进行研究。提出压力型岩锚的优化设计方法,该优化方法反映不同锚固长度对注岩界面峰值剪应力的影响,可使承载力随锚固长度的增长而自动趋于收敛。结合实际工程测量压力型岩锚的预应力损失,分析钢绞线应力松弛的情况和原因。通过梯级布置方案,优化了压力分散型岩锚设计方法。
综上所述,理论分析的公式可以较好地解释弹性阶段试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果所反映的规律基本一致,三者互为验证。这说明本文的理论分析合理,模型试验和现场试验结果准确可信,数值模型可以较好地反映实际情况,对压力型岩锚锚固工程的优化设计方法、施工工艺以及相关规范的制订都具有重要的参考价值。
Compression rock anchor is a relatively new type of geotechnical anchoring technology, and it is quickly and widely applied to the water conservancy slope anchorage, roads cutting support, tunnel portal reinforcement,foundation anti-floating in the past ten years in China. It shows excellent behavior and better cost performance in project. However, the engineering application is far ahead of theoretical research of compression rock anchor. Therefore the phenomena of potential risks or excessive waste may exist in engineering practice. This dissertation is based on the national science fund for distinguished young scholars“Disaster Reduction for Geotechnical Engineering”(No.50625824) and programs for science and technology development of Chongqing science and technology committee (CSTC2008AC0077). A systemic study on anchorage behavior and load transfer mechanism of compression rock anchor is executed through field investigation, material collection, theoretical analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation method. The main work is summarized as follows:
①According to the main failure pattern of compression rock anchor, the theoretical of load-transfer mechanism is studied. The equations that describe grout- rock interface interactional law is established based on the Kelvin’s solution by selecting the appropriate load-transfer model and considering the three-dimensional stress state of grout. The grout-rock interface shear stress distribution and axial and radial stress distribution in grout are obtained by solving the equations. Stress field in the surrounding rock mass is analyzed through simplified elastic superimposed model. Parameters of various grouts and rocks are used to analyze the influence on stresses distribution.
②The common sedimentary rock, grouting body, high-strength steel in Chongqing are adopted in the laboratory as raw material for the scale model test. After detailing bearing plates and unbounded reinforcing bar for model test,behavior of compression type rock bolts is studied by the test rock bolts with various fixed anchor lengths. The full load—displacement curves are obtained in laboratory. The different behavior of two type bolts is analyzed through comparing compression rock bolts and common tension rock bolts in the same conditions.
③Behavior of compression type rock anchor cable is studied by on-situ pulling test on a typical slope. Experimental anchor cables which have a hole of 130mm Diameter, 6 standard steel strands and grout with 30MPa compression capacity are frequently used in rock anchorage engineering. Pulling mechanical behavior of compression rock cables with various failure pattern is obtained. Anchor cables that have various bonded transmission length are poured to find loading-displacement relations. Strain sensors which are fixed on wooden holder are put into cement paste to test the strain and stress distribution curve of fixed anchor length, then on-situ data is compared with theoretical results and model test data. Ductility and residual strength of anchor cables are also studied.
④The numerical simulation analysis with actual three-dimensional models and parameters is executed for compression rock anchors and compression load dispersive anchor. The influence on anchorage behavior is analyzed under various conditions that include different fixed anchor lengths and different borehole diameters. Stress field in surrounding rock mass are analyzed by comparing numerical calculation results and test data.
⑤The design methods and construction key points of compression rock anchors and compression load dispersive anchors are studied through combining with engineering practice. Optimized design method is advanced in this chapter. This method can reflect how the fixed anchor length influences grout-rock interface maximal shear stress. The increase of bearing capacity in the rock anchor gradually slows down when fixed anchor length is increased. Pretesting loss is measured in situ, the magnitude and reason of the loss is analyzed. Optimized design method is advanced for compression load dispersive anchor and corresponding numerical simulation analysis is done.
Through all above studies, the elastic stage test results can be explained by the theoretical research results. Numerical simulation results and the test results are basically obtained the same laws. The three methods are mutually verified. In summary, the theoretical study of this dissertation is reasonable and credible, the test results are accurate and reliable, numerical models are scientific and rational. This study could provide the reference for optimal designs, constructions and relative code revisions of the compression rock anchor.
①根据压力型岩锚的主要失效模式,从理论上分析其荷载传递机制。选择合适的荷载传递模型,考虑注浆体的三向受力状态,基于Kelvin解建立反映压力型岩锚注浆体与岩体粘结界面相互作用规律的基本方程,求解界面剪应力分布规律以及注浆体中轴向和径向应力应变分布规律。建立了简化的弹性叠加模型,计算锚固体周围岩体中的应力场。分析了各种锚固体和岩体材料参数对应力分布规律的影响。
②选取重庆地区工程建设中常见的岩石,注浆体、高强钢筋为原材料进行缩尺模型试验。研究了适合模型试验的承载体和无粘结钢筋实施方案,设计了不同的锚固段长度,研究锚固段长度这一主要因素对压力型岩锚锚固性能的影响。在试验室中获得了压力型岩锚的荷载位移全曲线。通过与相同条件下的普通拉力型岩锚进行对比,分析了二者在承载力,位移等各种宏观力学机理上的不同表现。
③选择有代表性的现场岩质边坡,进行压力型岩锚的现场原位拉拔试验。试验钻孔130mm,采用6束1860MPa标准无粘结钢绞线为锚索杆体,30MPa级抗压强度的砂浆,模拟实际工程条件进行测试,获得了压力型岩锚在各种失效模式下的拉拔力学性能,现场压力型锚索的荷载位移全曲线,受力全过程中的界面剪应力分布演化特征。研究了压力型锚索的位移延性性能。在锚固段注浆体中置入应变测试元件,测试了受力过程中锚固体的应力应变分布规律,并与理论分析和室内试验进行对比,相互验证。
④对压力(分散)型岩锚进行了数值模拟分析,选用与实际情况较为吻合的模型和参数进行分析计算,将数值计算的结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型和参数的合理性,分析了不同锚固长度,不同孔径等多种条件对锚固性能的影响。分析了不同岩体中的应力分布情况。对压力分散型岩锚的优化设计概念进行数值计算验证,并总结了相关的规律。
⑤结合工程实践,对压力型岩锚和压力分散型岩锚的设计方法和施工构造要点问题进行研究。提出压力型岩锚的优化设计方法,该优化方法反映不同锚固长度对注岩界面峰值剪应力的影响,可使承载力随锚固长度的增长而自动趋于收敛。结合实际工程测量压力型岩锚的预应力损失,分析钢绞线应力松弛的情况和原因。通过梯级布置方案,优化了压力分散型岩锚设计方法。
综上所述,理论分析的公式可以较好地解释弹性阶段试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果所反映的规律基本一致,三者互为验证。这说明本文的理论分析合理,模型试验和现场试验结果准确可信,数值模型可以较好地反映实际情况,对压力型岩锚锚固工程的优化设计方法、施工工艺以及相关规范的制订都具有重要的参考价值。
Compression rock anchor is a relatively new type of geotechnical anchoring technology, and it is quickly and widely applied to the water conservancy slope anchorage, roads cutting support, tunnel portal reinforcement,foundation anti-floating in the past ten years in China. It shows excellent behavior and better cost performance in project. However, the engineering application is far ahead of theoretical research of compression rock anchor. Therefore the phenomena of potential risks or excessive waste may exist in engineering practice. This dissertation is based on the national science fund for distinguished young scholars“Disaster Reduction for Geotechnical Engineering”(No.50625824) and programs for science and technology development of Chongqing science and technology committee (CSTC2008AC0077). A systemic study on anchorage behavior and load transfer mechanism of compression rock anchor is executed through field investigation, material collection, theoretical analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation method. The main work is summarized as follows:
①According to the main failure pattern of compression rock anchor, the theoretical of load-transfer mechanism is studied. The equations that describe grout- rock interface interactional law is established based on the Kelvin’s solution by selecting the appropriate load-transfer model and considering the three-dimensional stress state of grout. The grout-rock interface shear stress distribution and axial and radial stress distribution in grout are obtained by solving the equations. Stress field in the surrounding rock mass is analyzed through simplified elastic superimposed model. Parameters of various grouts and rocks are used to analyze the influence on stresses distribution.
②The common sedimentary rock, grouting body, high-strength steel in Chongqing are adopted in the laboratory as raw material for the scale model test. After detailing bearing plates and unbounded reinforcing bar for model test,behavior of compression type rock bolts is studied by the test rock bolts with various fixed anchor lengths. The full load—displacement curves are obtained in laboratory. The different behavior of two type bolts is analyzed through comparing compression rock bolts and common tension rock bolts in the same conditions.
③Behavior of compression type rock anchor cable is studied by on-situ pulling test on a typical slope. Experimental anchor cables which have a hole of 130mm Diameter, 6 standard steel strands and grout with 30MPa compression capacity are frequently used in rock anchorage engineering. Pulling mechanical behavior of compression rock cables with various failure pattern is obtained. Anchor cables that have various bonded transmission length are poured to find loading-displacement relations. Strain sensors which are fixed on wooden holder are put into cement paste to test the strain and stress distribution curve of fixed anchor length, then on-situ data is compared with theoretical results and model test data. Ductility and residual strength of anchor cables are also studied.
④The numerical simulation analysis with actual three-dimensional models and parameters is executed for compression rock anchors and compression load dispersive anchor. The influence on anchorage behavior is analyzed under various conditions that include different fixed anchor lengths and different borehole diameters. Stress field in surrounding rock mass are analyzed by comparing numerical calculation results and test data.
⑤The design methods and construction key points of compression rock anchors and compression load dispersive anchors are studied through combining with engineering practice. Optimized design method is advanced in this chapter. This method can reflect how the fixed anchor length influences grout-rock interface maximal shear stress. The increase of bearing capacity in the rock anchor gradually slows down when fixed anchor length is increased. Pretesting loss is measured in situ, the magnitude and reason of the loss is analyzed. Optimized design method is advanced for compression load dispersive anchor and corresponding numerical simulation analysis is done.
Through all above studies, the elastic stage test results can be explained by the theoretical research results. Numerical simulation results and the test results are basically obtained the same laws. The three methods are mutually verified. In summary, the theoretical study of this dissertation is reasonable and credible, the test results are accurate and reliable, numerical models are scientific and rational. This study could provide the reference for optimal designs, constructions and relative code revisions of the compression rock anchor.
引文
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