基于IEEE 802.15.4的无线传感器网络跨层优化策略研究
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摘要
随着近年来无线传感器小型化、智能化以及更加廉价,无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks,WSN)有了越来越多的应用,例如无线传感网可以应用于自然灾害预警、生物健康监测、危险环境探测等领域,已成为研究热点。IEEE802.15.4标准被认为是最适合无线传感器网络的短距离无线通信标准之一,得到了广泛的应用。但是日益多样化的应用和复杂多变的无线环境使得IEEE802.15.4MAC协议中时隙CSMA/CA算法默认参数配置不能适用于所有的应用环境,因此对算法性能分析及其改进策略的研究是扩展其应用范围的关键。本文对时隙CSMA/CA算法进行建模分析,并通过协议层间信息交互的跨层优化方法,研究了时隙CSMA/CA算法的改进策略,做了以下几方面的工作：
一、针对无线传感器网络应用中网络负载多样化的特点,综合考虑碰撞、ACK机制、重传机制及网络负载对现有的时隙CSMA/CA算法的分析模型进行改进。使用改进的马尔可夫模型分析了MAC协议中时隙CSMA/CA算法参数对网络可靠性的影响。
二、针对WSN网络中复杂多变的无线网络环境,研究了一种时隙CSMA/CA算法的改进策略。改进的重传策略综合考虑了碰撞、隐藏终端、信道衰落的环境因素。仿真结果表明,改进的重传策略提高了系统的可靠性,降低了能耗。
三、针对在网络部署时网络负载未知而又有数据传输可靠性要求的无线传感器网络,基于多目标优化理论和跨层的方法,对时隙CSMA/CA算法中的参数配置策略进行改进。使用NS-2对改进的策略进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,改进的策略在可靠性、能耗特性方面的性能得到了提高。
With the progress in sensor technology, sensors become smaller, intelligent and cheaper. As results, wireless sensor networks have been widely applied in many scenarios. For example, wireless sensor networks can be applied to natural disaster warning, biomedical health monitoring, hazardous environment exploration and other scenarios, and have been the research focus. IEEE802.15.4standard, the short-range wireless communication standard is considered to be most suitable for wireless sensor networks implementation, and has been widely applied to various applications. But the increasingly diverse applications make slots IEEE802.15.4MAC protocol CSMA/CA algorithm default parameter configuration cannot be applied to all applications properly, so the algorithm performance analysis and improvement strategy is key issues to expand its scope of application. This paper analyze slot CSMA/CA algorithm with theoretical model, and study the slot CSMA/CA algorithm improvement strategy through cross-layer optimization method. The work of this paper are as follows:
1) For the diverse nature of the network load in wireless sensor network applications, this paper considers the collision, ACK mechanism, retransmission mechanism and traffic load to improve the analysis model of Slot CSMA/CA algorithm. This paper analyzes affect of the slot CSMA/CA algorithm parameters on the reliability of the network with the modified Markov model.
2) For the complexity of wireless environment, this paper studies a kind of improvement strategy for slots CSMA/CA algorithm. The improved retransmission strategy takes into account the collision, the hidden terminal, fading of environmental factors. Simulation results show that the improved retransmission strategies can improve system reliability, reduce latency and energy consumption.
3) For the WSN which does not make sure the network load when it is established, an improvement of time slot CSMA/CA algorithm parameter configuration strategy is proposed based on the multi-objective optimization theory and cross-layer approach,. According to the simulation with NS-2,the performances of the improved strategy in the packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency have been improved.
一、针对无线传感器网络应用中网络负载多样化的特点,综合考虑碰撞、ACK机制、重传机制及网络负载对现有的时隙CSMA/CA算法的分析模型进行改进。使用改进的马尔可夫模型分析了MAC协议中时隙CSMA/CA算法参数对网络可靠性的影响。
二、针对WSN网络中复杂多变的无线网络环境,研究了一种时隙CSMA/CA算法的改进策略。改进的重传策略综合考虑了碰撞、隐藏终端、信道衰落的环境因素。仿真结果表明,改进的重传策略提高了系统的可靠性,降低了能耗。
三、针对在网络部署时网络负载未知而又有数据传输可靠性要求的无线传感器网络,基于多目标优化理论和跨层的方法,对时隙CSMA/CA算法中的参数配置策略进行改进。使用NS-2对改进的策略进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,改进的策略在可靠性、能耗特性方面的性能得到了提高。
With the progress in sensor technology, sensors become smaller, intelligent and cheaper. As results, wireless sensor networks have been widely applied in many scenarios. For example, wireless sensor networks can be applied to natural disaster warning, biomedical health monitoring, hazardous environment exploration and other scenarios, and have been the research focus. IEEE802.15.4standard, the short-range wireless communication standard is considered to be most suitable for wireless sensor networks implementation, and has been widely applied to various applications. But the increasingly diverse applications make slots IEEE802.15.4MAC protocol CSMA/CA algorithm default parameter configuration cannot be applied to all applications properly, so the algorithm performance analysis and improvement strategy is key issues to expand its scope of application. This paper analyze slot CSMA/CA algorithm with theoretical model, and study the slot CSMA/CA algorithm improvement strategy through cross-layer optimization method. The work of this paper are as follows:
1) For the diverse nature of the network load in wireless sensor network applications, this paper considers the collision, ACK mechanism, retransmission mechanism and traffic load to improve the analysis model of Slot CSMA/CA algorithm. This paper analyzes affect of the slot CSMA/CA algorithm parameters on the reliability of the network with the modified Markov model.
2) For the complexity of wireless environment, this paper studies a kind of improvement strategy for slots CSMA/CA algorithm. The improved retransmission strategy takes into account the collision, the hidden terminal, fading of environmental factors. Simulation results show that the improved retransmission strategies can improve system reliability, reduce latency and energy consumption.
3) For the WSN which does not make sure the network load when it is established, an improvement of time slot CSMA/CA algorithm parameter configuration strategy is proposed based on the multi-objective optimization theory and cross-layer approach,. According to the simulation with NS-2,the performances of the improved strategy in the packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency have been improved.
引文
[1]Zhang Y, ZHANG S. Internet of Things'Core Technology Patent Trend Analysis——A Case Study of MEMS Technology [J]. Logistics Sci-Tech No.5,2012:48-53.
[2]邬贺铨.从互联网到物联网[J].通信与信息技术,2011(7)：7-8.
[3]周海涛.泛在网络的技术、应用与发展[J].电信科学,2009(8)：97-100.
[4]李德仁.从数字地球到智慧地球[J].武汉大学学报,2010(2)：127-132.
[5]Murty R N, Mainland G,Rose I, et al.CitySense:An Urban-Scale Wireless Sensor Network and Testbed [C].2008 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security,2008:583-588.
[6]Lockwood R B, Cooley T W, Nadile R M, et al. Advanced Responsive Tactically-Effective Military Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) Development and On-Orbit Focus[C]. IEEE International on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2008:251-254.
[7]Shahidi G G. CeNSE:A central nervous system for the earth[C].2011 IEEE Technology Time Machine Symposium on Technologies Beyond 2020 (TTM),2011:1-1.
[8]张铎.物联网大趋势[J].物联网技术,2011(1)：20-23.
[9]Ran Bin, Boyce David. Perspectives on Future Transportation Research:Impact of Intelligent Transportation System Technologies on Next-Generation Transportation Modeling[J]. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems,2012:1547-2450.
[10]Alippi C, Camplani R, Galperti C, Roveri M. A Robust, Adaptive, Solar-Powered WSN Framework for Aquatic Environmental Monitoring[J].Sensors Journal, IEEE, vol.11, no.1, Jan.2011:45-55.
[11]Wenfeng Luo, Zhenhua Luo.The design and implementation of a target tracking test bed based on WSN[J], (CMCE),2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering, vol.1, Aug.2010:312-315.
[12]Raty. Survey on Contemporary Remote Surveillance Systems for Public Safety[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C:Applications and Reviews,vol.40, no.5,Sept.2010:493-515.
[13]Junnila, S, Kailanto H, Merilahti J, Vainio.Wireless,Multipurpose In-Home Health Monitoring Platform:Two Case Trials[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine,vol.14, no.2.March.2010:447-455.
[14]Enriquez G, Sunhong Park, Hashimoto S.Wireless sensor network and RFID sensor fusion for mobile robots navigation[J].2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics(ROBIO), Dec.2010:1752-1756.
[15]Yanbing Liu, Qin Zhou. State of the Art in Cross-Layer Design for Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks[J].2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Ubiquitous Computing and Education, May 2009:366-369.
[16]IEEE Standard for Information Technology, Part 15.4; Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE Computer Society,2006.
[17]Zheng J, Lee M J. Will IEEE 802.15.4 Make Ubiquitous Networking a Reality:A Discussion on a Potential Low Power Low Bit Rate Standard[C]. IEEE Comm. Mag, 2004,42(6):140-146.
[18]Sofie Pollin, Mustafa Ergen. Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.7, no.9,2008:3359-3371.
[19]Pollin S, Ergen M, Ergen S C. Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Acknowledged Uplink Transmissions[C]. IEEE WCNC,2008:1559-1564.
[20]Feng Shu, Taka Sakurai. A new analytical model for the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA-CA protocol [J]. Computer Networks,2011(55):2576-2591.
[21]Anastasi G, Conti M, Di Francesco M. A Comprehensive Analysis of the MAC Unreliability Problem in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2011,7(1):52-65.
[22]F. Shu T S M Z. Packet loss analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4MAC without acknowledgment [J]. IEEE Commun.Lett.vol.11, no.1,2007:79-81.
[23]C. K. Singh A K A P. Performance evaluation of an IEEE 802.15.4 sensor network with a star topology [J].Wireless Networks,2008, vol.14(no.4):543-568.
[24]A. Mishra and P. Papadimitratos. A Cross Layer Design of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Protocol[J]. IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE GLOBECOM 2006 proceedings:1-6
[25]Jelena Misic,Shairmina Shafi, Vojislav B. Misvic'. Cross-Layer Activity Management in an 802.15.4 Sensor Network[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2006:131-136.
[26]Choong-Bum Park, Byung-Sung Park, Kyung-Min Park, Huy-Jung Uhm, Hoon Choi. LR-WPAN based weighing scales and smartphones[J].2011 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Jan.2011:461-462.
[27]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].清华大学出版社,2005.5.
[28]Rashwand S, Misic J, Misic V,et al. A Novel Asynchronous,Energy Efficient,Low Transmission Delay MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2009[C]:356-361.
[29]A. Willig M K C H.Measurements of a wireless link in an industrial environment using an IEEE 802.11-compliant physical layer [J].IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron,2002, 49(6):1265-1282.
[30]T. Melodia M V A D. The state of the art in cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks [J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2006:78-92.
[31]Bertrand A, Szurley J, Ruckebusch P, et al. Efficient Calculation of Sensor Utility and Sensor Removal in Wireless Sensor Networks for Adaptive Signal Estimation and Beamforming [J]. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on,2012,60(11):5857-5869.
[32]Vineet Srivastava, Mehul Motani. Cross-Layer Design:A Survey and the Road Ahead[J].IEEE Communications, December,2005:112-119.
[33]s.Giannoulis, A. Prayati, C. Antonopoulos, G. Papadopoulos. An Adaptive Routing Mechanism for WSN Health Applications [J]. Digital Object Identifier,2009:1-4
[34]Giuseppe Bianchi. Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function [J].IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol.18, no.3, March 2000:535-547.
[35]Azadeh Faridi, Maria Rita Palattella. Comprehensive Evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer Performance With Retransmissions [J]. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology, vol.59,no.8,2010:3917-3931.
[36]Jianhua He, Zuoyin Tang, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, and Shu Wang. An Accurate Markov Model for Slotted CSMA/CA Algorithm in IEEE 802.15.4 Networks[J].IEEE communications letters,vol.12,no.6,June,2008:420-422.
[37]Chang Yong Jung, Ho Young Hwang Dan Keun Sung. Enhanced Markov Chain Model and Throughput Analysis of the Slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 Under Unsaturated Traffic Conditions[J].IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, vol.58, no.1,January 2009:473-478.
[38]Hung Tran, Hans-Jurgen Zepernick, Markus Fiedler, and Hoc Phan. Outage Probability, Average Transmission Time and Quality of Experience for Cognitive Radio Networks over General Fading Channels[C].2012 8th Euro-NF Conference on Next Generation Internet (NGI),2012:9-15.
[39]C.R. Krishna, S.Chakrabarti,and D.Datta. A modified backoff algorithm for ieee 802.11 dcf-based mac protocol in a mobile ad hoc network[J].IEEE TENCON 2004. November 2004:664-667.
[40]A.-C. Pang and H.-W. Tseng. Dynamic backoff for wireless personal networks. IEEE Globecom 2004, December 2004:1580-1584.
[41]Y.-C. Tseng, S.-Y. Ni, and E.-Y. Shih. Adaptive approaches to relieving broadcast storms in a wireless multihop mobile ad hoc network[J]. IEEE Trans. On Computers, May 2003(52):545-557.
[42]Elias Weing "artner, Hendrik vom Lehn and Klaus Wehrle. A performance comparison of recent network simulators[J]. IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE ICC 2009 proceedings,2009:978-982.
[43]Feng Chen,Nan Wang. Simulation study of IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN for industrial applications[J]. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2010:609-621.
[44]Nan Yao, Shaoping Wang, Yaoxing Shang, Jian Shi. Reliability of Wireless Sensor Network:Hotspot and Critical Challenges[C].2012 10th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN),2012:1262-1266.
[45]Jelena Misic, Shairmina Shafi, Vojislav Mi_sic.The impact of MAC parameters on the performance of 802.15.4 PAN [J].Ad Hoc Networks 2006:509-528.
[46]Jianping Zhu, Zhengsu Tao, Chunfeng Lv. Performance Analyses and Improvements for the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA Scheme with Heterogeneous Buffered Conditions[J]. Sensors,2012(12):5067-5104,
[47]R.T. Marler and J.S.Arora. Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering [J].Struct Multidisc Optim,2004,(26):369-395.
[48]Ivan Voutchkov and Andy Keane. Multi-objective Optimization Using Surrogates[J]. Computational Intelligence in Optimization, ALO 7,2010:155-175.
[49]R. Timothy Marler, Jasbir S.Arora. The weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization:new insights [J].Struct Multidisc Optim,2010,41:853-862.
[50]Kata Praditwong, Mark Harman, and Xin Yao. Software Module Clustering as a Multi-Objective Search Problem [J].IEEE transactions on software engineering, vol.37, no.2, March/April 2011:264-282.
[2]邬贺铨.从互联网到物联网[J].通信与信息技术,2011(7)：7-8.
[3]周海涛.泛在网络的技术、应用与发展[J].电信科学,2009(8)：97-100.
[4]李德仁.从数字地球到智慧地球[J].武汉大学学报,2010(2)：127-132.
[5]Murty R N, Mainland G,Rose I, et al.CitySense:An Urban-Scale Wireless Sensor Network and Testbed [C].2008 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security,2008:583-588.
[6]Lockwood R B, Cooley T W, Nadile R M, et al. Advanced Responsive Tactically-Effective Military Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) Development and On-Orbit Focus[C]. IEEE International on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2008:251-254.
[7]Shahidi G G. CeNSE:A central nervous system for the earth[C].2011 IEEE Technology Time Machine Symposium on Technologies Beyond 2020 (TTM),2011:1-1.
[8]张铎.物联网大趋势[J].物联网技术,2011(1)：20-23.
[9]Ran Bin, Boyce David. Perspectives on Future Transportation Research:Impact of Intelligent Transportation System Technologies on Next-Generation Transportation Modeling[J]. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems,2012:1547-2450.
[10]Alippi C, Camplani R, Galperti C, Roveri M. A Robust, Adaptive, Solar-Powered WSN Framework for Aquatic Environmental Monitoring[J].Sensors Journal, IEEE, vol.11, no.1, Jan.2011:45-55.
[11]Wenfeng Luo, Zhenhua Luo.The design and implementation of a target tracking test bed based on WSN[J], (CMCE),2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering, vol.1, Aug.2010:312-315.
[12]Raty. Survey on Contemporary Remote Surveillance Systems for Public Safety[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C:Applications and Reviews,vol.40, no.5,Sept.2010:493-515.
[13]Junnila, S, Kailanto H, Merilahti J, Vainio.Wireless,Multipurpose In-Home Health Monitoring Platform:Two Case Trials[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine,vol.14, no.2.March.2010:447-455.
[14]Enriquez G, Sunhong Park, Hashimoto S.Wireless sensor network and RFID sensor fusion for mobile robots navigation[J].2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics(ROBIO), Dec.2010:1752-1756.
[15]Yanbing Liu, Qin Zhou. State of the Art in Cross-Layer Design for Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks[J].2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Ubiquitous Computing and Education, May 2009:366-369.
[16]IEEE Standard for Information Technology, Part 15.4; Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE Computer Society,2006.
[17]Zheng J, Lee M J. Will IEEE 802.15.4 Make Ubiquitous Networking a Reality:A Discussion on a Potential Low Power Low Bit Rate Standard[C]. IEEE Comm. Mag, 2004,42(6):140-146.
[18]Sofie Pollin, Mustafa Ergen. Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.7, no.9,2008:3359-3371.
[19]Pollin S, Ergen M, Ergen S C. Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Acknowledged Uplink Transmissions[C]. IEEE WCNC,2008:1559-1564.
[20]Feng Shu, Taka Sakurai. A new analytical model for the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA-CA protocol [J]. Computer Networks,2011(55):2576-2591.
[21]Anastasi G, Conti M, Di Francesco M. A Comprehensive Analysis of the MAC Unreliability Problem in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2011,7(1):52-65.
[22]F. Shu T S M Z. Packet loss analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4MAC without acknowledgment [J]. IEEE Commun.Lett.vol.11, no.1,2007:79-81.
[23]C. K. Singh A K A P. Performance evaluation of an IEEE 802.15.4 sensor network with a star topology [J].Wireless Networks,2008, vol.14(no.4):543-568.
[24]A. Mishra and P. Papadimitratos. A Cross Layer Design of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Protocol[J]. IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE GLOBECOM 2006 proceedings:1-6
[25]Jelena Misic,Shairmina Shafi, Vojislav B. Misvic'. Cross-Layer Activity Management in an 802.15.4 Sensor Network[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2006:131-136.
[26]Choong-Bum Park, Byung-Sung Park, Kyung-Min Park, Huy-Jung Uhm, Hoon Choi. LR-WPAN based weighing scales and smartphones[J].2011 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Jan.2011:461-462.
[27]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].清华大学出版社,2005.5.
[28]Rashwand S, Misic J, Misic V,et al. A Novel Asynchronous,Energy Efficient,Low Transmission Delay MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2009[C]:356-361.
[29]A. Willig M K C H.Measurements of a wireless link in an industrial environment using an IEEE 802.11-compliant physical layer [J].IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron,2002, 49(6):1265-1282.
[30]T. Melodia M V A D. The state of the art in cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks [J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2006:78-92.
[31]Bertrand A, Szurley J, Ruckebusch P, et al. Efficient Calculation of Sensor Utility and Sensor Removal in Wireless Sensor Networks for Adaptive Signal Estimation and Beamforming [J]. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on,2012,60(11):5857-5869.
[32]Vineet Srivastava, Mehul Motani. Cross-Layer Design:A Survey and the Road Ahead[J].IEEE Communications, December,2005:112-119.
[33]s.Giannoulis, A. Prayati, C. Antonopoulos, G. Papadopoulos. An Adaptive Routing Mechanism for WSN Health Applications [J]. Digital Object Identifier,2009:1-4
[34]Giuseppe Bianchi. Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function [J].IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol.18, no.3, March 2000:535-547.
[35]Azadeh Faridi, Maria Rita Palattella. Comprehensive Evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer Performance With Retransmissions [J]. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology, vol.59,no.8,2010:3917-3931.
[36]Jianhua He, Zuoyin Tang, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, and Shu Wang. An Accurate Markov Model for Slotted CSMA/CA Algorithm in IEEE 802.15.4 Networks[J].IEEE communications letters,vol.12,no.6,June,2008:420-422.
[37]Chang Yong Jung, Ho Young Hwang Dan Keun Sung. Enhanced Markov Chain Model and Throughput Analysis of the Slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 Under Unsaturated Traffic Conditions[J].IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, vol.58, no.1,January 2009:473-478.
[38]Hung Tran, Hans-Jurgen Zepernick, Markus Fiedler, and Hoc Phan. Outage Probability, Average Transmission Time and Quality of Experience for Cognitive Radio Networks over General Fading Channels[C].2012 8th Euro-NF Conference on Next Generation Internet (NGI),2012:9-15.
[39]C.R. Krishna, S.Chakrabarti,and D.Datta. A modified backoff algorithm for ieee 802.11 dcf-based mac protocol in a mobile ad hoc network[J].IEEE TENCON 2004. November 2004:664-667.
[40]A.-C. Pang and H.-W. Tseng. Dynamic backoff for wireless personal networks. IEEE Globecom 2004, December 2004:1580-1584.
[41]Y.-C. Tseng, S.-Y. Ni, and E.-Y. Shih. Adaptive approaches to relieving broadcast storms in a wireless multihop mobile ad hoc network[J]. IEEE Trans. On Computers, May 2003(52):545-557.
[42]Elias Weing "artner, Hendrik vom Lehn and Klaus Wehrle. A performance comparison of recent network simulators[J]. IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE ICC 2009 proceedings,2009:978-982.
[43]Feng Chen,Nan Wang. Simulation study of IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN for industrial applications[J]. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2010:609-621.
[44]Nan Yao, Shaoping Wang, Yaoxing Shang, Jian Shi. Reliability of Wireless Sensor Network:Hotspot and Critical Challenges[C].2012 10th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN),2012:1262-1266.
[45]Jelena Misic, Shairmina Shafi, Vojislav Mi_sic.The impact of MAC parameters on the performance of 802.15.4 PAN [J].Ad Hoc Networks 2006:509-528.
[46]Jianping Zhu, Zhengsu Tao, Chunfeng Lv. Performance Analyses and Improvements for the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA Scheme with Heterogeneous Buffered Conditions[J]. Sensors,2012(12):5067-5104,
[47]R.T. Marler and J.S.Arora. Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering [J].Struct Multidisc Optim,2004,(26):369-395.
[48]Ivan Voutchkov and Andy Keane. Multi-objective Optimization Using Surrogates[J]. Computational Intelligence in Optimization, ALO 7,2010:155-175.
[49]R. Timothy Marler, Jasbir S.Arora. The weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization:new insights [J].Struct Multidisc Optim,2010,41:853-862.
[50]Kata Praditwong, Mark Harman, and Xin Yao. Software Module Clustering as a Multi-Objective Search Problem [J].IEEE transactions on software engineering, vol.37, no.2, March/April 2011:264-282.