西秦岭阳山金矿带构造—流体耦合成矿动力学
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摘要
阳山金矿带位于西秦岭造山南亚带，是中国目前探明金资源量最大的独立金矿。论文聚焦其构造－流体耦合成矿动力学研究，通过地质资料综合分析、野外地质系统考察、镜下光薄片鉴定、流体包裹体显微测温、激光拉曼原位探针、地球化学测试和构造－流体耦合模拟等手段，获得如下主要成果。
1.金矿带产出于文县弧形构造带顶端，受控于安昌河－观音坝断裂，赋矿围岩为泥盆系三河口群浅变质岩和印支期花岗斑岩脉。硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化等热液蚀变发育，金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿、自然金；金矿化呈微细浸染状或脉状发育于石英脉两侧或其中。
2.轴向NEE的草坪梁－葛条湾复背斜形成于碰撞造山主阶段，而大规模金成矿作用发生于190Ma左右碰撞造山－区域变质作用晚阶段。成矿作用过程中，区域NE-SW向主压应力致使复背斜两翼生成顺层左行剪切破碎带，成为控制金矿体产出的主要构造。
3.流体包裹体主要有盐水包裹体和含CO_2包裹体两种类型，成矿流体主要为中低温（均一温度介于~(18)0℃～280℃）、低盐度（≤12.0wt%NaC_(lequ)）的变质流体（δ~(18)OW‰为6.1～11.6‰，δDV-SMOW‰为-82～-56‰），其中含有大量N_2、CH_4、C_2H_6和H_2S等还原性气体，以及Cl-和SO42-等阴离子，表明金元素主要以氢硫化物和氯离子络合物形式迁移。
4.不同类型矿石元素组成相似，均具有Au、Sb、As、Hg元素富集，Cu、Mo元素亏损的地球化学特征，表明其为同一热液成矿作用的产物。不同成矿阶段硫、铅、锶同位素演化具有相似特征，均指示成矿物质来源于泥盆系三河口群与碧口群。
5.阳山金矿带是碰撞造山晚阶段挤压－伸展构造转换体制下形成的超大规模的浅成造山型金矿，区域NEE向断裂与含金的变质流体强烈耦合，控制了金矿床（体）的形成与分布；草坪梁－葛条湾复背斜两翼NEE向顺层剪切断裂带产状变化部位为金矿体的有利赋存空间。
The Yangshan gold belt, located in the south subzone of western Qinling Orogen,is the biggest gold deposit in China. Through the comprehensive analysis ofgeological data, geological field work, microscopic thin section identification, fluidinclusion microthermometry, in situ Raman probe, geochemical testing, and couplingsimulation of structure-fluid, the dissertation studied the structural controlling, fluidflow and mineralization of this belt, and the main results are as follows.
1. The gold belt occurred in the top of Wenxian arc tectonic belt, and controlledby Anchanghe-Guanyinba fault. The ore bodies are hosted in the Devonian Sanhekougroup and plagioclase porphyry veins; the alteration types are including silicification,carbonation, and sericitization; the minerals which are mainly pyrite, arsenopyrite,stibnite, and native gold, are mainly occurred associated with quartz veins.
2. The mineralization occurred in190Ma that the late stage of collisionalorogeny and regional metamorphism. During the mineralization, the regionalprincipal compressive stress is mainly NE-striking which made lots of interbeddingfaults formed in the limbs of Caopingliang-Getiaowan anticlinorium which are themainly ore controlling structures that characterized by sinistral shearing.
3. Two types of fluid inclusions were recognized in study area, includingaqueous and CO_2-bearing inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of fluidinclusions are mainly~(18)0oC～280oC, and the salinities are≤12wt%NaC_(lequ). TheH-O isotopic researches suggesting the ore-forming fluid is metamorphic water. Theore-forming fluid included lots of reducing gas, like N_2, CH_4, H_2S, and negative ionwhich are mainly Cl~-and SO_4~(2-)that indicating the Au was carried in (HS) and Cl~-complex.
4. The trace elements of different type ores are similar to each other, such as theAu, Sb, As, and Hg are the enrichment elements, Cu and Mo are the loss elements.The above means all the ores formed in the same hydrothermal mineralization stage.The S, Pb, and Sr isotopic researches indicate the ore-forming material are fromDevonian Sanhekou group and Bikou group.
5. The Yangshan gold belt is one of the largest disseminated epizonal orogenicgold belts that formed in the late stage of collisional orogeny which characterized bytectonic transformation from compression to extension in western Qinling. TheInteraction between NEE-striking faults and ore-forming fluid controlled theformation and distribution of ore bodies. The ore bodies are mainly occurred in theoccurrence changing places of the NEE-striking interbedding faults that formed in thelimbs of Caopingliang-Getiaowan anticlinorium.
1.金矿带产出于文县弧形构造带顶端，受控于安昌河－观音坝断裂，赋矿围岩为泥盆系三河口群浅变质岩和印支期花岗斑岩脉。硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化等热液蚀变发育，金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿、自然金；金矿化呈微细浸染状或脉状发育于石英脉两侧或其中。
2.轴向NEE的草坪梁－葛条湾复背斜形成于碰撞造山主阶段，而大规模金成矿作用发生于190Ma左右碰撞造山－区域变质作用晚阶段。成矿作用过程中，区域NE-SW向主压应力致使复背斜两翼生成顺层左行剪切破碎带，成为控制金矿体产出的主要构造。
3.流体包裹体主要有盐水包裹体和含CO_2包裹体两种类型，成矿流体主要为中低温（均一温度介于~(18)0℃～280℃）、低盐度（≤12.0wt%NaC_(lequ)）的变质流体（δ~(18)OW‰为6.1～11.6‰，δDV-SMOW‰为-82～-56‰），其中含有大量N_2、CH_4、C_2H_6和H_2S等还原性气体，以及Cl-和SO42-等阴离子，表明金元素主要以氢硫化物和氯离子络合物形式迁移。
4.不同类型矿石元素组成相似，均具有Au、Sb、As、Hg元素富集，Cu、Mo元素亏损的地球化学特征，表明其为同一热液成矿作用的产物。不同成矿阶段硫、铅、锶同位素演化具有相似特征，均指示成矿物质来源于泥盆系三河口群与碧口群。
5.阳山金矿带是碰撞造山晚阶段挤压－伸展构造转换体制下形成的超大规模的浅成造山型金矿，区域NEE向断裂与含金的变质流体强烈耦合，控制了金矿床（体）的形成与分布；草坪梁－葛条湾复背斜两翼NEE向顺层剪切断裂带产状变化部位为金矿体的有利赋存空间。
The Yangshan gold belt, located in the south subzone of western Qinling Orogen,is the biggest gold deposit in China. Through the comprehensive analysis ofgeological data, geological field work, microscopic thin section identification, fluidinclusion microthermometry, in situ Raman probe, geochemical testing, and couplingsimulation of structure-fluid, the dissertation studied the structural controlling, fluidflow and mineralization of this belt, and the main results are as follows.
1. The gold belt occurred in the top of Wenxian arc tectonic belt, and controlledby Anchanghe-Guanyinba fault. The ore bodies are hosted in the Devonian Sanhekougroup and plagioclase porphyry veins; the alteration types are including silicification,carbonation, and sericitization; the minerals which are mainly pyrite, arsenopyrite,stibnite, and native gold, are mainly occurred associated with quartz veins.
2. The mineralization occurred in190Ma that the late stage of collisionalorogeny and regional metamorphism. During the mineralization, the regionalprincipal compressive stress is mainly NE-striking which made lots of interbeddingfaults formed in the limbs of Caopingliang-Getiaowan anticlinorium which are themainly ore controlling structures that characterized by sinistral shearing.
3. Two types of fluid inclusions were recognized in study area, includingaqueous and CO_2-bearing inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of fluidinclusions are mainly~(18)0oC～280oC, and the salinities are≤12wt%NaC_(lequ). TheH-O isotopic researches suggesting the ore-forming fluid is metamorphic water. Theore-forming fluid included lots of reducing gas, like N_2, CH_4, H_2S, and negative ionwhich are mainly Cl~-and SO_4~(2-)that indicating the Au was carried in (HS) and Cl~-complex.
4. The trace elements of different type ores are similar to each other, such as theAu, Sb, As, and Hg are the enrichment elements, Cu and Mo are the loss elements.The above means all the ores formed in the same hydrothermal mineralization stage.The S, Pb, and Sr isotopic researches indicate the ore-forming material are fromDevonian Sanhekou group and Bikou group.
5. The Yangshan gold belt is one of the largest disseminated epizonal orogenicgold belts that formed in the late stage of collisional orogeny which characterized bytectonic transformation from compression to extension in western Qinling. TheInteraction between NEE-striking faults and ore-forming fluid controlled theformation and distribution of ore bodies. The ore bodies are mainly occurred in theoccurrence changing places of the NEE-striking interbedding faults that formed in thelimbs of Caopingliang-Getiaowan anticlinorium.
引文
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