现代沉积物释光实验的初步研究
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摘要
近年来，光释光测年无论是在测量方法(单测片技术，Murray and Wintle，2000；简单多片再生法，王旭龙，2005a)还是测量仪器(Bφtter-Jensen，1999)方面都有较大改进，关于各种沉积环境年轻沉积物的研究被广泛报道(Stokes and Rhodes，1989；Ollerhead，1994；Berger，1995；Duller，1996；Stokes，2001；Jain，2004)。不同类型年轻沉积物样品的光释光测年本身尚有许多未解决的问题，光释光信号会受到诸多因素(如部分晒退、热转移等)的影响。本论文主要选择不同沉积类型的若干现代样品开展了大量的实验研究，以探寻年轻沉积物测年有效可靠的实验方法和技术流程，初步获得如下认识：
1)利用细颗粒石英对Daybreak 1100型自动TL／OSL测量仪进行了标定，主要包括：K时间Beta辐照对邻近测样的影响，在0号位置辐照5000秒对毗邻的1号位置影响为2.45％，2号位置影响为0.024％，3号位置的影响则仅有0.013％，4～10号位置基本无影响；机载Beta源辐照时抬升臂3个不同位置(H、L、T3个位置)的辐照剂量率分别为0.0533±0.0013Gy／s、0.02928±0.0012Gy／s、0.01481±0.0012Gy／s。用本实验室Daybreak 2200型测量仪获得细颗粒石英的最小等效剂量为0.02±0.004Gy，假定环境剂量率为3Gy／ka，则其释光年龄约为7年。
2)借鉴Duller(2003)提出的几种检验粗颗粒石英的方法，我们利用样品光释光信号衰减曲线、热释光发光曲线以及红外后蓝光激发与直接蓝光激发两者之比即红外逐出比率，判断释光信号的矿物来源，初步建立了细颗粒石英纯度的检验方法。
3)对2006年4月16口北京降尘样品的实验研究表明，其IRSL信号极弱，[post-IR]OSL信号较强且有可能有长石的贡献。不同粒组石英的SAR法等效剂量变化于-1.27-18.86Gy之间，每个样品的等效剂量值均呈明显的不对称分布，推测可能与样品部分晒退、颗粒来源、实验测量方法流程等因素有关。对比不同前处理流程获得的[post-IR]OSL等效剂量值及其释光信号衰减曲线，原样中有可能含有部分在阳光下较难以晒退的颗粒，从而导致样品中颗粒在沉积前没有完全退零。不同前处理流程对样品IRSL信号感量变化影响不是很明显，对[post-IR]OSL信号感量变化影响较为显著。
4)通过对不同气候条件、不同水动力环境若干现代水下沉积物的实验研究表明，不同粒组石英的等效剂量变化于0.17-28Gy，每个样品的等效剂量值均呈明显的不对称分布，存在明显的光晒退不彻底现象。总体而言，从上游到下游，随着搬运距离增加，石英样品等效剂量值总体呈现递减趋势，即其光晒退程度渐增。对比同一样品不同粒组石英的等效剂量，情况较复杂，在小冲沟沉积环境中，不论是气候湿润区还是干旱地区，可能由于搬运距离较短，石英样品(如LEDL07-165、166、259)的等效剂量值随粒径增大而变大，即细颗粒石英有可能比粗颗粒更容易晒退；对于帕米尔高原盖孜河的石英样品LEDL05-315，由于水动力较强，水流较急且水体较混浊，等效剂量值随粒径增大而变小，即粗颗粒石英较细颗粒更容易晒退。
Over the last few years luminescence dating has been improved considerably, both in the methods for the estimation of the equivalent dose, De (with the development of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol, Murray and Wintle, 2000 and MSAR protocol, Wang et. al., 2005a) and in the measurement facilities (B(?)tter-Jensen and Murray, 1999). Dating of young samples from a wide range of depositional environments were widely reported (Stokes and Rhodes, 1989 Ollerhead, 1994 Berger, 1995 Duller. 1996, Stokes, 2001; Jain, 2004). However, the dating of young samples is inherently problematic, as a relatively greater proportion of the natural signal can be affected by several complicated factors (e.g. partial bleaching, thermal transfer, etc.), which may lead to inaccurate De estimation.
The main purpose of this work is to choose the modern sediments, considering partial bleaching of affecting optical luminescence signal carry out a preliminary experimental study, to find effective and reliable methods and process technology for dating young sediments.The used samples for luminescence dating are from depositional environment of modern sediments the conclusions are as follows:
It is important to confirm and quantify the occurrence of all systematic errors in luminescence analyses. First laboratory equipment is quantitativly estimate of the measurement performance. Calibrating of Daybreak 1100 automatic TL / OSL measurement instrument is carried out by fine quartz to examine and quantify the effects of cross-irradiation beta source irradiation uplift arm uplifting three different locations of the radiation dose. Dose is added to the annealing fine quartz sample for a short-bleaching step through the initial dose to resume exploring Daybreak2200 type of measurement and analysis ceiling was 0.02±0.0005Gy dose. It is assumed that environmental samples dose rate is 3Gy/ka, the equipment can detect the minimum age of 7 years.
On Beijing dust samples of the April 16, 2006, using SAR measurements of quartz minerals, it is found that the equivalent dose distribution is asymmetric. Possibly it is related with partial bleaching and the particle source, experimental measurement of the flow and other factors. When the samples using different pre-treatment process to get the equivalent dose values, the results show that the originals may contain some sun bleaching retreat to the material, or to the quartz feldspar mineral an outer membrane, resulting in sample particle deposition in the former have not been fully solved retreat; of different pre-treatment process samples.The work uses single-use film renewable France to observe the process of measuring the changes of the flu, The results show when using different pre-treatment process of dating luminescence signal change of the impact is not obvious. It is [post-IR] OSL flu luminescence signal changes affected more significantly.
In Liangshan region of humid climate three modern samples are,collected. In the arid weather aera four modern samples in gully are collected and three modern sample in the Gez River bed .The results showed that upstream samples equivalent dose is far higher than the downstream sample, In such an environment downstream samples should be collecting preferently; by comparisons of its different size dose equivalent value, in a small gully sedimentary environment, regardless of region humid climate or arid areas, fine-grain may be more easily bleaching than coarse grain. The three samples of Gez River equivalent dose value increases with the size reduction, possibly due to poor vegetation cover, and very rapid the water flow. Coarse grain sample is sufficiently has bright and a greater probability than fine particles.
Modern slope wash samples LEDL06 - 489 fine grain component measurement, The results show that fine-grain mixed minerals us ing SAR has more problems,for fine-grain quartz components used SAR measurements, by a variety of analysis methods the equivalent dose is about 0.17 Gy, Afterd the sample environment dose rate value is obtained , the sample has the approximate age of about 80yr. According to the results of the sample.It is Afterd the sample environment dose rate value is obtained, the sample has the approximate age of about 80yr. According to the results of the sample.It is suggested that for this type of sediment fine quartz is choosen to measured dose equivalent value.
1)利用细颗粒石英对Daybreak 1100型自动TL／OSL测量仪进行了标定，主要包括：K时间Beta辐照对邻近测样的影响，在0号位置辐照5000秒对毗邻的1号位置影响为2.45％，2号位置影响为0.024％，3号位置的影响则仅有0.013％，4～10号位置基本无影响；机载Beta源辐照时抬升臂3个不同位置(H、L、T3个位置)的辐照剂量率分别为0.0533±0.0013Gy／s、0.02928±0.0012Gy／s、0.01481±0.0012Gy／s。用本实验室Daybreak 2200型测量仪获得细颗粒石英的最小等效剂量为0.02±0.004Gy，假定环境剂量率为3Gy／ka，则其释光年龄约为7年。
2)借鉴Duller(2003)提出的几种检验粗颗粒石英的方法，我们利用样品光释光信号衰减曲线、热释光发光曲线以及红外后蓝光激发与直接蓝光激发两者之比即红外逐出比率，判断释光信号的矿物来源，初步建立了细颗粒石英纯度的检验方法。
3)对2006年4月16口北京降尘样品的实验研究表明，其IRSL信号极弱，[post-IR]OSL信号较强且有可能有长石的贡献。不同粒组石英的SAR法等效剂量变化于-1.27-18.86Gy之间，每个样品的等效剂量值均呈明显的不对称分布，推测可能与样品部分晒退、颗粒来源、实验测量方法流程等因素有关。对比不同前处理流程获得的[post-IR]OSL等效剂量值及其释光信号衰减曲线，原样中有可能含有部分在阳光下较难以晒退的颗粒，从而导致样品中颗粒在沉积前没有完全退零。不同前处理流程对样品IRSL信号感量变化影响不是很明显，对[post-IR]OSL信号感量变化影响较为显著。
4)通过对不同气候条件、不同水动力环境若干现代水下沉积物的实验研究表明，不同粒组石英的等效剂量变化于0.17-28Gy，每个样品的等效剂量值均呈明显的不对称分布，存在明显的光晒退不彻底现象。总体而言，从上游到下游，随着搬运距离增加，石英样品等效剂量值总体呈现递减趋势，即其光晒退程度渐增。对比同一样品不同粒组石英的等效剂量，情况较复杂，在小冲沟沉积环境中，不论是气候湿润区还是干旱地区，可能由于搬运距离较短，石英样品(如LEDL07-165、166、259)的等效剂量值随粒径增大而变大，即细颗粒石英有可能比粗颗粒更容易晒退；对于帕米尔高原盖孜河的石英样品LEDL05-315，由于水动力较强，水流较急且水体较混浊，等效剂量值随粒径增大而变小，即粗颗粒石英较细颗粒更容易晒退。
Over the last few years luminescence dating has been improved considerably, both in the methods for the estimation of the equivalent dose, De (with the development of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol, Murray and Wintle, 2000 and MSAR protocol, Wang et. al., 2005a) and in the measurement facilities (B(?)tter-Jensen and Murray, 1999). Dating of young samples from a wide range of depositional environments were widely reported (Stokes and Rhodes, 1989 Ollerhead, 1994 Berger, 1995 Duller. 1996, Stokes, 2001; Jain, 2004). However, the dating of young samples is inherently problematic, as a relatively greater proportion of the natural signal can be affected by several complicated factors (e.g. partial bleaching, thermal transfer, etc.), which may lead to inaccurate De estimation.
The main purpose of this work is to choose the modern sediments, considering partial bleaching of affecting optical luminescence signal carry out a preliminary experimental study, to find effective and reliable methods and process technology for dating young sediments.The used samples for luminescence dating are from depositional environment of modern sediments the conclusions are as follows:
It is important to confirm and quantify the occurrence of all systematic errors in luminescence analyses. First laboratory equipment is quantitativly estimate of the measurement performance. Calibrating of Daybreak 1100 automatic TL / OSL measurement instrument is carried out by fine quartz to examine and quantify the effects of cross-irradiation beta source irradiation uplift arm uplifting three different locations of the radiation dose. Dose is added to the annealing fine quartz sample for a short-bleaching step through the initial dose to resume exploring Daybreak2200 type of measurement and analysis ceiling was 0.02±0.0005Gy dose. It is assumed that environmental samples dose rate is 3Gy/ka, the equipment can detect the minimum age of 7 years.
On Beijing dust samples of the April 16, 2006, using SAR measurements of quartz minerals, it is found that the equivalent dose distribution is asymmetric. Possibly it is related with partial bleaching and the particle source, experimental measurement of the flow and other factors. When the samples using different pre-treatment process to get the equivalent dose values, the results show that the originals may contain some sun bleaching retreat to the material, or to the quartz feldspar mineral an outer membrane, resulting in sample particle deposition in the former have not been fully solved retreat; of different pre-treatment process samples.The work uses single-use film renewable France to observe the process of measuring the changes of the flu, The results show when using different pre-treatment process of dating luminescence signal change of the impact is not obvious. It is [post-IR] OSL flu luminescence signal changes affected more significantly.
In Liangshan region of humid climate three modern samples are,collected. In the arid weather aera four modern samples in gully are collected and three modern sample in the Gez River bed .The results showed that upstream samples equivalent dose is far higher than the downstream sample, In such an environment downstream samples should be collecting preferently; by comparisons of its different size dose equivalent value, in a small gully sedimentary environment, regardless of region humid climate or arid areas, fine-grain may be more easily bleaching than coarse grain. The three samples of Gez River equivalent dose value increases with the size reduction, possibly due to poor vegetation cover, and very rapid the water flow. Coarse grain sample is sufficiently has bright and a greater probability than fine particles.
Modern slope wash samples LEDL06 - 489 fine grain component measurement, The results show that fine-grain mixed minerals us ing SAR has more problems,for fine-grain quartz components used SAR measurements, by a variety of analysis methods the equivalent dose is about 0.17 Gy, Afterd the sample environment dose rate value is obtained , the sample has the approximate age of about 80yr. According to the results of the sample.It is Afterd the sample environment dose rate value is obtained, the sample has the approximate age of about 80yr. According to the results of the sample.It is suggested that for this type of sediment fine quartz is choosen to measured dose equivalent value.
引文
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54、Duller, G. A. T. (1996) Recent developments in luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments. Progress in Physical Geography 20, 127-145.
55、Duller, G. A.T. and Bφtter-Jensen, L. (1993) Luminescence from potassium feldspars stimulated by infrared and green light. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, 683-688.
56、Duller, G. A. T. and Bφtter-Jensen, L. (1996) Comparison of optically stimulated luminescence signals from quartz using different stimulation wavelengths. Radiation Measurements 26, 603-609.
57、Duller, G. A. T., A. G. Wintle, Hall, A. M. (1995) Luminescence dating and its application to key pre-Late Devensian sites in Scotland Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 14, 495-519.
58、Duller, G. A. T., 2003 Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements Radiat. Meas.37, 161-165
59、Duller G. A. T., 2004. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments: recent advances [J]. Quaternary science, 19(2): 183-192.
60、Franklin, Alan D.,1997,On the interaction between the rapidly and slowly bleaching peaks in the TL glow curves of quartz Journal of Luminescence,75, 71-76
61、Fuchs, M., Wagner, G. A., 2003, Recognition of insufficient bleaching by small aliquots of quartz for reconstructing soil erosion in Greece Quat. Sci. Rev 22, 1161-1167
62、Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., Thewalt, M. L. W., 1985. Optical dating of sediments. Nature 313, 105-107.
63、Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A. G;, Duller, G. A. T, 2003a. Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: I—multiple grain data. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 599-612.
64、Jacobs, Z., Duller, G. A. T., Wintle, A. G., 2003b. Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: Ⅱ-single grain data. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 613-625.
65、Jain, M., Thomsen, K.J., B.tter-Jensen L., Murray, A.S., 2004-Thermal transfer and apparent-dose distributions in poorly bleached mortar samples-results from single grains and small aliquots of quartz Radiat.Meas. 38,101-109
66、Larsen N., Bulur, E., Butter-Jensen, L., McKeevera, S. W.S., 2000-Use of the LM-OSL technique for the detection of partial bleaching in quartz Radiat.Meas. 32, 419-425
67、Lu Yanchou, J. R. Prescott and J. T. Hutton (1988) Sunlight bleaching of the thermoluminescence of Chinese loess. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 335-338.
68、Lu Yanchou., Prescott, J. R., Zhao, Hua, Chen, Jie and Wei Lanying, 2002. Optical dating of colluvial deposits from Xiyangfang, China and the relation to paleaoearthquake events, Quaternary Science Reviews, 21: 1087-1097.
69、Lu Yanchou, Wang X. L., Wintle A. G., 2006, A new OSL chronology for dust accumulation in the last 130, 000 yr for the Chinese Loess Plateau, Quaternary Research, 67, 152-160.
70、Li, S.-H. (1994) Optical dating: insufficiently bleached sediments. Radiation Measurements 23, 563-567.
71、Li, S.-H., Sun, J.-M. and Zhao, H. (2002). Optical dating of dune sands in the northeastern deserts of China. Palaeogeography, 181,419-429.
72、McKeever, S. W. S., B0tter-Jensen, L., Agersnap Larsen, N., Duller, G.A.T., 1997. Temperature dependence of OSL decay curves: experimental and theoretical aspects. Radiat. Meas. 27, 161-170.
73、Murray, A.S., 1996-Developments in optically stimulated luminescence and photo-transferred thermoluminescence dating of young samples-application to a 200-year sequence of flood deposits
74、Murray, A. S., 1995-Measurement of equivalent doses in quartz from contemporary water-lain sediments using optically stimulated luminescence
75、Murray, A.S., 1996-Incomplete stimulation of luminescence in young quartz sediments and its effect on the regenerated signal Radiat.Meas..26, 221-231
76、Murray, A.S., Roberts, R. G. , 1998. Measurement of the equivalent dose in quartz using a regenerative-dose single-aliquot protocol. Radiat. Meas. 29, 503-515.
77、Murray A.S., Wintle A. G, 2000, Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol Radiat.Meas 32, 57-73,
78、Murray A. S, Olley JM. 2002. Precision and accuracy in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary quartz: a status review. Geochronometria 21: 1-16.
79、Murray, A. S., Wintle, A. G., 2003. The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol: potential for improvements in reliability. Radiat. Meas. 37, 377-381.
80、Olley, J. M., Caitcheon, G., Murray, A. S., 1998. The distribution of apparent dose as determined by optically stimulated luminescence in small aliquots of 6uvial quartz: implications for dating young sediments. Quat. Geochronol. (QSR) 17, 1033-1040.
81、Olley, J. M., Caitcheon, G., Roberts, R.G., 1999. The origin of dose distribution in 6uvial sediments, and the prospect of dating single grains from 6uvial deposits using optically stimulated luminescence. Radiat.Meas.30,207-217.
82、Rees-Jones, J., Tite, M.S., 1994. Recuperation of IRSL after bleaching and consequences for dating young sediment. Radiat. Meas. 23, 569-574.
83、Rhodes, EJ., Bailey, R.M., 1997.The effect of thermal transfer on the zeroing of the luminescence of quartz from recent glacio fluvial sediments Quat. Sci. Rev 16, 291-298
84、Rhodes, EJ., 2000-Observations of thermal transfer OSL signals in glacigenic quartz Radiat.Meas. 32,595-602
85、Richardson, C.A.2000-Preheat-induced signal enhancement in the infrared stimulated luminescence of young and bleached sediment samples Radiat.Meas. 32, 541-547
86、Richardson, C.A.2001-Residual luminescence signals in modem coastal sediments Quat. Sci. Rev 20, 887-892
87、Singarayer J.S. 2003- Further investigations of the quartz optically stimulated luminescence components using linear modulation Radiat. Meas. 37, 451-458
88、Singarayer J.S. 2004-Component-resolved bleaching spectra of quartz optically stimulated luminescence: preliminary results and implications for dating Radiat. Meas. 38, 111-118
89、Singarayer, J.S. 2005 -Assessing the completeness of optical resetting of quartz OSL in the natural environment Radiat. Meas. 40, 13-25
90、Spencer2003-Assessing mixed dose distributions in young sediments identified using small aliquots and a simple two-step SAR procedure-the F-statistic as a diagnostic tool Radiat.Meas. 37,425-431
91、Stokes, Stephen.,1992,Optical dating of young (modem) sediments using quartz: Results from a selection of depositional environments Quat. Sci. Rev .12, 153-159
92、Stokes, S. and Gaylord, D.R. (1993) Optical dating of Holocene dune sands in the Ferris Dune Field, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 39, 274-281.
93、Stokes, S. (1996) Further comparison of quartz OSL additive dose palaeodoses generated using long and short duration preheats. Ancient TL 14, 5-8.
94、Stokes, S., (1999) Luminescence dating applications in geomorphological research,, Geomorphology, 29, 153-171.
95、Stokes, S., Bray, H.E., Blum, M.D., (2001) optical resetting in large drainage basins: tests of zeroing assumptions using single-aliquot procedures, Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 879-885.
96、Thomas, P. J., Jain, M., Juyal, N., Singhvi, A. K., 2005, Comparison of single-grain and small-aliquot OSL dose estimates in <3000 years osl river sediments from South India. Radiation Measurements 39:457-469
97、Jain, M., Bφtter-Jensen, L., Singhvi A. K,.2003,Dose evaluation using multiple-aliquot quartz OSL: test of methods and a new protocol for improved accuracy and precision Radiat.Meas,37, 67-80
98、Wintle A. G, Murray A.S.,1997, The relationship between quartz thermoluminescence, photo-transferred thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence Radiat. Meas.27,611-624
99、Wintle A. G., Murray A. S.,1999, Luminescence sensitivity changes in quartz Radiat.Meas 30, 107-118
100、Ward2003-Optical dating of quartz from young samples and the effects of pre-heat temperature Radiat.Meas.37,401-407
101、Wang X L., 2006. On the performances of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose SAR protocol for Chinese loess-fine quartz and polymineral grains [J].Radiation Measurements, 41 (1): 1-8
102、Zhao Hua, Lu Yanchou, Cben Jie & Ying Gongming, 2001. Fine grain IRSL and GLSL dating of late Quaternary sediments from North China, Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(4): 334-337.
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13、刘东生，韩家懋，张德二等 2006降尘与人类世沉积——！：北京2006年4月16～17日降尘初步分析 第四纪研究，26(4)：628—633．
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16、杨传成，陈杰，张克旗等，2007．水成相沉积物细颗粒石英光释光综合生长曲线(SGC)的建立与应用．地震地质(待刊)．
17、尹功明，卢演俦，陈杰等，1997，现代(零年龄)沉积物样品的IRSL信号及其等效剂量值．核技术，20(8)：489—491．
18、尹金辉，陈杰，郑勇刚等，2005．海原断裂带刺儿沟古地震剖面炭屑 14C 年龄及其意义[J]．地震地质，27(4)：578-585
19、尹金辉2007古土壤不同组分14C测年值统计分析，地震地质(待刊)
20、王赞红，夏正楷 2002 北京 2002年3月20～21日尘暴过程的降尘量与降尘粒度特征 第四纪研究，24(1)：95-99．
21、王旭龙，李晓妮，卢演俦，2004．红光固体二极管点阵在释光测中的光照应用．海洋地质与第四纪地质 24，133-138．
22、王旭龙，卢演俦，李晓妮，2005a．黄土细颗粒单测片再生法光释光测年的进展．核技术28(5)，383-387．
23、王旭龙，卢演俦，李晓妮，2005b．．细颗粒石英光释光测年：简单多片再生法．地震地质，27(4)：615-623．
24、王旭龙，博士学位论文，中国黄土释光测年研究．新方法和新技术 中国科学院地球环境研究所．
25、王同利，陈杰，杨传成，2005．Daybreak 厚源a-计数仪的标定计测量影响冈素的初步研究[J]．地震地质 27(4)：633-644．
26、王昌盛，陈杰，张克旗，2005．西南天山明尧勒背斜河流阶地沉积物的光释光测年．地震地质 27(4)：586-598．
27、赵华，2003．黄土细颗粒多矿物多片、单片光释光测年对比．核技术，26(1)：36—39．
28、赵华，卢演俦，1998．黄土细颗粒红外释光与绿光释光测年对比研究．第四纪地质，3：287．
29、赵华、卢演俦、陈杰等．2000．华北晚第四纪沉积物细颗粒组分红外释光与绿光释光测年．科学通报，45(21)：2332—2336．
30、赵华，博士学位论文，华北晚第四纪黄土及水沉积物光释光测年研究 中国科学院西安黄土与第四纪国家重点实验室．
31、张克旗．2003．海原活动断裂带刺儿沟剖面古地震的释光测年研究[D]：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国地震局地质研究所．
32、张克旗，陈杰，刘进峰．2007a 海原断裂带刺儿沟剖面烘烤次生黄土的光释光测年：单测片再生法和简单多片再生法结果对比．地震地质(待刊)
33、张克旗，陈杰，卢演俦等，2007b．Daybreak 2200型自动化TL／OSL 测量仪的初步定量评估．核技术(待刊)．
34、张小曳 2001，亚洲粉尘的源区分布释放、输送、沉降与黄土堆积．第四纪研究，21(1)：29—40
35、张玉华硕士学位论文，北京西山黄土高分辨率释光测年研究
36、张景昭，赖忠平．光释光测年：黄土样品红外释光信号的晒退实验．核技术，1997，20(8)：489～491
37、周剑平 编著 2003 精通 origin7．0 北京，北京航空航天大学出版社
38. Aitken, M. J. (1985) Thermoluminescence Dating. Academic Press, London.
39. Aitken, M. J. (1992) Optical dating. Quaternary Science Reviews 11, 127-131.
40、Aitken, MJ. and J. Xie (1992) Optical dating using ingrared siodes: young samples, Quaternary Science Reviews 11, 147-152.
41、Aitken, M. J. and Smith, B. W. (1988) Optical dating: recuperation after bleaching. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 387-393.
42、Aitken MJ. 1998. An Introduction to Optical Dating[M]. London: OXFORD University Press
43、Bailey, R. M., Smith B. W. 1997 Partial bleaching and the decay form characteristics of quartz OSL Radiat. Meas. 27, 123-136
44、Bailey, R. M., 2001.Sand deposition during the last millennium at Aberffraw, Anglesey, North Wales as determined by OSL dating of quartz Quat. Sci. Rev 20, 701-704
45、Bailey, R. M., 2003-Identification of partial resetting using De as a function of illumination time Radiat. Meas. 37, 511-518
46、Bailey, R. M., 2005.An investigation ofpulsed-irradiation regeneration of quartz OSL and its implications for the precision and accuracy of optical dating Radiat. Meas. 39, 347-359
47、Bailiff, I. K., Poolton, N. R. J., 1991. Studies of charge transfer mechanisms in feldspars. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 18, 111-118.
48、Ballarini, M., 2003-Optical dating of young coastal dunes on a decadal time scale Quat. Sci. Rev 22 (2003) 1011-1017
49、Bφtter-Jensen, L. (1997) Luminescence techniques: instrumentation and methods. Radiation Measurements 27,749-768.
50、Bφtter-Jensen, L., Duller, G. A.T., Murray, A.S., D. Banerjee, (1999) Blue light emitting diodes for optical stimulation of quartz retrospective dosimetry and dating, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 84, Nos. 1-4, 335-340.
51、Bφtter-Jensen, L., Murray, A.S., (1999) Developments in optically stimulated Luminescence techniques for dating and retrospective dosimetry, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 84, Nos. 1-4, 307-315.
52、Duller, G. A. T. (1994) luminescence dating of poorly bleached sediments from Scotland. Quaternary Science Reviews 13,521-524.
53、Duller, G. A. T. (1994) Luminescence dating using single aliquots: new procedures. Quaternary Science Reviews 13, 149-156.
54、Duller, G. A. T. (1996) Recent developments in luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments. Progress in Physical Geography 20, 127-145.
55、Duller, G. A.T. and Bφtter-Jensen, L. (1993) Luminescence from potassium feldspars stimulated by infrared and green light. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, 683-688.
56、Duller, G. A. T. and Bφtter-Jensen, L. (1996) Comparison of optically stimulated luminescence signals from quartz using different stimulation wavelengths. Radiation Measurements 26, 603-609.
57、Duller, G. A. T., A. G. Wintle, Hall, A. M. (1995) Luminescence dating and its application to key pre-Late Devensian sites in Scotland Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 14, 495-519.
58、Duller, G. A. T., 2003 Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements Radiat. Meas.37, 161-165
59、Duller G. A. T., 2004. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments: recent advances [J]. Quaternary science, 19(2): 183-192.
60、Franklin, Alan D.,1997,On the interaction between the rapidly and slowly bleaching peaks in the TL glow curves of quartz Journal of Luminescence,75, 71-76
61、Fuchs, M., Wagner, G. A., 2003, Recognition of insufficient bleaching by small aliquots of quartz for reconstructing soil erosion in Greece Quat. Sci. Rev 22, 1161-1167
62、Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., Thewalt, M. L. W., 1985. Optical dating of sediments. Nature 313, 105-107.
63、Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A. G;, Duller, G. A. T, 2003a. Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: I—multiple grain data. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 599-612.
64、Jacobs, Z., Duller, G. A. T., Wintle, A. G., 2003b. Optical dating of dune sand from Blombos Cave, South Africa: Ⅱ-single grain data. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 613-625.
65、Jain, M., Thomsen, K.J., B.tter-Jensen L., Murray, A.S., 2004-Thermal transfer and apparent-dose distributions in poorly bleached mortar samples-results from single grains and small aliquots of quartz Radiat.Meas. 38,101-109
66、Larsen N., Bulur, E., Butter-Jensen, L., McKeevera, S. W.S., 2000-Use of the LM-OSL technique for the detection of partial bleaching in quartz Radiat.Meas. 32, 419-425
67、Lu Yanchou, J. R. Prescott and J. T. Hutton (1988) Sunlight bleaching of the thermoluminescence of Chinese loess. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 335-338.
68、Lu Yanchou., Prescott, J. R., Zhao, Hua, Chen, Jie and Wei Lanying, 2002. Optical dating of colluvial deposits from Xiyangfang, China and the relation to paleaoearthquake events, Quaternary Science Reviews, 21: 1087-1097.
69、Lu Yanchou, Wang X. L., Wintle A. G., 2006, A new OSL chronology for dust accumulation in the last 130, 000 yr for the Chinese Loess Plateau, Quaternary Research, 67, 152-160.
70、Li, S.-H. (1994) Optical dating: insufficiently bleached sediments. Radiation Measurements 23, 563-567.
71、Li, S.-H., Sun, J.-M. and Zhao, H. (2002). Optical dating of dune sands in the northeastern deserts of China. Palaeogeography, 181,419-429.
72、McKeever, S. W. S., B0tter-Jensen, L., Agersnap Larsen, N., Duller, G.A.T., 1997. Temperature dependence of OSL decay curves: experimental and theoretical aspects. Radiat. Meas. 27, 161-170.
73、Murray, A.S., 1996-Developments in optically stimulated luminescence and photo-transferred thermoluminescence dating of young samples-application to a 200-year sequence of flood deposits
74、Murray, A. S., 1995-Measurement of equivalent doses in quartz from contemporary water-lain sediments using optically stimulated luminescence
75、Murray, A.S., 1996-Incomplete stimulation of luminescence in young quartz sediments and its effect on the regenerated signal Radiat.Meas..26, 221-231
76、Murray, A.S., Roberts, R. G. , 1998. Measurement of the equivalent dose in quartz using a regenerative-dose single-aliquot protocol. Radiat. Meas. 29, 503-515.
77、Murray A.S., Wintle A. G, 2000, Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol Radiat.Meas 32, 57-73,
78、Murray A. S, Olley JM. 2002. Precision and accuracy in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary quartz: a status review. Geochronometria 21: 1-16.
79、Murray, A. S., Wintle, A. G., 2003. The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol: potential for improvements in reliability. Radiat. Meas. 37, 377-381.
80、Olley, J. M., Caitcheon, G., Murray, A. S., 1998. The distribution of apparent dose as determined by optically stimulated luminescence in small aliquots of 6uvial quartz: implications for dating young sediments. Quat. Geochronol. (QSR) 17, 1033-1040.
81、Olley, J. M., Caitcheon, G., Roberts, R.G., 1999. The origin of dose distribution in 6uvial sediments, and the prospect of dating single grains from 6uvial deposits using optically stimulated luminescence. Radiat.Meas.30,207-217.
82、Rees-Jones, J., Tite, M.S., 1994. Recuperation of IRSL after bleaching and consequences for dating young sediment. Radiat. Meas. 23, 569-574.
83、Rhodes, EJ., Bailey, R.M., 1997.The effect of thermal transfer on the zeroing of the luminescence of quartz from recent glacio fluvial sediments Quat. Sci. Rev 16, 291-298
84、Rhodes, EJ., 2000-Observations of thermal transfer OSL signals in glacigenic quartz Radiat.Meas. 32,595-602
85、Richardson, C.A.2000-Preheat-induced signal enhancement in the infrared stimulated luminescence of young and bleached sediment samples Radiat.Meas. 32, 541-547
86、Richardson, C.A.2001-Residual luminescence signals in modem coastal sediments Quat. Sci. Rev 20, 887-892
87、Singarayer J.S. 2003- Further investigations of the quartz optically stimulated luminescence components using linear modulation Radiat. Meas. 37, 451-458
88、Singarayer J.S. 2004-Component-resolved bleaching spectra of quartz optically stimulated luminescence: preliminary results and implications for dating Radiat. Meas. 38, 111-118
89、Singarayer, J.S. 2005 -Assessing the completeness of optical resetting of quartz OSL in the natural environment Radiat. Meas. 40, 13-25
90、Spencer2003-Assessing mixed dose distributions in young sediments identified using small aliquots and a simple two-step SAR procedure-the F-statistic as a diagnostic tool Radiat.Meas. 37,425-431
91、Stokes, Stephen.,1992,Optical dating of young (modem) sediments using quartz: Results from a selection of depositional environments Quat. Sci. Rev .12, 153-159
92、Stokes, S. and Gaylord, D.R. (1993) Optical dating of Holocene dune sands in the Ferris Dune Field, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 39, 274-281.
93、Stokes, S. (1996) Further comparison of quartz OSL additive dose palaeodoses generated using long and short duration preheats. Ancient TL 14, 5-8.
94、Stokes, S., (1999) Luminescence dating applications in geomorphological research,, Geomorphology, 29, 153-171.
95、Stokes, S., Bray, H.E., Blum, M.D., (2001) optical resetting in large drainage basins: tests of zeroing assumptions using single-aliquot procedures, Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 879-885.
96、Thomas, P. J., Jain, M., Juyal, N., Singhvi, A. K., 2005, Comparison of single-grain and small-aliquot OSL dose estimates in <3000 years osl river sediments from South India. Radiation Measurements 39:457-469
97、Jain, M., Bφtter-Jensen, L., Singhvi A. K,.2003,Dose evaluation using multiple-aliquot quartz OSL: test of methods and a new protocol for improved accuracy and precision Radiat.Meas,37, 67-80
98、Wintle A. G, Murray A.S.,1997, The relationship between quartz thermoluminescence, photo-transferred thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence Radiat. Meas.27,611-624
99、Wintle A. G., Murray A. S.,1999, Luminescence sensitivity changes in quartz Radiat.Meas 30, 107-118
100、Ward2003-Optical dating of quartz from young samples and the effects of pre-heat temperature Radiat.Meas.37,401-407
101、Wang X L., 2006. On the performances of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose SAR protocol for Chinese loess-fine quartz and polymineral grains [J].Radiation Measurements, 41 (1): 1-8
102、Zhao Hua, Lu Yanchou, Cben Jie & Ying Gongming, 2001. Fine grain IRSL and GLSL dating of late Quaternary sediments from North China, Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(4): 334-337.
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