农民动迁安置住区绿化环境重构
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摘要
城市化和新农村建设作为实现中国城乡一体化的重要步骤,推动农民适度集中居住已成为农村城镇化的主要发展趋势,其中大多数失地农民选择了动迁安置住区形式。不过目前动迁安置住区的绿化环境仍存在诸如树木对住宅遮光挡风、缺少季相变化、招引蚊虫或致过敏、大量应用外来陌生种、缺少故乡元素、中心绿地布局不合理等问题,影响居民的安全、健康、舒适和使用,降低绿化环境的满意度,制约可持续发展。因此需要研究适宜动迁安置住区的绿化理念、模式和方法。
本研究以上海为例,实地调查了28个农民动迁安置住区、10个传统村落和1个私家园林样本,对387位动迁农民完成了问卷调查,运用SPSS 13.0软件进行数理统计分析,并对每株树木选取树高、落叶性、方位和间距四因素构成四位数编码以便于数据分析,还运用Auto cad 2005软件和Sketch up 5.0软件构建树与建筑的配置模型以实现量化分析。分别研究了动迁安置住区绿化的基本特征,动迁安置住区在植物种类组成、绿化平面结构和竖向结构等方面的绿化特征及传统住区的比较和启示,进而获得新的理念和模式,并对动迁安置住区的楼旁乔木配置规律以及住区建设与管理模式进行了探索。从而在树种的组成、结构和与住宅楼的搭配、绿地布局及管理机制等方面尝试提出了适于动迁安置住区绿化的理论。
主要研究成果：
1.在植物种类组成方面对动迁安置住区和传统住区获得了系统的认识。动迁安置住区的物种丰富度(Gleason index, GI)大于传统村落,为134.93种vs 77.10种(GI：13.83vs 8.75)；动迁安置住区的人工种植比例也大于传统村落(89.1%vs 66.9%),但本地种、野生种、乔木比例均较小,分别为64.4%vs 76.7%、9.1%vs 31.5%、22.2%vs 33.7%。动迁安置住区GI在区域上从中心城区向郊区呈递减趋势,时间上从1990年代向2000年代也呈递减趋势。动迁安置住区的树种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener diversity index, SHDI)为2.771,其中以外环线以内最低,外环线以外／郊环线以内最高；2000年代住区大于1990年代住区。建议动迁安置住区应当提高本地种和乔木的应用比重。
2.在绿化结构方面对动迁安置住区和传统住区的平面结构和竖向结构有了实证性结果。动迁安置住区的常绿／落叶比大于传统村落(1.14 vs 0.75),优势种常绿／落叶比(3-5)：1也大于传统村落的1：(1-2),；传统住区的树高与常绿／落叶比在0.01水平呈负相关。建议动迁安置住区应当提高落叶树种的应用比例,而且落叶大乔和常绿小乔可构成合理的群落结构。
3.在楼旁乔木搭配方面进行了模型分析,提出在一定条件下可建立树高和建筑间距的关系式hi=(d一Φ/2-1.5)/(ctgα×cosβ)+hy+hs+0.9,为实现在楼旁精准配置乔木提供了依据。把常见四类乔木树型按照常绿树和落叶树分别结合关系式可量化分析,以获取适配的最大乔木,并辅以模型分析。研究认为在同样的楼间,可配置的树高允许值由高到低的树型依次是类圆柱型、类圆锥型、类圆球型和类倒圆锥型,同一树型的落叶树要高于常绿树。比较同一树型在不同绿化布局的楼间配置,认为在三种绿化布局方式(道路居中型、绿地居中型、全绿地与道路居中交替分布型)中以第三种方式最适宜优化配置大乔。
4.探索了适于动迁安置住区绿化的理念和模型、模式,包括实现树种多样化的“差异化绿化模式”、控制树种结构的“上落下绿分层绿化模式”、规划住区绿地空间布局的“内含多中心绿地和外邻共享绿地模式”、设计楼旁绿化空间的“双向型景观营造方式”理念、优化楼旁乔木配置的“楼旁乔木配置关系式和模型”,以及指导住区绿化建设和管理的“参与性两田制(庭院)绿化模式”(含“参与性绿化模式”、“两田制绿化模式”和“庭院绿化模式”)。它们之间相互关联,成为有机整体。
本研究在动迁安置住区绿化环境重构的理论方面进行了有益的探索,尝试提出了1个理念、1个关系式／模型和6种模式,以期对今后的农民动迁安置住区绿化规划设计、建设和管理起到指导和参考作用。
Urbanization and New Countryside are important procedures to realize Chinese urban-rural integration. Moderately concentrating farmer's settlement has become a principle trend of rural urbanization. And most of the land-lost farmers accept relocated quarter as their arrangement form. However, there are still some problems about greening landscape of quarter environment such as negative influences of tree on housing, no seasonal change, plant attracting worms or causing allergy, numerous unfamiliar neophytic species, few hometown landscape, and unreasonable center green space. The problems will affect farmers'safety, healthy, comfort and feasibility, and the greening satisfaction will fall down. It is also helpless to sustainable development. Therefore, we would try to conduct further research on greening idea, model and methods for relocated quarter.
This study took Shanghai as one case to survey 28 relocated quarters,10 traditional villages and one private garden. There were altogether 387 farmers as respondents to finish questionnaires. Then SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze data, and computer model technology (Auto cad 2005 and Sketch up 5.0) was applied to build models between tree and housing. Furthermore, four-digit code was built for one tree with tree height, defoliation, direction and diatance to realize data analysis. Main research contents are:general greening features of relocated quarter; plant species abundance, greening plain structure and vertical structure of relocated quarter and traditional village so as to get new ideas and models; tree configuration next to building; and construction and management of relocated quarter. We tried to put forward theories of plant species composition, greening structure, tree configuration and management for the integrated greening environment of relocated quarter.
The main research results can be concluded as follows:
1. Comprehensive cognition was got of plant species composition of both relocated quarter and traditional village. The plant richness (Gleason index, GI) of relocated quarter was higher than that of village with 134.93 vs 77.10 (GI:13.83 vs 8.75). The proportion of artificial plant species of relocated quarter was also higher that of village with 89.1% vs 66.9%, while indigenous species, wild species and tree species were on the contrary with 64.4% vs 76.7%,9.1% vs 31.5%,22.2% vs 33.7%, respectively. GI of relocated quarter showed decreasing trend from urban center to suburb on the scale of region; the same trend happened temporally from 1990s to 2000s. Tree species diversity index (SHDI) of relocated quarter was 2.771, in which there was spatially lowest value at the inside of outer-ring meanwhile highest at the outside of outer-ring/inside of suburb-ring. And temporally quarters in 2000s had higher SHDI than quarters in 1990s. We can conclude that relocated quarter should increase the proportions of indigenous and tree species
2. Substantive results of greening structure were found at both relocated quarter and traditional village. The ratio of evergreen and deciduous tree (REDT) of relocated quarter was higher than that of village (1.14 vs 0.75), the same was the REDT of dominant species (3-5:1 vs 1:1-2). Tree height and REDT had negative correlation at 0.01 levels in village. Thus relocated quarter should promote the proportion of deciduous tree. Larger deciduous tree and small evergreen tree form a reasonable community structure.
3. Model analysis was conducted in tree configuration with adjacent buildings. The formula of tree height and building distance could be found under certain conditions:hi=(d-Φ/2-1.5)/(ctg a×cos (3)+ hy+hs+0.9. It could be used to quantify how high a tree between definite buildings. General tree forms (evergreen and deciduous) were quantified with the formula to get optimal largest tree, and model analysis was conducted as well simultaneously. It is concluded that the descending orders of permitted tree height are cylindrical, conical, spherical and inverted conical between the same buildings. And of the same tree shape, its deciduous tree would be higher than its evergreen one. Among the three greening layout models between buildings (road center, greening center, alternative of road center and full greening), the last would be allocable for largest tree.
4. Several theories were tried to put forward for the greening landscape of relocated quarter: "Differentiation greening model" and "Layering greening model with upper deciduous and lower evergreen trees" for the plant species composition of plain and vertical structures; "Both inner multi-center green space and outside shared green space models" for the layout of green space; "Bi-directional landscaping model" for greening space next to housing; "Formula and models of tree configuration to buildings" for quantified preferable tree species and configuration to residential buildings; "Participated two-field system (yard) greening model" (including "Participated greening model", "Two-field system model" and "Yard greening model") for the construction and management of relocated quarter. The theories are interrelated each other into an organic whole.
The main innovations of this paper are to put forward theories of one idea, one formula and six models for relocated quarter. It is expected as directory for the planning, design, construction and management of future farmer's relocated quarter.
本研究以上海为例,实地调查了28个农民动迁安置住区、10个传统村落和1个私家园林样本,对387位动迁农民完成了问卷调查,运用SPSS 13.0软件进行数理统计分析,并对每株树木选取树高、落叶性、方位和间距四因素构成四位数编码以便于数据分析,还运用Auto cad 2005软件和Sketch up 5.0软件构建树与建筑的配置模型以实现量化分析。分别研究了动迁安置住区绿化的基本特征,动迁安置住区在植物种类组成、绿化平面结构和竖向结构等方面的绿化特征及传统住区的比较和启示,进而获得新的理念和模式,并对动迁安置住区的楼旁乔木配置规律以及住区建设与管理模式进行了探索。从而在树种的组成、结构和与住宅楼的搭配、绿地布局及管理机制等方面尝试提出了适于动迁安置住区绿化的理论。
主要研究成果：
1.在植物种类组成方面对动迁安置住区和传统住区获得了系统的认识。动迁安置住区的物种丰富度(Gleason index, GI)大于传统村落,为134.93种vs 77.10种(GI：13.83vs 8.75)；动迁安置住区的人工种植比例也大于传统村落(89.1%vs 66.9%),但本地种、野生种、乔木比例均较小,分别为64.4%vs 76.7%、9.1%vs 31.5%、22.2%vs 33.7%。动迁安置住区GI在区域上从中心城区向郊区呈递减趋势,时间上从1990年代向2000年代也呈递减趋势。动迁安置住区的树种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener diversity index, SHDI)为2.771,其中以外环线以内最低,外环线以外／郊环线以内最高；2000年代住区大于1990年代住区。建议动迁安置住区应当提高本地种和乔木的应用比重。
2.在绿化结构方面对动迁安置住区和传统住区的平面结构和竖向结构有了实证性结果。动迁安置住区的常绿／落叶比大于传统村落(1.14 vs 0.75),优势种常绿／落叶比(3-5)：1也大于传统村落的1：(1-2),；传统住区的树高与常绿／落叶比在0.01水平呈负相关。建议动迁安置住区应当提高落叶树种的应用比例,而且落叶大乔和常绿小乔可构成合理的群落结构。
3.在楼旁乔木搭配方面进行了模型分析,提出在一定条件下可建立树高和建筑间距的关系式hi=(d一Φ/2-1.5)/(ctgα×cosβ)+hy+hs+0.9,为实现在楼旁精准配置乔木提供了依据。把常见四类乔木树型按照常绿树和落叶树分别结合关系式可量化分析,以获取适配的最大乔木,并辅以模型分析。研究认为在同样的楼间,可配置的树高允许值由高到低的树型依次是类圆柱型、类圆锥型、类圆球型和类倒圆锥型,同一树型的落叶树要高于常绿树。比较同一树型在不同绿化布局的楼间配置,认为在三种绿化布局方式(道路居中型、绿地居中型、全绿地与道路居中交替分布型)中以第三种方式最适宜优化配置大乔。
4.探索了适于动迁安置住区绿化的理念和模型、模式,包括实现树种多样化的“差异化绿化模式”、控制树种结构的“上落下绿分层绿化模式”、规划住区绿地空间布局的“内含多中心绿地和外邻共享绿地模式”、设计楼旁绿化空间的“双向型景观营造方式”理念、优化楼旁乔木配置的“楼旁乔木配置关系式和模型”,以及指导住区绿化建设和管理的“参与性两田制(庭院)绿化模式”(含“参与性绿化模式”、“两田制绿化模式”和“庭院绿化模式”)。它们之间相互关联,成为有机整体。
本研究在动迁安置住区绿化环境重构的理论方面进行了有益的探索,尝试提出了1个理念、1个关系式／模型和6种模式,以期对今后的农民动迁安置住区绿化规划设计、建设和管理起到指导和参考作用。
Urbanization and New Countryside are important procedures to realize Chinese urban-rural integration. Moderately concentrating farmer's settlement has become a principle trend of rural urbanization. And most of the land-lost farmers accept relocated quarter as their arrangement form. However, there are still some problems about greening landscape of quarter environment such as negative influences of tree on housing, no seasonal change, plant attracting worms or causing allergy, numerous unfamiliar neophytic species, few hometown landscape, and unreasonable center green space. The problems will affect farmers'safety, healthy, comfort and feasibility, and the greening satisfaction will fall down. It is also helpless to sustainable development. Therefore, we would try to conduct further research on greening idea, model and methods for relocated quarter.
This study took Shanghai as one case to survey 28 relocated quarters,10 traditional villages and one private garden. There were altogether 387 farmers as respondents to finish questionnaires. Then SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze data, and computer model technology (Auto cad 2005 and Sketch up 5.0) was applied to build models between tree and housing. Furthermore, four-digit code was built for one tree with tree height, defoliation, direction and diatance to realize data analysis. Main research contents are:general greening features of relocated quarter; plant species abundance, greening plain structure and vertical structure of relocated quarter and traditional village so as to get new ideas and models; tree configuration next to building; and construction and management of relocated quarter. We tried to put forward theories of plant species composition, greening structure, tree configuration and management for the integrated greening environment of relocated quarter.
The main research results can be concluded as follows:
1. Comprehensive cognition was got of plant species composition of both relocated quarter and traditional village. The plant richness (Gleason index, GI) of relocated quarter was higher than that of village with 134.93 vs 77.10 (GI:13.83 vs 8.75). The proportion of artificial plant species of relocated quarter was also higher that of village with 89.1% vs 66.9%, while indigenous species, wild species and tree species were on the contrary with 64.4% vs 76.7%,9.1% vs 31.5%,22.2% vs 33.7%, respectively. GI of relocated quarter showed decreasing trend from urban center to suburb on the scale of region; the same trend happened temporally from 1990s to 2000s. Tree species diversity index (SHDI) of relocated quarter was 2.771, in which there was spatially lowest value at the inside of outer-ring meanwhile highest at the outside of outer-ring/inside of suburb-ring. And temporally quarters in 2000s had higher SHDI than quarters in 1990s. We can conclude that relocated quarter should increase the proportions of indigenous and tree species
2. Substantive results of greening structure were found at both relocated quarter and traditional village. The ratio of evergreen and deciduous tree (REDT) of relocated quarter was higher than that of village (1.14 vs 0.75), the same was the REDT of dominant species (3-5:1 vs 1:1-2). Tree height and REDT had negative correlation at 0.01 levels in village. Thus relocated quarter should promote the proportion of deciduous tree. Larger deciduous tree and small evergreen tree form a reasonable community structure.
3. Model analysis was conducted in tree configuration with adjacent buildings. The formula of tree height and building distance could be found under certain conditions:hi=(d-Φ/2-1.5)/(ctg a×cos (3)+ hy+hs+0.9. It could be used to quantify how high a tree between definite buildings. General tree forms (evergreen and deciduous) were quantified with the formula to get optimal largest tree, and model analysis was conducted as well simultaneously. It is concluded that the descending orders of permitted tree height are cylindrical, conical, spherical and inverted conical between the same buildings. And of the same tree shape, its deciduous tree would be higher than its evergreen one. Among the three greening layout models between buildings (road center, greening center, alternative of road center and full greening), the last would be allocable for largest tree.
4. Several theories were tried to put forward for the greening landscape of relocated quarter: "Differentiation greening model" and "Layering greening model with upper deciduous and lower evergreen trees" for the plant species composition of plain and vertical structures; "Both inner multi-center green space and outside shared green space models" for the layout of green space; "Bi-directional landscaping model" for greening space next to housing; "Formula and models of tree configuration to buildings" for quantified preferable tree species and configuration to residential buildings; "Participated two-field system (yard) greening model" (including "Participated greening model", "Two-field system model" and "Yard greening model") for the construction and management of relocated quarter. The theories are interrelated each other into an organic whole.
The main innovations of this paper are to put forward theories of one idea, one formula and six models for relocated quarter. It is expected as directory for the planning, design, construction and management of future farmer's relocated quarter.
引文
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