小康高速公路隧道进洞技术研究
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摘要
隧道洞口施工一直是隧道施工的难点。本文以小康高速公路隧道洞口工程为依托,通过洞口施工技术的总结,洞口环境调查,以及实际工程中根据地形、地质条件的不同,所采用的超前支护措施、洞内开挖方法、支护衬砌方案及参数的统计与分析,得出了在不同地形、地质条件下,隧道洞口“零开挖”的最佳进洞施工方法。主要内容有:
(1)对于不良地质条件,洞外要做到“早发现、早排除”,采取的措施主要有清除坡面危石、抗滑桩等;洞内则往往是通过采取超前支护与超前预加固措施,洞内缩短开挖进尺、减少对围岩的扰动,洞内加强支护、及时封闭等综合措施来实现进洞安全。
(2)按照洞口地形条件的不同,可将隧道进洞方法分为以下四类,正交进洞法、斜交进洞法、侧向进洞法及单向进洞法。正交进洞在小康高速公路隧道中采用的主要方法是“护拱法”,斜交进洞采用的方法是“半护拱法”。侧向进洞和单向进洞分别是洞口不具备施工条件,从而选择进洞条件较好的位置开挖进洞,然后反向开挖,变进洞为出洞的施工方法。其中侧向进洞适用于隧道较长,而侧向横洞较短的情况;单向进洞则适用于隧道较短,工期要求不紧的情况。
(3)利用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件模拟了在洞口浅埋、V级围岩支护以及洞内环形开挖留核心土情况下,“护拱法”进洞施工的全过程。模拟结果表明“护拱法”在洞口浅埋情况下,是行之有效的施工方法。
隧道洞口施工安全是和洞口超前支护、洞内开挖与支护紧密相关的,这三个方面密不可分,共同保证了洞口安全。只要合理利用这三个因素,就能创造出很多安全快速进洞的方法。“护拱法”和“半护拱法”正是其中之一,通过加强超前支护,缩短开挖进尺,减少对围岩扰动以及及时支护,加强支护等措施,实现了提前进洞,安全进洞,此方法在山岭隧道洞口施工中具有广泛的适用性。
The constrution of tunnel portal is always difficult. Relying on the tunnel portal constrction of xiaokang freeway, tunnel portal "zero excavation" constrction methods was drawn throuth summary of portal constrction technology, environment investigation and statistics and analysis for advanced support measures, excavation methods and support parameter basing on different topography and geology condition. The contents are as follows.
(1) For bad geological conditions, "early detection, early exclusion" should undertaken outside tunnel and the measures taken mainly include clearing the slope stones、anti-slide pile and so on. Inside tunnel, the measures including strengthening advanced support, reducing excavation progress and disturbance to rock and timely and strengthening support should taken to make sure the tunnel security.
(2) According to topographical conditions, the tunnel constrution measures can be divided into the following four types:orthogonal hole method, oblique hole method, the lateral hole and one-way hole. The main method of orthogonal hole in xiaokang freeway tunnel is "umbrella arch method" and "half umbrella arch method". To avoid bad construction condition, the lateral hole and one-way hole choose better conditon beneficial to constrtion and reverse the constrution sequence. The lateral hole is suitbale for long tunnel with short transverse hole and one-way hole is suitbale for short tunnel with short construction period.
(3) The whole process of construction of "umbrella arch method" was simulated by finite element software MIDAS/GTS in the situation of shallow, V grade surrounding rock support and ring excavation leaving core soil. The simulation was proved that "umbrella arch method" was effective in the shallow condition.
The safety of tunnel portal constrtion was closely raited to advanced support measures, inside excavation methods and support scheme. As long as the rational use of these three factors, we can create a series of security construction methods. "umbrella arch method" and "half umbrella arch method" was succeed by strengthening advanced support, reducing excavation progress and disturbance to rock and timely and strengthening support, so the two metheds has extensive applicability in mountain tunnel portal constrution.
(1)对于不良地质条件,洞外要做到“早发现、早排除”,采取的措施主要有清除坡面危石、抗滑桩等;洞内则往往是通过采取超前支护与超前预加固措施,洞内缩短开挖进尺、减少对围岩的扰动,洞内加强支护、及时封闭等综合措施来实现进洞安全。
(2)按照洞口地形条件的不同,可将隧道进洞方法分为以下四类,正交进洞法、斜交进洞法、侧向进洞法及单向进洞法。正交进洞在小康高速公路隧道中采用的主要方法是“护拱法”,斜交进洞采用的方法是“半护拱法”。侧向进洞和单向进洞分别是洞口不具备施工条件,从而选择进洞条件较好的位置开挖进洞,然后反向开挖,变进洞为出洞的施工方法。其中侧向进洞适用于隧道较长,而侧向横洞较短的情况;单向进洞则适用于隧道较短,工期要求不紧的情况。
(3)利用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件模拟了在洞口浅埋、V级围岩支护以及洞内环形开挖留核心土情况下,“护拱法”进洞施工的全过程。模拟结果表明“护拱法”在洞口浅埋情况下,是行之有效的施工方法。
隧道洞口施工安全是和洞口超前支护、洞内开挖与支护紧密相关的,这三个方面密不可分,共同保证了洞口安全。只要合理利用这三个因素,就能创造出很多安全快速进洞的方法。“护拱法”和“半护拱法”正是其中之一,通过加强超前支护,缩短开挖进尺,减少对围岩扰动以及及时支护,加强支护等措施,实现了提前进洞,安全进洞,此方法在山岭隧道洞口施工中具有广泛的适用性。
The constrution of tunnel portal is always difficult. Relying on the tunnel portal constrction of xiaokang freeway, tunnel portal "zero excavation" constrction methods was drawn throuth summary of portal constrction technology, environment investigation and statistics and analysis for advanced support measures, excavation methods and support parameter basing on different topography and geology condition. The contents are as follows.
(1) For bad geological conditions, "early detection, early exclusion" should undertaken outside tunnel and the measures taken mainly include clearing the slope stones、anti-slide pile and so on. Inside tunnel, the measures including strengthening advanced support, reducing excavation progress and disturbance to rock and timely and strengthening support should taken to make sure the tunnel security.
(2) According to topographical conditions, the tunnel constrution measures can be divided into the following four types:orthogonal hole method, oblique hole method, the lateral hole and one-way hole. The main method of orthogonal hole in xiaokang freeway tunnel is "umbrella arch method" and "half umbrella arch method". To avoid bad construction condition, the lateral hole and one-way hole choose better conditon beneficial to constrtion and reverse the constrution sequence. The lateral hole is suitbale for long tunnel with short transverse hole and one-way hole is suitbale for short tunnel with short construction period.
(3) The whole process of construction of "umbrella arch method" was simulated by finite element software MIDAS/GTS in the situation of shallow, V grade surrounding rock support and ring excavation leaving core soil. The simulation was proved that "umbrella arch method" was effective in the shallow condition.
The safety of tunnel portal constrtion was closely raited to advanced support measures, inside excavation methods and support scheme. As long as the rational use of these three factors, we can create a series of security construction methods. "umbrella arch method" and "half umbrella arch method" was succeed by strengthening advanced support, reducing excavation progress and disturbance to rock and timely and strengthening support, so the two metheds has extensive applicability in mountain tunnel portal constrution.
引文
[1]钟桂彤.铁路隧道[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1990:18-19
[2]胡平,陈超.贯彻环保理念努力实现隧道进洞施工“零开挖”[J].隧道建设,2007,27(4):23-25
[3]贺永年,刘志强.隧道工程[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2002
[4]胡壮志,蒋树屏.环保型进洞方法——前置洞口法[J].公路交通技术,2005,(3):142-145
[5]黄伦海,蒋树屏.公路隧道洞口环保型设计施工现状及展望[J].地下空间与工程学报,2005:1(3)455-459
[6]王永安,蒋树屏.公路隧道环保型洞口工法设计与施工[J].中南公路工程,2006:31(1)145-148
[7]蒋树屏,王永安.公路隧道前置式洞口工法与工程实践[C].江苏宁淮高速公路老山隧道环保型建设技术暨大跨径隧道建设技术学术研讨会论文集,人民交通出版社,2006:7-12
[8]王梦恕.重申隧道设计、施工的基本原则[J].铁道工程学报,2007:77-81
[9](JTJ D70-2004)公路隧道设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:10-80
[10]郑杰.山岭公路隧道洞口段的施工方法[J].山西建筑,2004,30(5):117-118
[11]于书翰,杜谟远.隧道施工[M].人民交通出版社,2001.05
[12]杨林德,潘洪科.复杂工程地质条件下公路隧道开挖及其监控量测[J].中南公路工程,2006.06
[13]马俊举.七步开挖法在西华岭隧道洞口段施工中的应用[J].山西建筑,2006,32(1):288-289
[14]王毅才.隧道工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000:128-156
[15]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003:287-289
[16]郭嘉陵,李财.山岭隧道进洞施工方案浅析[J].铁道建筑,2004:32-34
[17]李希胜,赵尘.傍山公路隧道棚洞设计与施工[J].森林工程,2005,21(6):23-24
[18]穆国华,班树春.隧道施工中几种典型洞口成洞方式的探讨[J].吉林水利,2005.06
[19]钱东升.公路隧道施工技术[M].人民交通出版社,2003.07
[20]刘祖典,党发宁.土的弹塑性理论基础[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,2002:244-245
[21]黄成光.公路隧道施工[M].北京:人民出版社,2001
[22]雷升祥,冯涛.彭水隧道洞口段不良地质及灾害防治[J].铁道标准设计,2003:62-66
[23]蒋树屏,刘元雪,黄伦海等.环保型傍山隧道结构研究[J].中国公路学报,2006,19(1):80-83
[24]胡平,陈超.包(头)茂(名)高速公路小河至安康段隧道进洞“零开挖”施工[J].公路隧道,2007:45-46
[25]熊四华,范草原.山岭公路隧道进洞施工方案浅析[J].重庆交通学院学报,2003,22(4):14-16
[26]穆建廷.雁门关隧道进口施工技术[J].铁道标准设计,2003(12):27-29
[27]公路隧道施工技术规范(JTJ042-94)[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1994
[28]王建华.浅埋隧道洞口段施工技术[J].现代交通技术,2007,4(2):62-65
[29]Bartholomen,C.L.B.C.Murray,and D.L.Goins,Embankment Dam Instrumentation Manual,U.S.Department of the Interior,Bareau of Reclamation,Denver,CO 1987
[30]赵玉成,王宁,高桂凤.河口隧道破碎地层洞口段施工技术研究[J].铁道建筑,2005(11):37-39
[31]卓国平.隧道洞口施工技术研究和原理分析[D].成都:西南交通大学,2003:15-20
[32]夏永旭,王永东.隧道结构力学计算[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:4-5
[33]钟善桐.钢管混凝土统一理论:研究与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006:34-35
[34]潘昌实.隧道力学数值方法[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1995:3-29
[35]李围.隧道及地下工程ANSYS实例分析[M].北京:水利水电出版社,2008:55-60
[36]李强,欧阳院平,王明年.软弱围岩洞口段超前支护的三维数值分析[J].2005:32-34
[37]沈明荣.岩体力学[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2004:131-135
[38]北京迈达斯技术有限责任公司.MIDAS理论指南[Z].2005:24-28
[39]M.K.Ko-ckar,H.Akgun.Methodology for tunnel and portal support design in mixed limestone,schist and phyllite conditions:a case study in Turkey.International Journal of Rock Mechanics &Mining Sciences.2003,:173-196.
[40]ADAC.Europe:Safety in Road TunnelsADAC[J].Tunnel,1999.5
[41]姜勇.复杂地质条件下隧道洞口段的施工[J].铁道建筑技术,2004(3):24-26
[42]交通部公路司.新理念公路设计指南[M].2005:154-172
[43]范建海,付正飞等.云岭隧道进口滑坡体稳定性分析与处治[J].隧道建设,2006, 26(5):43-46
[44]曹立峰.尖山子隧道洞口施工技术[J].公路交通技术,2004,8(4):91-93
[45]张俊儒,仇文革.正削式隧道门围岩和衬砌应力计算及设计方法研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(11):2072-2075
[46]高新强,仇文革.新型铁路隧道门洞口段结构受力特征现场试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(12):2155-2159
[47]李强,王明年,林国进.铜锣山隧道新型洞门结构计算[J].公路,2005(2):160-165
[48]石宗峰.龙潭隧道右线出洞口开挖与支护数值模拟[J].土工基础,2005,19(4):48-50
[2]胡平,陈超.贯彻环保理念努力实现隧道进洞施工“零开挖”[J].隧道建设,2007,27(4):23-25
[3]贺永年,刘志强.隧道工程[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2002
[4]胡壮志,蒋树屏.环保型进洞方法——前置洞口法[J].公路交通技术,2005,(3):142-145
[5]黄伦海,蒋树屏.公路隧道洞口环保型设计施工现状及展望[J].地下空间与工程学报,2005:1(3)455-459
[6]王永安,蒋树屏.公路隧道环保型洞口工法设计与施工[J].中南公路工程,2006:31(1)145-148
[7]蒋树屏,王永安.公路隧道前置式洞口工法与工程实践[C].江苏宁淮高速公路老山隧道环保型建设技术暨大跨径隧道建设技术学术研讨会论文集,人民交通出版社,2006:7-12
[8]王梦恕.重申隧道设计、施工的基本原则[J].铁道工程学报,2007:77-81
[9](JTJ D70-2004)公路隧道设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:10-80
[10]郑杰.山岭公路隧道洞口段的施工方法[J].山西建筑,2004,30(5):117-118
[11]于书翰,杜谟远.隧道施工[M].人民交通出版社,2001.05
[12]杨林德,潘洪科.复杂工程地质条件下公路隧道开挖及其监控量测[J].中南公路工程,2006.06
[13]马俊举.七步开挖法在西华岭隧道洞口段施工中的应用[J].山西建筑,2006,32(1):288-289
[14]王毅才.隧道工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000:128-156
[15]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003:287-289
[16]郭嘉陵,李财.山岭隧道进洞施工方案浅析[J].铁道建筑,2004:32-34
[17]李希胜,赵尘.傍山公路隧道棚洞设计与施工[J].森林工程,2005,21(6):23-24
[18]穆国华,班树春.隧道施工中几种典型洞口成洞方式的探讨[J].吉林水利,2005.06
[19]钱东升.公路隧道施工技术[M].人民交通出版社,2003.07
[20]刘祖典,党发宁.土的弹塑性理论基础[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,2002:244-245
[21]黄成光.公路隧道施工[M].北京:人民出版社,2001
[22]雷升祥,冯涛.彭水隧道洞口段不良地质及灾害防治[J].铁道标准设计,2003:62-66
[23]蒋树屏,刘元雪,黄伦海等.环保型傍山隧道结构研究[J].中国公路学报,2006,19(1):80-83
[24]胡平,陈超.包(头)茂(名)高速公路小河至安康段隧道进洞“零开挖”施工[J].公路隧道,2007:45-46
[25]熊四华,范草原.山岭公路隧道进洞施工方案浅析[J].重庆交通学院学报,2003,22(4):14-16
[26]穆建廷.雁门关隧道进口施工技术[J].铁道标准设计,2003(12):27-29
[27]公路隧道施工技术规范(JTJ042-94)[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1994
[28]王建华.浅埋隧道洞口段施工技术[J].现代交通技术,2007,4(2):62-65
[29]Bartholomen,C.L.B.C.Murray,and D.L.Goins,Embankment Dam Instrumentation Manual,U.S.Department of the Interior,Bareau of Reclamation,Denver,CO 1987
[30]赵玉成,王宁,高桂凤.河口隧道破碎地层洞口段施工技术研究[J].铁道建筑,2005(11):37-39
[31]卓国平.隧道洞口施工技术研究和原理分析[D].成都:西南交通大学,2003:15-20
[32]夏永旭,王永东.隧道结构力学计算[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:4-5
[33]钟善桐.钢管混凝土统一理论:研究与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006:34-35
[34]潘昌实.隧道力学数值方法[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1995:3-29
[35]李围.隧道及地下工程ANSYS实例分析[M].北京:水利水电出版社,2008:55-60
[36]李强,欧阳院平,王明年.软弱围岩洞口段超前支护的三维数值分析[J].2005:32-34
[37]沈明荣.岩体力学[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2004:131-135
[38]北京迈达斯技术有限责任公司.MIDAS理论指南[Z].2005:24-28
[39]M.K.Ko-ckar,H.Akgun.Methodology for tunnel and portal support design in mixed limestone,schist and phyllite conditions:a case study in Turkey.International Journal of Rock Mechanics &Mining Sciences.2003,:173-196.
[40]ADAC.Europe:Safety in Road TunnelsADAC[J].Tunnel,1999.5
[41]姜勇.复杂地质条件下隧道洞口段的施工[J].铁道建筑技术,2004(3):24-26
[42]交通部公路司.新理念公路设计指南[M].2005:154-172
[43]范建海,付正飞等.云岭隧道进口滑坡体稳定性分析与处治[J].隧道建设,2006, 26(5):43-46
[44]曹立峰.尖山子隧道洞口施工技术[J].公路交通技术,2004,8(4):91-93
[45]张俊儒,仇文革.正削式隧道门围岩和衬砌应力计算及设计方法研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(11):2072-2075
[46]高新强,仇文革.新型铁路隧道门洞口段结构受力特征现场试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(12):2155-2159
[47]李强,王明年,林国进.铜锣山隧道新型洞门结构计算[J].公路,2005(2):160-165
[48]石宗峰.龙潭隧道右线出洞口开挖与支护数值模拟[J].土工基础,2005,19(4):48-50