面向供应链物流绩效的供需协调问题研究
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摘要
物流绩效是供应链整体绩效和竞争力的主要组成部分,而供需协调是供应链运作的核心内容和重要机制,对供应链物流绩效有重要影响。本文从面向供应链物流绩效的供需协调问题着手,结合实际问题进行了建模、分析,论证了供需协调策略对企业营运及物流绩效的影响,提出了物流能力约束下的供需协调策略,以及从供应链优化出发的节点物流能力规划、扩张协调策略。本文取得了预期的研究成果,主要创新性研究工作及其研究结论总结如下。
建立了基于收货时间约束的供应链节点物流能力与客户服务水平之间的定量关系。基于对决定节点物流量的瓶颈因素的分析,提出了在延迟作业数最少时,延迟作业量最小的瓶颈工序作业排序的启发式方法,通过对启发式方法的扩展,提出了计算保证所有订单能够按时配装的瓶颈设施最小必需额定能力的定量方法。
提出了运输能力柔性约束下的供应链批量协调策略。在运输能力柔性约束下,建立了供应链中供需双方在分散决策和集中决策情形下的最佳批量模型,研究表明:当生产商负责产品运输时,运输能力柔性越强,生产商的最佳生产批量越小,与批发商要求的短周期、多批次、小批量的订货越接近;并提出了在供应链分散决策情形下,改让批发商负责产品运输的批量协调策略;算例分析显示,当运输能力柔性较强时,数量折扣优于改由批发商负责产品运输的供需协调策略,但当运输能力柔性缺乏柔性时,后者优于前者。
分析了Hockey-stick现象对企业营运及物流绩效的影响,论证了造成这种现象的根源是企业广泛使用的总量折扣(Volume discounts)政策。通过对某国际著名食品公司在大陆某生产厂的深入调研、数据收集和分析,研究后发现Hockey-stick现象是造成公司需求波动的主要原因,该现象对公司的仓储、运输等方面的物流绩效有显著不利的影响。通过建立数学模型和案例分析,论证了造成Hockey-stick现象的根源是公司普遍对其经销商提供的基于一定期间累计总订货量的价格折扣(Volume discounts)政策,公司可以通过多产品组合定价、延长或缩短考核周期、对经销商采用不同的考核周期、降低提供返利的最低数量、按经销商的实际销量提供返利等方法缓和或消除这种现象。
提出了从供应链整体优化出发的下游物流能力扩张(或建设)协调策略。从供应链的角度,研究了服务或MTO制造企业向客户承诺的交货提前期、定价和能力扩张联合决策问题。研究表明,供应商可以运用降低产品转让价格、对零售商物流能力的建设投资实行补贴或与零售商共享增量利润等策略,激励零售商扩张物流能力,从而使供应链整体绩效更优。
The logistics performance is the main component of supply chain performance which has decisive influence upon supply chain competitiveness. The buyer-vendor coordination is the key mechanism of supply chain management, which can affect logistics performance. Thus, the problem of vender-buyer coordination for supply chain logistics performance is researched in this dissertation. The main contents could be summarized as follows.
The quantization relationship between logistics capacity of supply chain node and level of customer service has constructed. In the case of constraint of due date of delivery, the maximum circulation quantity of node which has key influence upon the level of customer service is generally restricted to the capacity of bottleneck facility. A sequencing algorithm for both minimizing the number of late jobs and reducing tardiness quantity to the greatest extent is put forward. Finally, a method is extended to calculate the required capacity of bottleneck facility to achieve the perfect full rate of order.
Based on constraint of transport capacity, the buyer-vendor coordination tactic is presented. Considering the freight cost of unit product is sensitive to order quantity and the manufacturer undertakes products transportation, the optimal lot size models in decentralized decision and centralized decision are presented. The analytical result shows that the more flexible the transport capacity is, the smaller the optimal production lot size is, which is consistent with short order lead time and small order quantity that claimed by the wholesaler. Then, the tactic of order lot size coordination based on other party in the supply chain for undertaking products transportation is put forward. Finally, the numerical analysis shows that under decentralized decision situation, when the transport capacity is more rigid, the quantity discount policy is superior to the tactic of replacing the manufacturer by the wholesaler to undertake products transportation. However, when the transport capacity is more flexible, the case is the opposition.
Hockey-stick phenomenon prevails in supply chains and has many negative impacts on logistics and production operation of companies. Through statistic analysis of the data collected from the factory of an international notable food company which locates in mainland China, the effect of hockey-stick phenomenon on demand fluctuation and logistics performance of the factory is validated. A model is proposed to prove that the reason for the phenomenon is the price policy of volume discounts, which is popularly employed in industry. Then, the methods such as multiple products compounding pricing policy are proposed to mitigate the problem. Finally, our model and methods are validated by a case study.
The coordination tactic of downstream logistics capacity expansion in supply chain is put forward. A mathematical framework is proposed to understand the interrelations among delivery time guarantee, pricing and order processing capacity of the retailer. The model and numerical analysis illustrate that the demand is higher and the retailer needs greater order processing capacity under the integrated decision situation than under the decentralized decision situation. The supplier could facilitate the retailer to add the order processing capacity and to achieve the best supply chain performance through reducing tranfer price, sharing in the investment cost of logistics capacity of the retailer or returning part profit increment of itself to the retailer.
建立了基于收货时间约束的供应链节点物流能力与客户服务水平之间的定量关系。基于对决定节点物流量的瓶颈因素的分析,提出了在延迟作业数最少时,延迟作业量最小的瓶颈工序作业排序的启发式方法,通过对启发式方法的扩展,提出了计算保证所有订单能够按时配装的瓶颈设施最小必需额定能力的定量方法。
提出了运输能力柔性约束下的供应链批量协调策略。在运输能力柔性约束下,建立了供应链中供需双方在分散决策和集中决策情形下的最佳批量模型,研究表明:当生产商负责产品运输时,运输能力柔性越强,生产商的最佳生产批量越小,与批发商要求的短周期、多批次、小批量的订货越接近;并提出了在供应链分散决策情形下,改让批发商负责产品运输的批量协调策略;算例分析显示,当运输能力柔性较强时,数量折扣优于改由批发商负责产品运输的供需协调策略,但当运输能力柔性缺乏柔性时,后者优于前者。
分析了Hockey-stick现象对企业营运及物流绩效的影响,论证了造成这种现象的根源是企业广泛使用的总量折扣(Volume discounts)政策。通过对某国际著名食品公司在大陆某生产厂的深入调研、数据收集和分析,研究后发现Hockey-stick现象是造成公司需求波动的主要原因,该现象对公司的仓储、运输等方面的物流绩效有显著不利的影响。通过建立数学模型和案例分析,论证了造成Hockey-stick现象的根源是公司普遍对其经销商提供的基于一定期间累计总订货量的价格折扣(Volume discounts)政策,公司可以通过多产品组合定价、延长或缩短考核周期、对经销商采用不同的考核周期、降低提供返利的最低数量、按经销商的实际销量提供返利等方法缓和或消除这种现象。
提出了从供应链整体优化出发的下游物流能力扩张(或建设)协调策略。从供应链的角度,研究了服务或MTO制造企业向客户承诺的交货提前期、定价和能力扩张联合决策问题。研究表明,供应商可以运用降低产品转让价格、对零售商物流能力的建设投资实行补贴或与零售商共享增量利润等策略,激励零售商扩张物流能力,从而使供应链整体绩效更优。
The logistics performance is the main component of supply chain performance which has decisive influence upon supply chain competitiveness. The buyer-vendor coordination is the key mechanism of supply chain management, which can affect logistics performance. Thus, the problem of vender-buyer coordination for supply chain logistics performance is researched in this dissertation. The main contents could be summarized as follows.
The quantization relationship between logistics capacity of supply chain node and level of customer service has constructed. In the case of constraint of due date of delivery, the maximum circulation quantity of node which has key influence upon the level of customer service is generally restricted to the capacity of bottleneck facility. A sequencing algorithm for both minimizing the number of late jobs and reducing tardiness quantity to the greatest extent is put forward. Finally, a method is extended to calculate the required capacity of bottleneck facility to achieve the perfect full rate of order.
Based on constraint of transport capacity, the buyer-vendor coordination tactic is presented. Considering the freight cost of unit product is sensitive to order quantity and the manufacturer undertakes products transportation, the optimal lot size models in decentralized decision and centralized decision are presented. The analytical result shows that the more flexible the transport capacity is, the smaller the optimal production lot size is, which is consistent with short order lead time and small order quantity that claimed by the wholesaler. Then, the tactic of order lot size coordination based on other party in the supply chain for undertaking products transportation is put forward. Finally, the numerical analysis shows that under decentralized decision situation, when the transport capacity is more rigid, the quantity discount policy is superior to the tactic of replacing the manufacturer by the wholesaler to undertake products transportation. However, when the transport capacity is more flexible, the case is the opposition.
Hockey-stick phenomenon prevails in supply chains and has many negative impacts on logistics and production operation of companies. Through statistic analysis of the data collected from the factory of an international notable food company which locates in mainland China, the effect of hockey-stick phenomenon on demand fluctuation and logistics performance of the factory is validated. A model is proposed to prove that the reason for the phenomenon is the price policy of volume discounts, which is popularly employed in industry. Then, the methods such as multiple products compounding pricing policy are proposed to mitigate the problem. Finally, our model and methods are validated by a case study.
The coordination tactic of downstream logistics capacity expansion in supply chain is put forward. A mathematical framework is proposed to understand the interrelations among delivery time guarantee, pricing and order processing capacity of the retailer. The model and numerical analysis illustrate that the demand is higher and the retailer needs greater order processing capacity under the integrated decision situation than under the decentralized decision situation. The supplier could facilitate the retailer to add the order processing capacity and to achieve the best supply chain performance through reducing tranfer price, sharing in the investment cost of logistics capacity of the retailer or returning part profit increment of itself to the retailer.
引文
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