旅游产业化水平测度研究
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摘要
随着旅游业在世界范围内的迅猛发展,旅游业在促进就业、拉动经济上的作用更加显著,旅游业发展的程度成为一个国家和地区现代化、开放化、国际化水平的重要标志,各级政府开始将注意力转移到积极发挥旅游业的产业带动功能、大力提升旅游产业化水平上来,意味着旅游的问题己不仅是个人为追求享乐而进行的一项活动,旅游业不仅是一项事业,而是关联带动一大批行业、具有市场竞争性质的产业。
尽管现实中旅游产业已经是实实在在存在的产业,但旅游产业的概念和范围在理论上并未得到解决,旅游业的产业性质并不能清晰地被认识,这为评价旅游产业对社会经济的贡献、明确旅游产业在国民经济中的地位带来困难,旅游产业化水平的测度是一个在理论上尚未解决但在实际应用中非常重要的问题。本文旅游产业化水平的测度需要解决两个问题,一是在对旅游基本概念梳理和总结的基础上,对旅游产业的概念和范围进行界定,明确旅游产业所包含的内容；二是在旅游产业范围确立的基本前提下,从产业化的内涵和特征出发,提出测度旅游产业化水平的方法和模型,并运用这一方法模型,对湖北省旅游产业化水平进行实证研究。这两个问题的研究对旅游产业的发展及政府制定相关政策起到至关重要的作用。
本文首先总结了旅游产业化水平测度的研究进展和理论基础。旅游产业是旅游与产业融合而形成的概念,是在旅游活动不断发展的状态下,并由初级向高级演变形成的一种新的业态。“旅游”一词并非与生俱来,它是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物,早期旅游仅仅是少数人为娱乐、消遣、游戏而进行的一种活动,旅游被视为一种社会现象,是旅游者的活动。旅游业则不同,旅游业是为旅游者的旅游活动提供产品和服务的行业,随着旅游活动的大众化,旅游业由早期的仅由旅行社构成的行业逐渐发展为涉及多层次、多领域的产业的形式。但是,学术界关于旅游业的产业性质并没有形成一致的认识,原因在于,旅游的概念和特点决定了旅游产业不同于一般意义上的产业,传统的旅游、旅游业的定义都是从需求的角度出发,而产业则是从供给的角度定义的,即只要是生产相同或相似产品的企业,都可以构成一个产业,产业的边界很容易确定。而对于旅游产业而言,如果从供给的角度来看,那些生产旅游产品的企业同时也生产非旅游产品,即那些为旅游者提供产品和服务的企业同时也为非旅游者服务,很难确定这些企业是否为旅游企业,旅游产业的边界难以确定。因此,从这点来看,旅游产业不是严格意义上的产业的概念。本章在对旅游和旅游业的概念辨析的基础上,提出旅游业仍然可以构成一项产业,因为,按照传统产业的定义,旅游产业也提供旅游产品,只不过这种产品是由旅行社、景区、饭店等企业共同生产的一种组合型产品,旅游产品的生产环节也不同于传统产业,但这并不能否认旅游业的产业性质；旅游产业具有投入产出功能,且这种投入产出涉及到与旅游活动相关的许多产业,旅游产业与诸多产业有着密切的产业关联。因此,旅游业是一项产业,但旅游业并不等同于旅游产业,按照旅游卫星账户中的定义,旅游业是从需求角度出发,指的是所有与旅游消费直接相关的部分；旅游产业是从供给角度出发,仅仅包括与旅游活动密切相关的企业,不管这些企业提供的产品是否全部是旅游产品。从这点来看,旅游产业更符合传统产业的内涵。承认旅游业是一项产业,那么就不能否认旅游产业化发展的意义,旅游产业化是旅游产业各部门有效集成的实现,旅游产业各部门之间形成密切程度高、协同性强、关联度大的发展模式,实现将部门的资源优势、环境优势、管理优势转化为产业优势,从而提升旅游产业的整体规模和竞争力。旅游产业化水平不仅与旅游产业整体对国民经济的贡献密切相关,还与旅游产业对国民经济其它产业的关联带动功能,以及旅游产业各部门的发展规模和协同性相关联。为了阐述旅游产业内部各产业之间的需求与供给关联以及旅游产业与国民经济其它产业的技术经济联系,本章还对产业关联理论以及需求与供给理论进行了讨论。产业关联是指国民经济各部门在社会再生产过程中所形成的直接和间接的相互依存、相互制约的技术经济联系,旅游产业关联影响是反映旅游产业化水平的一项重要内容,旅游产业关联影响分析主要是用定量的方法来分析旅游产业与上下游产业之间的供给和需求的相互影响,为制定产业政策、确立产业发展方向提供借鉴。产业关联影响分析的重要工具是投入产出表,利用投入产出表可以清楚地计量某个产业被用于其它产业的生产过程中被消耗的价值,也可以计量其它产业被用于该产业生产所消耗的价值。由于旅游产业关联影响分析涉及到旅游产业内部各部门以及旅游产业与其它产业之间的需求和供给的影响,因此有必要对旅游需求和旅游供给的理论进行梳理,旅游需求表现为旅游者对旅游产品的多个方面的需求,旅游供给则表现为针对旅游者需求而提供的旅游产品,可以分为基本旅游供给和辅助旅游供给。在测度旅游产业化水平时,反映旅游需求的指标主要是旅游消费,反映旅游供给的指标主要是产业的产出,旅游产业化水平的测度需要同时考虑供给和需求两个方面,才能既满足旅游产业自身的特点,且与国民经济其它产业具有可比性。
旅游产业化水平测度的关键是方法的选择,其直接决定着测度结果的真实性。但是目前关于旅游产业化水平测度的研究仍然处于探索阶段,产业化是一个动态的、变化的过程,其内涵具有综合性、复杂性的特点。产业化水平体现着产业发展的阶段水平、产业的高度化和集约化水平,因此,基于产业化的内涵和特征,本文第四章重点提出了旅游产业化水平的测度模型与方法,旅游产业化水平的测度模型与方法分为三步：首先,提出旅游产业界定的方法,根据《旅游卫星账户：建议的方法框架》提出的旅游产业的划分标准,旅游产业的范围仅仅是按照与旅游活动的密切程度来划分的,而实际中很难确定这种密切程度的大小,即旅游卫星账户中的划分标准是概念性的,对旅游特定产业与非旅游特定产业、旅游特征产业与旅游相关产业之间的界限并不清晰。本文基于此,提出了旅游产业范围划分的技术性界定方法,采用旅游卫星账户中的旅游供给比例这个指标,提出旅游特定产业与非旅游特定产业、旅游特征产业与旅游相关产业的界定标准,并进一步对旅游特征产业进行细分,提出旅游产业核心部门和旅游产业基础部门的概念和范围。其次,提出旅游产业各部门对国民经济贡献的测度模型与方法,该方法是测度旅游产业化水平的一个重要方面。运用投入产出和乘数分析方法测度旅游产业各部门对国民经济的贡献,不仅可以体现旅游产业各部门的发展规模水平,还可以体现出旅游产业各部门之间的关联度和优化程度水平,以及旅游产业对国民经济其它产业的关联带动性。再次,提出旅游产业整体对国民经济贡献的测度模型与方法,该方法要体现出旅游产业的整体发展规模和水平,利用计量经济理论中的协整模型测度旅游产业与国民经济的长期均衡关系,可以反映出旅游产业在相当长的时期内对国民经济的影响,是一种动态的、长期的表现。因此,本章对旅游产业化水平的测度模型和方法是基于两个方面,即一方面是通过测度旅游产业各部门对国民经济的贡献体现旅游产业各部门的规模水平、协同性以及产业之间的关联带动性,另一方面是通过测度旅游产业整体在长期内对国民经济的贡献体现出旅游产业的规模效益,通过上述方法和模型得到旅游产业化的综合水平。
在提出旅游产业的界定方法、旅游产业化水平测度的模型与方法的基础上,本文第五章以湖北省为例,对湖北省旅游产业化水平的测度进行实证研究。以湖北省投入产出表为基础,将湖北省统计数据中的旅游收入部分视为产出,按照前文对旅游产业的界定方法,得到湖北省旅游产业的界定结果包括8个大类16个部门,这8个大类分别为长途交通运输服务(包括铁路、公路、水路和航空)、住宿服务、餐饮服务、景区游览、旅行社、娱乐服务、购物和市内交通等产业。其中旅行社和景区游览为旅游产业核心部门,表明这两个部门是完全依赖旅游活动而生存和发展的产业。通过利用投入产出——乘数分析方法和计量经济学分析方法对湖北省旅游产业化水平测度发现,湖北省旅游产业化处于较低的水平,主要表现在：旅游产业各部门对国民经济贡献小,部门发展不协调,产业结构有待优化；旅游产业整体发展水平不高,对地区经济的长期推动作用不明显。因此,湖北省应进一步促进旅游产业发展方式由粗放型向集约型转变,促进资源要素的合理配置,调整旅游产业结构使旅游产业结构向着高度化、合理化的方向发展,提高部门生产效率。
旅游产业化发展水平对政府制定旅游产业的相关政策起着关键性的作用,并影响着旅游产业在未来的发展方向,因此,有必要针对旅游产业化发展存在的一些问题提出对策建议。本文第六章在对湖北省旅游产业化水平测度的实证研究基础上,从国家层面的角度提出基于旅游产业化水平测度的旅游统计制度保障和提升旅游产业化水平的相关对策。目前我国旅游统计制度存在着一定的缺陷,主要表现在：对旅游相关概念界定不清晰,调查手段单一、样本量少,旅游统计欠缺先进的统计技术和分析方法,旅游调查统计未与国际权威机构认定的旅游卫星账户衔接。因此,为全面提升旅游统计数据的质量,保证旅游产业核算内容的真实性,我国旅游统计制度应实行系统全面的改革,应进一步明确旅游统计概念体系,完善旅游统计指标体系,并进一步改善旅游统计调查方法。通过对湖北省旅游产业化水平的测度研究,发现影响旅游产业化水平的因素主要表现在内外两个方面,即旅游产业内部各部门的发展水平和协同性以及旅游产业的整体发展水平和关联带动性,前者决定了旅游产业的资源利用效率和专业化、集约化程度,后者决定了旅游产业的规模效益。因此,全面提升旅游产业化水平应注重提升旅游产业的整体水平,并通过促进旅游产业结构协调化、提高旅游产业结构集中度、推进旅游产业结构高度化等具体措施来实现旅游产业组织结构的优化。
文章的第七章在对全文的内容和基本观点进行总结的基础上,提出了文章存在的不足,并对今后的研究进行了展望。由于目前我国旅游统计制度中旅游消费数据不完善,因而旅游产出数据获取不足,这对本文旅游产业的界定和产业化水平的测度结果产生影响。本研究的另一不足是关于湖北省旅游产业化水平的测度没有采用区域比较,因此,对湖北省旅游产业化水平的判断仅仅是对其绝对水平的判断而非相对水平。在今后的研究中,本文需要在以下三个方面进一步完善和深化：首先,进一步深化完善理论与方法体系,对旅游业是否能构成一项产业的理论进行深入分析,对旅游产业化水平测度的方法的应用进一步完善；其次,进一步拓展理论研究内容,从产业组织的角度,对旅游产业各部门之间的影响机制、产业结构的时空演变问题进行更加深入细致的探讨；第三,进一步开展不同区域比较研究,结合计量学方法,对不同地区的旅游产业化水平进行比较分析,进而提出产业发展水平的空间差异并有针对性地提出对策建议。
With the rapid development of the tourism worldwide, the role of tourism in promoting employment, stimulating economic is becoming even more significant. The development on tourism is an important symbol of a national and regional modernization, opening and the internationalization. Governments at all levels begin to divert attention to actively play a function of tourism industry on driving others, and vigorously promote the level of tourism industrialization, which means tourism has been not only an activity carried out by the individual for a pursuit of pleasure and also not an undertaking, but an industry with a market competitive nature, and associating and driving a large number of industries.
Although the tourism has been really an industry in reality there, but the concept and scope of which have not be solved in theory. The nature of the tourism industry is not clearly known, which brings about a difficulty to evaluate the socio-economic contribution and clear the status of tourism industry in the national economy. The measure of the industrialization level of tourism is an issue that yet to be resolved in theory but very important in the practical application. In this paper, the measure of the tourism industrialization level needs to solve two problems. First, on the basis of collating and summarizing the basic concepts, define the concept and scope of the tourism industry, clear the contents included in it. Second, under the premise of the established basic scope, starting from the connotation and characteristics of industrialization, the paper proposes methods and models to measure the industrialization level of tourism, and using of the model and the method in empirical research of Hubei Province. Research on these two issues will play a crucial role in the development of tourism industry and government to develop policy.
This paper firstly summarizes the research progress and theoretical basis of the measure of the tourism industrialization level. The tourism industry is a concept formed of an integration of tourism and industry. It is a new format formed by primary to senior evolution in a state of continuous development of tourism activities. The word "tourism" is not innately, it is a product of social productive forces to a certain stage. Early travel is only an activity of a few persons for entertainment, recreation and games. Therefore, travel is seen as a social phenomenon and an activity for tourists. Tourism is different, which is an industry that provides products and services for tourists. With the popularity of tourism activities, the tourism is becoming an industry which involves multi-level, multi-domain from that only constituted by the travel agency. Academia has not reach an agreement about the nature of tourism industry, and the reason is that tourism industry determined by the concept and the characteristics of tourism activity is different from the general industry. The traditional definition of the travel and tourism is from the perspective of demand, while the industry is defined from the perspective of supply, meaning that an industry can be constituted as long as the enterprises produce the same or similar products. It is easy to determine the boundaries of an estate. For the tourism industry, those enterprises, from the point of view of supply, who procuce tourism products also procuce non-tourism products, in other words, those enterprises provide products and services for tourists and also for non-tourists. It is difficult to determine whether these enterprises are tourism enterprises. The boundary of the tourism industry is difficult to determine as well. Therefore, from this point of view, the tourism industry is not the strict sense of the concept of industry. By discriminating the concept of travel and tourism, this paper proposed tourism can still be an industry, because, in accordance with the definition of the traditional industries, the tourism industry also provides tourist products just that such a product is a combined product that produced by travel agencies, scenic, hotels and other enterprises. The production process of tourism product is different from the traditional industries, but this can not deny that tourism is a industry. Tourism industry has input and output function, and the input-output relates to many industries, tourism industry has closely associated with the other industries. Therefore, tourism is an industry. But tourism is not the same as in the tourism industry. As defined in the Tourism Satellite Account, tourism is from the perspective of demand, is all that directly related to tourism consumption. Tourism industry is from the perspective of supply, only including those enterprises closely related to tourism activities, regardless of whether these provided products are all tourism products. From this point of view, the tourism industry more in line with the connotation of the traditional industries. Recognition of tourism as an industry, then it can not be denied the significance of tourism industry development. The tourism industrialization means a type of effective integration that various sectors of the tourism industry to achieve, and means that a model of high related, a high degree of synergy will be formed. It seems that the advantages of the department's resources, environment and management strengths will change into industrial advantages, so as to enhance the size and competitiveness of the tourism industry as a whole. The tourism industrialization level is not only associated with the level of the tourism industry as a whole, but also related with the structure and the scale of the industry. To elaborate the association of demand and supply within tourism industry and technical economic ties between tourism industry and other industries of the national economy, this paper also discussed the industry association theory and the demand and supply theory. The industry association is the technical economic ties of national economic sectors directly and indirectly interdependence and mutual restraint in the process of social reproduction, which is an important content to reflect the industrialization level of tourism. The tourism industry association analysis is to use a quantitative method to analyze the interaction between supply and demand in the tourism industry and the upstream and downstream industries, providng a reference for formulating industrial policies and establishing the direction of industrial development. The important tool of industry association analysis is the input-output tables. Using input-output tables can clearly measured the value of one industry to be consumed in the production process of other industries, it can also be used to measure the value at other industries that to be consumed in the industry. For the industry association analysis relating to the impact between demand and supply of internal departments of tourism industry as well as the tourism industry and other industries, therefore, it is necessary to sort out the theory of tourism demand and tourism supply. Tourism demand is reflected in the various aspects of tourists demand to travel product. Tourism supply is the supplied products directly for tourists, and can be classified of basic tourism supply and auxiliary tourism supply. When measuring the industrialization level of the tourism industry, the indicators which are applied to reflect the tourists'demand is tourism consumption indicators, and the indicators which are applied to reflect the tourists'supply are output. The measure of the industrialization level of tourism industry can not only conform the the characteristics of the industry itself but also be comparable with other industries in the national economy, only if it considers both supply and demand.
The key is the choice of the method for measure of the tourism industrialization level, which determines the authenticity of the results directly, while the measure of the industrialization level of tourism industry is still in the exploratory stage. The process of industrialization is dynamic and mutative, with features of comprehensive and complexity. Industrialization level reflects the level of industrial development stage, the sophistication and the level of intensive. Therefore, based on the connotation and characteristics of tourism industrialization, chapter four major proposed a model and method of the measure of the tourism industrialization level, which includes three aspects. First, the author proposes a method to define the tourism industry. According to the file Tourism Satellite Account Recommended Methodological Framework, the scope of the tourism industry is classified in accordance with the interrelated degree to tourism activities, while it is difficult to distinguish the degree, meaning that the criteria for the classification in Tourism Satellite Account is conceptual. Therefore, the boundary between specific and non-tourism specific industries, also characteristic and tourism-related industries are not clear in the Tourism Satellite Account. Based on this, this paper proposed a technical classification of tourism industry by using the indicator of the proportion of tourism demand on supply. Propose a defined standard between specific and non-tourism specific industries, and also characteristic and tourism-related industries, and further give a classification of tourism characteristic industries, puting forward the concept and scope of tourism core industries and tourism infrastructure industries. Second, propose model and methods to measure the contribution to the national economy of the sectors within the tourism industry, which is an important aspect to measure the tourism industrialization level, using of input-output and multiplier analysis method to measure the contribution of the sectors within tourism industry to the national economy, not only can reflect the scale level of the internal sectors of the tourism industry, but can also reflect the degree of optimization level, as well as the association impact of tourism industry to other industries in the national economy. Again, propose model and methods to measure the contribution to the national economy of the tourism industry as a whole, which should reflect the level of the size and effectiveness of the overall development of the tourism industry. Using of cointegration model in the econometrics theory to measure the long-run equilibrium relationship between the tourism industry and the national economy can reflect the impacts of the tourism industry on the national economy for a long period, which is a dynamic and long-term performance. Therefore, the model and method in this chapter is based on two aspects, the one hand, to reflect the size levels, benefit levels, associate degree, structure degree of optimization of the internal sectors, as well as the correlation and driven level between the industry by measuring the contribution of the sectors within tourism industry to the national economy, on the other hand, to reflect the scale of the tourism industry as a whole by measuring the contribution of the tourism industry as a whole to the national economy in the long term. The result of the tourism industrialization level is integrated by the above method and model.
Based on the proposal of the tourism industry definition and the model and method of the tourism industrialization level, the Chapter five take Hubei Province for example, and take an empirical study of the measure of the tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province. On the basis of the input-output tables in Hubei Province, the tourism income shall be deemed to output in Hubei's statistics. According to the earlier definition of the tourism industry, the tourism industry in Hubei Province is defined and including the16departments of the eight categories. The eight major categories respectively are long-distance transport services (including railways, highways, waterways and air), accommodation services, catering services, scenic tours, travel agents, entertainment services, shopping and the city's transportation. Travel agencies and scenic tours are the core sectors of the tourism industry, because these two departments are survival and developing completely dependent on tourism activities. By measuring the tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province with the input—output and multiplier analysis methods, the author finds that tourism industrialization the Hubei is at a low level, mainly in those aspects, for example, the contribution is low of the sectors in the tourism industry to the national economy, it is uncoordinated in the sectors, industrial structure needs to be optimized, and overall level of the tourism industry is not high, the long-term role in promoting the regional economy is not obvious. Therefore, the mode of development in Hubei Province should be further improved from extensive to intensive, the rational allocation of resources should be promoted, and the structure of the tourism industry should be adjusted toward a upgrading and rational direction, and thus improve department productivity.
The tourism industrialization level plays a key role in the government's tourism-related policies to develop tourism industry, and has an impact on the future tourism industry development. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward suggestions for some of the problems existing. Based on the empirical research of measuring of tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province, Chapter six puts forward the tourism statistics protecting system and tourism-related policies and countermeasures for enhancing the tourism industrialization level from the point of of the national level. There are certain defects in the current system of China's tourism statistics, mainly in these aspects, for example, tourism-related concepts are not clearly defined, a single means of investigation and the small sample size, advanced statistical techniques and analytical methods lack, tourism survey is not linked up by the Tourism Satellite Account convergence international authority recognized by the international authority recognized Tourism Satellite Account. Therefore, in order to raise the overall quality of tourism statistics, to ensure the authenticity of the accounting content, there should be a comprehensive reform of the system. The concept of tourism statistics system should be further classified, the tourism statistical indicators system and tourism statistics survey methodology should be improved. By the measure of the tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province, the author find that the factors affecting the tourism industrialization level is mainly manifested in two aspects of the internal and external, the scale of the internal organization and the overall level of the tourism industry development and association to other industries. The former determines the efficiency of resource use, specialization, and the degree of intensification of the tourism industry, the latter determines the scale of the tourism industry. Therefore, to raise the tourism industrialization level should focus on improving the overall level of the tourism industry, and optimize the organizational structure by promoting the coordination of the tourism industry structure, improve concentration of industrial structure, and promote the sophistication of tourism industrial structure.
Based on the summary of the content and the basic viewpoints of the full paper, the author puts forward some shortcomings of the article and prospected for future research in chapter seven. Because of the imperfect of the tourism consumption data in our system of tourism statistics, and the tourism output data lack, which affected the results to define and measure the tourism industrialization level. Another deficiency of this study is that there is not a regional comparison with Hubei Province in the measure of tourism industrialization level, therefore, the result reflects only an absolute level in Hubei Province not the relative level. In future research, this paper will further improve and deepen in the following three aspects. First, further deepen and perfect the theory and methodology, analyze in-depth of the theory of whether tourism can constitute a industry, further improve the application of the method; Second, to further expand the theoretical research, from the point of view of the industrial organization, discuss in-depth and detailedly the impact mechanism between the sectors in tourism industry and the space-time evolution of the industrial structure; Third, to further develop different regional comparative studies, combine of econometrics to give a comparative analysis of the different regions of the tourism industrialization level, and in turn propose the spatial difference and targeted suggestions of the tourism industrialization level.
尽管现实中旅游产业已经是实实在在存在的产业,但旅游产业的概念和范围在理论上并未得到解决,旅游业的产业性质并不能清晰地被认识,这为评价旅游产业对社会经济的贡献、明确旅游产业在国民经济中的地位带来困难,旅游产业化水平的测度是一个在理论上尚未解决但在实际应用中非常重要的问题。本文旅游产业化水平的测度需要解决两个问题,一是在对旅游基本概念梳理和总结的基础上,对旅游产业的概念和范围进行界定,明确旅游产业所包含的内容；二是在旅游产业范围确立的基本前提下,从产业化的内涵和特征出发,提出测度旅游产业化水平的方法和模型,并运用这一方法模型,对湖北省旅游产业化水平进行实证研究。这两个问题的研究对旅游产业的发展及政府制定相关政策起到至关重要的作用。
本文首先总结了旅游产业化水平测度的研究进展和理论基础。旅游产业是旅游与产业融合而形成的概念,是在旅游活动不断发展的状态下,并由初级向高级演变形成的一种新的业态。“旅游”一词并非与生俱来,它是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物,早期旅游仅仅是少数人为娱乐、消遣、游戏而进行的一种活动,旅游被视为一种社会现象,是旅游者的活动。旅游业则不同,旅游业是为旅游者的旅游活动提供产品和服务的行业,随着旅游活动的大众化,旅游业由早期的仅由旅行社构成的行业逐渐发展为涉及多层次、多领域的产业的形式。但是,学术界关于旅游业的产业性质并没有形成一致的认识,原因在于,旅游的概念和特点决定了旅游产业不同于一般意义上的产业,传统的旅游、旅游业的定义都是从需求的角度出发,而产业则是从供给的角度定义的,即只要是生产相同或相似产品的企业,都可以构成一个产业,产业的边界很容易确定。而对于旅游产业而言,如果从供给的角度来看,那些生产旅游产品的企业同时也生产非旅游产品,即那些为旅游者提供产品和服务的企业同时也为非旅游者服务,很难确定这些企业是否为旅游企业,旅游产业的边界难以确定。因此,从这点来看,旅游产业不是严格意义上的产业的概念。本章在对旅游和旅游业的概念辨析的基础上,提出旅游业仍然可以构成一项产业,因为,按照传统产业的定义,旅游产业也提供旅游产品,只不过这种产品是由旅行社、景区、饭店等企业共同生产的一种组合型产品,旅游产品的生产环节也不同于传统产业,但这并不能否认旅游业的产业性质；旅游产业具有投入产出功能,且这种投入产出涉及到与旅游活动相关的许多产业,旅游产业与诸多产业有着密切的产业关联。因此,旅游业是一项产业,但旅游业并不等同于旅游产业,按照旅游卫星账户中的定义,旅游业是从需求角度出发,指的是所有与旅游消费直接相关的部分；旅游产业是从供给角度出发,仅仅包括与旅游活动密切相关的企业,不管这些企业提供的产品是否全部是旅游产品。从这点来看,旅游产业更符合传统产业的内涵。承认旅游业是一项产业,那么就不能否认旅游产业化发展的意义,旅游产业化是旅游产业各部门有效集成的实现,旅游产业各部门之间形成密切程度高、协同性强、关联度大的发展模式,实现将部门的资源优势、环境优势、管理优势转化为产业优势,从而提升旅游产业的整体规模和竞争力。旅游产业化水平不仅与旅游产业整体对国民经济的贡献密切相关,还与旅游产业对国民经济其它产业的关联带动功能,以及旅游产业各部门的发展规模和协同性相关联。为了阐述旅游产业内部各产业之间的需求与供给关联以及旅游产业与国民经济其它产业的技术经济联系,本章还对产业关联理论以及需求与供给理论进行了讨论。产业关联是指国民经济各部门在社会再生产过程中所形成的直接和间接的相互依存、相互制约的技术经济联系,旅游产业关联影响是反映旅游产业化水平的一项重要内容,旅游产业关联影响分析主要是用定量的方法来分析旅游产业与上下游产业之间的供给和需求的相互影响,为制定产业政策、确立产业发展方向提供借鉴。产业关联影响分析的重要工具是投入产出表,利用投入产出表可以清楚地计量某个产业被用于其它产业的生产过程中被消耗的价值,也可以计量其它产业被用于该产业生产所消耗的价值。由于旅游产业关联影响分析涉及到旅游产业内部各部门以及旅游产业与其它产业之间的需求和供给的影响,因此有必要对旅游需求和旅游供给的理论进行梳理,旅游需求表现为旅游者对旅游产品的多个方面的需求,旅游供给则表现为针对旅游者需求而提供的旅游产品,可以分为基本旅游供给和辅助旅游供给。在测度旅游产业化水平时,反映旅游需求的指标主要是旅游消费,反映旅游供给的指标主要是产业的产出,旅游产业化水平的测度需要同时考虑供给和需求两个方面,才能既满足旅游产业自身的特点,且与国民经济其它产业具有可比性。
旅游产业化水平测度的关键是方法的选择,其直接决定着测度结果的真实性。但是目前关于旅游产业化水平测度的研究仍然处于探索阶段,产业化是一个动态的、变化的过程,其内涵具有综合性、复杂性的特点。产业化水平体现着产业发展的阶段水平、产业的高度化和集约化水平,因此,基于产业化的内涵和特征,本文第四章重点提出了旅游产业化水平的测度模型与方法,旅游产业化水平的测度模型与方法分为三步：首先,提出旅游产业界定的方法,根据《旅游卫星账户：建议的方法框架》提出的旅游产业的划分标准,旅游产业的范围仅仅是按照与旅游活动的密切程度来划分的,而实际中很难确定这种密切程度的大小,即旅游卫星账户中的划分标准是概念性的,对旅游特定产业与非旅游特定产业、旅游特征产业与旅游相关产业之间的界限并不清晰。本文基于此,提出了旅游产业范围划分的技术性界定方法,采用旅游卫星账户中的旅游供给比例这个指标,提出旅游特定产业与非旅游特定产业、旅游特征产业与旅游相关产业的界定标准,并进一步对旅游特征产业进行细分,提出旅游产业核心部门和旅游产业基础部门的概念和范围。其次,提出旅游产业各部门对国民经济贡献的测度模型与方法,该方法是测度旅游产业化水平的一个重要方面。运用投入产出和乘数分析方法测度旅游产业各部门对国民经济的贡献,不仅可以体现旅游产业各部门的发展规模水平,还可以体现出旅游产业各部门之间的关联度和优化程度水平,以及旅游产业对国民经济其它产业的关联带动性。再次,提出旅游产业整体对国民经济贡献的测度模型与方法,该方法要体现出旅游产业的整体发展规模和水平,利用计量经济理论中的协整模型测度旅游产业与国民经济的长期均衡关系,可以反映出旅游产业在相当长的时期内对国民经济的影响,是一种动态的、长期的表现。因此,本章对旅游产业化水平的测度模型和方法是基于两个方面,即一方面是通过测度旅游产业各部门对国民经济的贡献体现旅游产业各部门的规模水平、协同性以及产业之间的关联带动性,另一方面是通过测度旅游产业整体在长期内对国民经济的贡献体现出旅游产业的规模效益,通过上述方法和模型得到旅游产业化的综合水平。
在提出旅游产业的界定方法、旅游产业化水平测度的模型与方法的基础上,本文第五章以湖北省为例,对湖北省旅游产业化水平的测度进行实证研究。以湖北省投入产出表为基础,将湖北省统计数据中的旅游收入部分视为产出,按照前文对旅游产业的界定方法,得到湖北省旅游产业的界定结果包括8个大类16个部门,这8个大类分别为长途交通运输服务(包括铁路、公路、水路和航空)、住宿服务、餐饮服务、景区游览、旅行社、娱乐服务、购物和市内交通等产业。其中旅行社和景区游览为旅游产业核心部门,表明这两个部门是完全依赖旅游活动而生存和发展的产业。通过利用投入产出——乘数分析方法和计量经济学分析方法对湖北省旅游产业化水平测度发现,湖北省旅游产业化处于较低的水平,主要表现在：旅游产业各部门对国民经济贡献小,部门发展不协调,产业结构有待优化；旅游产业整体发展水平不高,对地区经济的长期推动作用不明显。因此,湖北省应进一步促进旅游产业发展方式由粗放型向集约型转变,促进资源要素的合理配置,调整旅游产业结构使旅游产业结构向着高度化、合理化的方向发展,提高部门生产效率。
旅游产业化发展水平对政府制定旅游产业的相关政策起着关键性的作用,并影响着旅游产业在未来的发展方向,因此,有必要针对旅游产业化发展存在的一些问题提出对策建议。本文第六章在对湖北省旅游产业化水平测度的实证研究基础上,从国家层面的角度提出基于旅游产业化水平测度的旅游统计制度保障和提升旅游产业化水平的相关对策。目前我国旅游统计制度存在着一定的缺陷,主要表现在：对旅游相关概念界定不清晰,调查手段单一、样本量少,旅游统计欠缺先进的统计技术和分析方法,旅游调查统计未与国际权威机构认定的旅游卫星账户衔接。因此,为全面提升旅游统计数据的质量,保证旅游产业核算内容的真实性,我国旅游统计制度应实行系统全面的改革,应进一步明确旅游统计概念体系,完善旅游统计指标体系,并进一步改善旅游统计调查方法。通过对湖北省旅游产业化水平的测度研究,发现影响旅游产业化水平的因素主要表现在内外两个方面,即旅游产业内部各部门的发展水平和协同性以及旅游产业的整体发展水平和关联带动性,前者决定了旅游产业的资源利用效率和专业化、集约化程度,后者决定了旅游产业的规模效益。因此,全面提升旅游产业化水平应注重提升旅游产业的整体水平,并通过促进旅游产业结构协调化、提高旅游产业结构集中度、推进旅游产业结构高度化等具体措施来实现旅游产业组织结构的优化。
文章的第七章在对全文的内容和基本观点进行总结的基础上,提出了文章存在的不足,并对今后的研究进行了展望。由于目前我国旅游统计制度中旅游消费数据不完善,因而旅游产出数据获取不足,这对本文旅游产业的界定和产业化水平的测度结果产生影响。本研究的另一不足是关于湖北省旅游产业化水平的测度没有采用区域比较,因此,对湖北省旅游产业化水平的判断仅仅是对其绝对水平的判断而非相对水平。在今后的研究中,本文需要在以下三个方面进一步完善和深化：首先,进一步深化完善理论与方法体系,对旅游业是否能构成一项产业的理论进行深入分析,对旅游产业化水平测度的方法的应用进一步完善；其次,进一步拓展理论研究内容,从产业组织的角度,对旅游产业各部门之间的影响机制、产业结构的时空演变问题进行更加深入细致的探讨；第三,进一步开展不同区域比较研究,结合计量学方法,对不同地区的旅游产业化水平进行比较分析,进而提出产业发展水平的空间差异并有针对性地提出对策建议。
With the rapid development of the tourism worldwide, the role of tourism in promoting employment, stimulating economic is becoming even more significant. The development on tourism is an important symbol of a national and regional modernization, opening and the internationalization. Governments at all levels begin to divert attention to actively play a function of tourism industry on driving others, and vigorously promote the level of tourism industrialization, which means tourism has been not only an activity carried out by the individual for a pursuit of pleasure and also not an undertaking, but an industry with a market competitive nature, and associating and driving a large number of industries.
Although the tourism has been really an industry in reality there, but the concept and scope of which have not be solved in theory. The nature of the tourism industry is not clearly known, which brings about a difficulty to evaluate the socio-economic contribution and clear the status of tourism industry in the national economy. The measure of the industrialization level of tourism is an issue that yet to be resolved in theory but very important in the practical application. In this paper, the measure of the tourism industrialization level needs to solve two problems. First, on the basis of collating and summarizing the basic concepts, define the concept and scope of the tourism industry, clear the contents included in it. Second, under the premise of the established basic scope, starting from the connotation and characteristics of industrialization, the paper proposes methods and models to measure the industrialization level of tourism, and using of the model and the method in empirical research of Hubei Province. Research on these two issues will play a crucial role in the development of tourism industry and government to develop policy.
This paper firstly summarizes the research progress and theoretical basis of the measure of the tourism industrialization level. The tourism industry is a concept formed of an integration of tourism and industry. It is a new format formed by primary to senior evolution in a state of continuous development of tourism activities. The word "tourism" is not innately, it is a product of social productive forces to a certain stage. Early travel is only an activity of a few persons for entertainment, recreation and games. Therefore, travel is seen as a social phenomenon and an activity for tourists. Tourism is different, which is an industry that provides products and services for tourists. With the popularity of tourism activities, the tourism is becoming an industry which involves multi-level, multi-domain from that only constituted by the travel agency. Academia has not reach an agreement about the nature of tourism industry, and the reason is that tourism industry determined by the concept and the characteristics of tourism activity is different from the general industry. The traditional definition of the travel and tourism is from the perspective of demand, while the industry is defined from the perspective of supply, meaning that an industry can be constituted as long as the enterprises produce the same or similar products. It is easy to determine the boundaries of an estate. For the tourism industry, those enterprises, from the point of view of supply, who procuce tourism products also procuce non-tourism products, in other words, those enterprises provide products and services for tourists and also for non-tourists. It is difficult to determine whether these enterprises are tourism enterprises. The boundary of the tourism industry is difficult to determine as well. Therefore, from this point of view, the tourism industry is not the strict sense of the concept of industry. By discriminating the concept of travel and tourism, this paper proposed tourism can still be an industry, because, in accordance with the definition of the traditional industries, the tourism industry also provides tourist products just that such a product is a combined product that produced by travel agencies, scenic, hotels and other enterprises. The production process of tourism product is different from the traditional industries, but this can not deny that tourism is a industry. Tourism industry has input and output function, and the input-output relates to many industries, tourism industry has closely associated with the other industries. Therefore, tourism is an industry. But tourism is not the same as in the tourism industry. As defined in the Tourism Satellite Account, tourism is from the perspective of demand, is all that directly related to tourism consumption. Tourism industry is from the perspective of supply, only including those enterprises closely related to tourism activities, regardless of whether these provided products are all tourism products. From this point of view, the tourism industry more in line with the connotation of the traditional industries. Recognition of tourism as an industry, then it can not be denied the significance of tourism industry development. The tourism industrialization means a type of effective integration that various sectors of the tourism industry to achieve, and means that a model of high related, a high degree of synergy will be formed. It seems that the advantages of the department's resources, environment and management strengths will change into industrial advantages, so as to enhance the size and competitiveness of the tourism industry as a whole. The tourism industrialization level is not only associated with the level of the tourism industry as a whole, but also related with the structure and the scale of the industry. To elaborate the association of demand and supply within tourism industry and technical economic ties between tourism industry and other industries of the national economy, this paper also discussed the industry association theory and the demand and supply theory. The industry association is the technical economic ties of national economic sectors directly and indirectly interdependence and mutual restraint in the process of social reproduction, which is an important content to reflect the industrialization level of tourism. The tourism industry association analysis is to use a quantitative method to analyze the interaction between supply and demand in the tourism industry and the upstream and downstream industries, providng a reference for formulating industrial policies and establishing the direction of industrial development. The important tool of industry association analysis is the input-output tables. Using input-output tables can clearly measured the value of one industry to be consumed in the production process of other industries, it can also be used to measure the value at other industries that to be consumed in the industry. For the industry association analysis relating to the impact between demand and supply of internal departments of tourism industry as well as the tourism industry and other industries, therefore, it is necessary to sort out the theory of tourism demand and tourism supply. Tourism demand is reflected in the various aspects of tourists demand to travel product. Tourism supply is the supplied products directly for tourists, and can be classified of basic tourism supply and auxiliary tourism supply. When measuring the industrialization level of the tourism industry, the indicators which are applied to reflect the tourists'demand is tourism consumption indicators, and the indicators which are applied to reflect the tourists'supply are output. The measure of the industrialization level of tourism industry can not only conform the the characteristics of the industry itself but also be comparable with other industries in the national economy, only if it considers both supply and demand.
The key is the choice of the method for measure of the tourism industrialization level, which determines the authenticity of the results directly, while the measure of the industrialization level of tourism industry is still in the exploratory stage. The process of industrialization is dynamic and mutative, with features of comprehensive and complexity. Industrialization level reflects the level of industrial development stage, the sophistication and the level of intensive. Therefore, based on the connotation and characteristics of tourism industrialization, chapter four major proposed a model and method of the measure of the tourism industrialization level, which includes three aspects. First, the author proposes a method to define the tourism industry. According to the file Tourism Satellite Account Recommended Methodological Framework, the scope of the tourism industry is classified in accordance with the interrelated degree to tourism activities, while it is difficult to distinguish the degree, meaning that the criteria for the classification in Tourism Satellite Account is conceptual. Therefore, the boundary between specific and non-tourism specific industries, also characteristic and tourism-related industries are not clear in the Tourism Satellite Account. Based on this, this paper proposed a technical classification of tourism industry by using the indicator of the proportion of tourism demand on supply. Propose a defined standard between specific and non-tourism specific industries, and also characteristic and tourism-related industries, and further give a classification of tourism characteristic industries, puting forward the concept and scope of tourism core industries and tourism infrastructure industries. Second, propose model and methods to measure the contribution to the national economy of the sectors within the tourism industry, which is an important aspect to measure the tourism industrialization level, using of input-output and multiplier analysis method to measure the contribution of the sectors within tourism industry to the national economy, not only can reflect the scale level of the internal sectors of the tourism industry, but can also reflect the degree of optimization level, as well as the association impact of tourism industry to other industries in the national economy. Again, propose model and methods to measure the contribution to the national economy of the tourism industry as a whole, which should reflect the level of the size and effectiveness of the overall development of the tourism industry. Using of cointegration model in the econometrics theory to measure the long-run equilibrium relationship between the tourism industry and the national economy can reflect the impacts of the tourism industry on the national economy for a long period, which is a dynamic and long-term performance. Therefore, the model and method in this chapter is based on two aspects, the one hand, to reflect the size levels, benefit levels, associate degree, structure degree of optimization of the internal sectors, as well as the correlation and driven level between the industry by measuring the contribution of the sectors within tourism industry to the national economy, on the other hand, to reflect the scale of the tourism industry as a whole by measuring the contribution of the tourism industry as a whole to the national economy in the long term. The result of the tourism industrialization level is integrated by the above method and model.
Based on the proposal of the tourism industry definition and the model and method of the tourism industrialization level, the Chapter five take Hubei Province for example, and take an empirical study of the measure of the tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province. On the basis of the input-output tables in Hubei Province, the tourism income shall be deemed to output in Hubei's statistics. According to the earlier definition of the tourism industry, the tourism industry in Hubei Province is defined and including the16departments of the eight categories. The eight major categories respectively are long-distance transport services (including railways, highways, waterways and air), accommodation services, catering services, scenic tours, travel agents, entertainment services, shopping and the city's transportation. Travel agencies and scenic tours are the core sectors of the tourism industry, because these two departments are survival and developing completely dependent on tourism activities. By measuring the tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province with the input—output and multiplier analysis methods, the author finds that tourism industrialization the Hubei is at a low level, mainly in those aspects, for example, the contribution is low of the sectors in the tourism industry to the national economy, it is uncoordinated in the sectors, industrial structure needs to be optimized, and overall level of the tourism industry is not high, the long-term role in promoting the regional economy is not obvious. Therefore, the mode of development in Hubei Province should be further improved from extensive to intensive, the rational allocation of resources should be promoted, and the structure of the tourism industry should be adjusted toward a upgrading and rational direction, and thus improve department productivity.
The tourism industrialization level plays a key role in the government's tourism-related policies to develop tourism industry, and has an impact on the future tourism industry development. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward suggestions for some of the problems existing. Based on the empirical research of measuring of tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province, Chapter six puts forward the tourism statistics protecting system and tourism-related policies and countermeasures for enhancing the tourism industrialization level from the point of of the national level. There are certain defects in the current system of China's tourism statistics, mainly in these aspects, for example, tourism-related concepts are not clearly defined, a single means of investigation and the small sample size, advanced statistical techniques and analytical methods lack, tourism survey is not linked up by the Tourism Satellite Account convergence international authority recognized by the international authority recognized Tourism Satellite Account. Therefore, in order to raise the overall quality of tourism statistics, to ensure the authenticity of the accounting content, there should be a comprehensive reform of the system. The concept of tourism statistics system should be further classified, the tourism statistical indicators system and tourism statistics survey methodology should be improved. By the measure of the tourism industrialization level in Hubei Province, the author find that the factors affecting the tourism industrialization level is mainly manifested in two aspects of the internal and external, the scale of the internal organization and the overall level of the tourism industry development and association to other industries. The former determines the efficiency of resource use, specialization, and the degree of intensification of the tourism industry, the latter determines the scale of the tourism industry. Therefore, to raise the tourism industrialization level should focus on improving the overall level of the tourism industry, and optimize the organizational structure by promoting the coordination of the tourism industry structure, improve concentration of industrial structure, and promote the sophistication of tourism industrial structure.
Based on the summary of the content and the basic viewpoints of the full paper, the author puts forward some shortcomings of the article and prospected for future research in chapter seven. Because of the imperfect of the tourism consumption data in our system of tourism statistics, and the tourism output data lack, which affected the results to define and measure the tourism industrialization level. Another deficiency of this study is that there is not a regional comparison with Hubei Province in the measure of tourism industrialization level, therefore, the result reflects only an absolute level in Hubei Province not the relative level. In future research, this paper will further improve and deepen in the following three aspects. First, further deepen and perfect the theory and methodology, analyze in-depth of the theory of whether tourism can constitute a industry, further improve the application of the method; Second, to further expand the theoretical research, from the point of view of the industrial organization, discuss in-depth and detailedly the impact mechanism between the sectors in tourism industry and the space-time evolution of the industrial structure; Third, to further develop different regional comparative studies, combine of econometrics to give a comparative analysis of the different regions of the tourism industrialization level, and in turn propose the spatial difference and targeted suggestions of the tourism industrialization level.
引文
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