认知无线电网络中协作通信和频谱管理的研究
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摘要
目前的无线网络采用静态的频谱分配策略,但是近年来,随着多元化业务的发展所造成的频谱需求的增长,传统的静态分配策略面临着频谱稀缺的困境。而在大部分已分配的频谱中,在很多时刻是空闲状态的,这就导致了很多频谱的利用率低下的问题。动态频谱接入正是为了解决频谱效率问题。动态频谱接入的关键技术就是认知无线电(CR, Cognitive Radio)技术。此外,协作通信技术是一种新的通信方式,可以提高无线通信系统更高的容量,并获得复用增益。而频谱管理是一个在协调认知用户选择相应带宽进行传输时的非常重要的研究课题。本文着重分析认知无线电网络中协作通信和频谱管理问题。论文具体的研究工作包括以下几个部分：
1.研究了双向中继系统的性能。协作中继在协作通信中是个十分重要的技术。应用网络编码思想的双向中继方式很好的解决了由于半双工模式所造成的频谱效率损失问,在双向中继系统中,两个信源通过一个中继节点交互相互信息。我们首先分析了双向多中继场景下信道估计误差对于系统性能的影响,通过近似有效信噪比和它的概率密度函数,最终得出平均错误概率的下界,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。并且我们通过改进型一类贝塞尔函数求解双向中继系统中断概率并获得闭式表达式。这个工作是一个基础性的理论研究,对于指导认知无线电网络的协作通信研究有一定的意义。
2.在认知无线网络中分为主用户网络(Primary Network)和次用户网络(Secondary Network),对于主用户网络来说,传统的协作通信技术都可以得到应用。而次户网络的协作通信主要研究的是协作感知。具体研究内容如下：
1)基于分布式天线的多点协作传输：一方面应用多点协作传输,小区边缘用户的速率大大的得到了提升；另一方面,由于相比集中式网络的优势,分布式天线系统已经在学术界和工业领域研究多年并得到了广泛的认可。提出基于分布式天线的多点协作传输方案。评估在天线数量和天线位置两方面的变化对系统频谱效率的影响。这个工作对于主用户网络和基于构架的次用户网络都有一定的意义。
2)协作感知数据上报性能分析：在协作感知的过程中分为感知信道和上报信道两个部分。协作感知数据上报的准确性对于协作感知的性能影响至关重要。考虑中继和广播链路共存的协作感知场景,研究在信道估计误差存在的情况下,分析在汇聚节点的误码率性能。分析具有一定的理论价值和工程意义。
3.对认知无线电网络中的频谱管理问题做出了分析。应用OFDM调制方案的认知无线电系统的频谱管理问题可以简化为功率控制或者功率分配问题。功率分配问题往往会建模成优化问题,由于考虑到认知无线网络中的次用户的自私性,所以采用能体现用户间竞争体系的非合作博弈对网络进行建模。在考虑代价因子的情况下,我们分析了在认知无线电中基于代价函数的功率分配问题。应用变分不等式,最优化等数学理论分析了纳什均衡的存在性。另一方面,在传统的研究中,网络中许多用户长时间共存在一个系统中,也就是说,用户集是不变的。但是在实际上,认知无线电环境是动态变化的。认知环境的动态性注定了优化分析的不确定性,采用鲁棒性优化方法建模动态功率分配问题,并且提出迭代算法解决这一问题。
Current wireless networks are characterized by a static spectrum allocation policy. Recently, with the growing in spectrum demand due to the developing of multi-service, the traditional static spectrum policy faces spectrum scarcity in particular spectrum bands. In contrast, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically, leading to underutilization of a significant amount of spectrum. Hence, dynamic spectrum access techniques were recently proposed to solve these spectrum inefficiency problems. The key enabling technology of dynamic spectrum access techniques is cognitive radio (CR) technology, which provides the capability to share the wireless channel with licensed users in an opportunistic manner. Moreover, Cooperative communication is a new communication paradigm that promises significant capacity and multiplexing gain increase in wireless networks. And spectrum management is a significant issue that coordinates CR users to select the best available channel to transmission. In this dissertation, we analyze the application of cooperative communication technologies and spectrum management problem for cognitive radio. Specifically, our research work consists of the following parts:
1. Performance of two-way relay system was investigated. Cooperative relaying is a significant issue among cooperative communications. By reason of the spectral efficiency loss of half-duplex mode, two-way relaying method which involved in network coding idea was proposed, in two-way relay system, two sources exchange their information through one relay node. Firsly, we made the performance analysis of two-way multi-relay system with channel estimation error. With the derivation of effective signal-to-noise ratio at the transceiver and its probability density function, we can get lower bound expression for average bit error rate. Simulation results were performed to verify the analytical results. Moreover, we derived the close-form formulation of outage probability for the two-way relay system with the help of modified Bessel Function of the first kind. This work was a fundamental theoretical research and was meaningful for guiding the cooperative communication in cognitive radio network.
2. In a CR network architecture, the components include both a primary network and a secondary network. Traditional cooperative technologies of wireless communication can be applied for primary users. For secondary users, cooperative technologies are mainly about cooperative spectrum sensing. Research details are as follows:
1) Distributed antenna based coordinated multiple point transmission. In order to overcome large inter-cell interference of users at the cell boundary, coordinated multiple point transmission and reception was proposed; On the other hand, distributed antennas system has been widely focused both in academic and industrial field due to advantages over conventional centralized communication systems. Distributed antenna based coordinated multiple point transmission was proposed and we evaluated effect of number and position of antennas on system spectrum efficiency. This work was meaningful for both primary network and framework based secondary network.
2) Performance analysis of reporting cooperative sensing data. The processing of cooperative sensing consists of sensing channel and reporting channel. There is challenging problem to cooperative spectrum sensing because reporting channels are normally subject to fading or heavy shadowing.The accuracy of reporting data is critical for the performance of cooperative sensing. We considered a scenario involving both relaying link and broadcasting link, and investigated the BER performance in common receiver with channel estimation error.
3. Investigation was made upon spectrum management problem for cognitive radio network. Using the OFDM-based modulation scheme, the spectrum management can be reduced to the transmit power control. Power allocation problem is often modeled as optimization problems. With the selfish action of secondary users, we modeled the power allocation problem as a non-cooperative game which focused on the multiuser competitive feature. We studied the problem of power allocation in CR networks involving pricing utility. With the help of variational inequality and optimization theory, the existence of nash equilibrium was proved. In traditional research, many users co-exist over a long period of time. In other words, user set is unchanged in their analysis. But in fact, the cognitive radio environment is dynamic which leads to uncertainty characteristic. Robust optimization approach was being used to model the dynamic power control problem. Iterative algorithm was also proposed to solve this problem.
1.研究了双向中继系统的性能。协作中继在协作通信中是个十分重要的技术。应用网络编码思想的双向中继方式很好的解决了由于半双工模式所造成的频谱效率损失问,在双向中继系统中,两个信源通过一个中继节点交互相互信息。我们首先分析了双向多中继场景下信道估计误差对于系统性能的影响,通过近似有效信噪比和它的概率密度函数,最终得出平均错误概率的下界,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。并且我们通过改进型一类贝塞尔函数求解双向中继系统中断概率并获得闭式表达式。这个工作是一个基础性的理论研究,对于指导认知无线电网络的协作通信研究有一定的意义。
2.在认知无线网络中分为主用户网络(Primary Network)和次用户网络(Secondary Network),对于主用户网络来说,传统的协作通信技术都可以得到应用。而次户网络的协作通信主要研究的是协作感知。具体研究内容如下：
1)基于分布式天线的多点协作传输：一方面应用多点协作传输,小区边缘用户的速率大大的得到了提升；另一方面,由于相比集中式网络的优势,分布式天线系统已经在学术界和工业领域研究多年并得到了广泛的认可。提出基于分布式天线的多点协作传输方案。评估在天线数量和天线位置两方面的变化对系统频谱效率的影响。这个工作对于主用户网络和基于构架的次用户网络都有一定的意义。
2)协作感知数据上报性能分析：在协作感知的过程中分为感知信道和上报信道两个部分。协作感知数据上报的准确性对于协作感知的性能影响至关重要。考虑中继和广播链路共存的协作感知场景,研究在信道估计误差存在的情况下,分析在汇聚节点的误码率性能。分析具有一定的理论价值和工程意义。
3.对认知无线电网络中的频谱管理问题做出了分析。应用OFDM调制方案的认知无线电系统的频谱管理问题可以简化为功率控制或者功率分配问题。功率分配问题往往会建模成优化问题,由于考虑到认知无线网络中的次用户的自私性,所以采用能体现用户间竞争体系的非合作博弈对网络进行建模。在考虑代价因子的情况下,我们分析了在认知无线电中基于代价函数的功率分配问题。应用变分不等式,最优化等数学理论分析了纳什均衡的存在性。另一方面,在传统的研究中,网络中许多用户长时间共存在一个系统中,也就是说,用户集是不变的。但是在实际上,认知无线电环境是动态变化的。认知环境的动态性注定了优化分析的不确定性,采用鲁棒性优化方法建模动态功率分配问题,并且提出迭代算法解决这一问题。
Current wireless networks are characterized by a static spectrum allocation policy. Recently, with the growing in spectrum demand due to the developing of multi-service, the traditional static spectrum policy faces spectrum scarcity in particular spectrum bands. In contrast, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically, leading to underutilization of a significant amount of spectrum. Hence, dynamic spectrum access techniques were recently proposed to solve these spectrum inefficiency problems. The key enabling technology of dynamic spectrum access techniques is cognitive radio (CR) technology, which provides the capability to share the wireless channel with licensed users in an opportunistic manner. Moreover, Cooperative communication is a new communication paradigm that promises significant capacity and multiplexing gain increase in wireless networks. And spectrum management is a significant issue that coordinates CR users to select the best available channel to transmission. In this dissertation, we analyze the application of cooperative communication technologies and spectrum management problem for cognitive radio. Specifically, our research work consists of the following parts:
1. Performance of two-way relay system was investigated. Cooperative relaying is a significant issue among cooperative communications. By reason of the spectral efficiency loss of half-duplex mode, two-way relaying method which involved in network coding idea was proposed, in two-way relay system, two sources exchange their information through one relay node. Firsly, we made the performance analysis of two-way multi-relay system with channel estimation error. With the derivation of effective signal-to-noise ratio at the transceiver and its probability density function, we can get lower bound expression for average bit error rate. Simulation results were performed to verify the analytical results. Moreover, we derived the close-form formulation of outage probability for the two-way relay system with the help of modified Bessel Function of the first kind. This work was a fundamental theoretical research and was meaningful for guiding the cooperative communication in cognitive radio network.
2. In a CR network architecture, the components include both a primary network and a secondary network. Traditional cooperative technologies of wireless communication can be applied for primary users. For secondary users, cooperative technologies are mainly about cooperative spectrum sensing. Research details are as follows:
1) Distributed antenna based coordinated multiple point transmission. In order to overcome large inter-cell interference of users at the cell boundary, coordinated multiple point transmission and reception was proposed; On the other hand, distributed antennas system has been widely focused both in academic and industrial field due to advantages over conventional centralized communication systems. Distributed antenna based coordinated multiple point transmission was proposed and we evaluated effect of number and position of antennas on system spectrum efficiency. This work was meaningful for both primary network and framework based secondary network.
2) Performance analysis of reporting cooperative sensing data. The processing of cooperative sensing consists of sensing channel and reporting channel. There is challenging problem to cooperative spectrum sensing because reporting channels are normally subject to fading or heavy shadowing.The accuracy of reporting data is critical for the performance of cooperative sensing. We considered a scenario involving both relaying link and broadcasting link, and investigated the BER performance in common receiver with channel estimation error.
3. Investigation was made upon spectrum management problem for cognitive radio network. Using the OFDM-based modulation scheme, the spectrum management can be reduced to the transmit power control. Power allocation problem is often modeled as optimization problems. With the selfish action of secondary users, we modeled the power allocation problem as a non-cooperative game which focused on the multiuser competitive feature. We studied the problem of power allocation in CR networks involving pricing utility. With the help of variational inequality and optimization theory, the existence of nash equilibrium was proved. In traditional research, many users co-exist over a long period of time. In other words, user set is unchanged in their analysis. But in fact, the cognitive radio environment is dynamic which leads to uncertainty characteristic. Robust optimization approach was being used to model the dynamic power control problem. Iterative algorithm was also proposed to solve this problem.
引文
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[1]Laneman J. N., Tse D. N. C., and Wornell G. W., "Cooperative diversity in wireless networks:Efficient protocols and outage behavior," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol.50, pp. 3062-3080, Dec.2004.
[2]Sendonaris A., Erkip E., and Aazhang B., "User cooperation diversity-part I:system description," IEEE Transactions on Communications,51(11), Nov 2003. pp.1927-1938.
[3]Sendonaris A., Erkip E., and Aazhang B., "'User cooperation diversity-part II: implementation aspects and performance analysis," IEEE Transactions on Communications,51(11), Nov 2003. pp.1939-1948.
[4]Ochiai H., Mitran P., Tarokh V., and Kneubuhler F. W., "Variable Rate Two Phase Collaborative Communication Protocols for Wireless Networks." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,52(9), Sep.2006. pp.4299-4313.
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