族裔性及其超越
摘要
虽然较大规模的华人移民来到加拿大已有一百五十多年,但由于华人长期遭受白人主流社会的歧视和隔离,再加上语言障碍,其文学集体沉默了一百多年。直到1979年,第一部东亚裔文学选集《不可剥夺的稻米——加拿大华裔日裔文学选集》才得以出版,它标志着加拿大华裔英语文学开始发出自己的声音。自20世纪90年代起,加拿大文坛涌现出余兆昌、李群英、崔维新、弗雷德·华、陈泽桓等一批优秀的华裔作家,他们的作品荣获包括加拿大总督奖在内的多项加拿大文学大奖,在主流社会产生不小的影响。
本论文试图从“族裔性”的概念入手,以后殖民批评为主要理论基础,结合后现代理论、文化研究、女性主义、叙事学等相关理论,从“书写加拿大华人的历史”、“追寻加拿大华人的身份”以及“重审移植北美的中国文化传统”这三个方面探讨当代加拿大华裔英语文学中表现出的“族裔性”。这种“族裔性”彰显出华裔作品不同于白人主流文学作品的独特魅力,使之得以响亮地发出华人自己的声音。与此同时,另有一些华裔作品在主题上超越了族裔性,在形式上大胆创新,从而避免了落入民族本质主义的陷阱。
加拿大华裔英语文学作为少数族裔文学,不论是其族裔性还是文学性都不应被忽视。本论文力图结合这两个方面,对加拿大华裔英语文学的代表性作品进行分析,揭示出当代加拿大华裔英语文学不仅具有帮助华人社群发声的族裔价值,同时还具有较高的文学审美价值。
Although Chinese immigrants have been in Canada for more than one hundred and fifty years, they made few literary achievements in the first one hundred years in Canada. Apart from the language obstacle, it was mainly because Chinese-Canadians were prejudiced against and isolated by the mainstream White society. The first East-Asian literary anthology published in Canada-Inalienable Rice:A Chinese&Japanese Canadian Anthology-did not appear until1979, and it was then that Chinese-Canadian literature in English began to make its voices heard. A group of outstanding Chinese-Canadian writers began to emerge on the Canadian literary arena around the1990s, and they include Paul Yee, Sky Lee, Wayson Choy, Fred Wah and Marty Chan. Their works have won many important Canadian literary awards including the Governor General's Award, and have made no small impact on the mainstream society.
This dissertation attempts to take "ethnicity" as the starting point, using postcolonial theory as the major theoretical basis and drawing extensively on postmodernism, cultural studies, feminist criticism and narrative theory to explore how "ethnicity" is represented in contemporary Chinese-Canadian literature in English from three aspects:constructing history of Chinese-Canadians, pursuing Chinese-Canadian identity, and rethinking of Chinese cultural traditions transplanted to North America. The ethnic characteristics make the literary works created by some Chinese-Canadian writers stand out from the mainstream literature, and enable the voices of Chinese-Canadians to be better heard. In the meantime, some Chinese-Canadian writers have also gone beyond ethnicity in the theme of their works and made bold attempts at formal innovations, so that they have consciously or subconsciously avoided falling into the pitfall of national essentialism.
The author of this dissertation argues that as ethnic literature, neither the ethnic aspect nor the literary aspect of Chinese-Canadian literature in English should be ignored. Taking the two as a focus, this dissertation endeavors to justify that contemporary Chinese-Canadian literature in English not only helps Chinese immigrants and their descendants to articulate their voices in the mainstream, but also demonstrates its literary value.
本论文试图从“族裔性”的概念入手,以后殖民批评为主要理论基础,结合后现代理论、文化研究、女性主义、叙事学等相关理论,从“书写加拿大华人的历史”、“追寻加拿大华人的身份”以及“重审移植北美的中国文化传统”这三个方面探讨当代加拿大华裔英语文学中表现出的“族裔性”。这种“族裔性”彰显出华裔作品不同于白人主流文学作品的独特魅力,使之得以响亮地发出华人自己的声音。与此同时,另有一些华裔作品在主题上超越了族裔性,在形式上大胆创新,从而避免了落入民族本质主义的陷阱。
加拿大华裔英语文学作为少数族裔文学,不论是其族裔性还是文学性都不应被忽视。本论文力图结合这两个方面,对加拿大华裔英语文学的代表性作品进行分析,揭示出当代加拿大华裔英语文学不仅具有帮助华人社群发声的族裔价值,同时还具有较高的文学审美价值。
Although Chinese immigrants have been in Canada for more than one hundred and fifty years, they made few literary achievements in the first one hundred years in Canada. Apart from the language obstacle, it was mainly because Chinese-Canadians were prejudiced against and isolated by the mainstream White society. The first East-Asian literary anthology published in Canada-Inalienable Rice:A Chinese&Japanese Canadian Anthology-did not appear until1979, and it was then that Chinese-Canadian literature in English began to make its voices heard. A group of outstanding Chinese-Canadian writers began to emerge on the Canadian literary arena around the1990s, and they include Paul Yee, Sky Lee, Wayson Choy, Fred Wah and Marty Chan. Their works have won many important Canadian literary awards including the Governor General's Award, and have made no small impact on the mainstream society.
This dissertation attempts to take "ethnicity" as the starting point, using postcolonial theory as the major theoretical basis and drawing extensively on postmodernism, cultural studies, feminist criticism and narrative theory to explore how "ethnicity" is represented in contemporary Chinese-Canadian literature in English from three aspects:constructing history of Chinese-Canadians, pursuing Chinese-Canadian identity, and rethinking of Chinese cultural traditions transplanted to North America. The ethnic characteristics make the literary works created by some Chinese-Canadian writers stand out from the mainstream literature, and enable the voices of Chinese-Canadians to be better heard. In the meantime, some Chinese-Canadian writers have also gone beyond ethnicity in the theme of their works and made bold attempts at formal innovations, so that they have consciously or subconsciously avoided falling into the pitfall of national essentialism.
The author of this dissertation argues that as ethnic literature, neither the ethnic aspect nor the literary aspect of Chinese-Canadian literature in English should be ignored. Taking the two as a focus, this dissertation endeavors to justify that contemporary Chinese-Canadian literature in English not only helps Chinese immigrants and their descendants to articulate their voices in the mainstream, but also demonstrates its literary value.
引文
2 Some of the first generation of Asian American writers acknowledged by Aiiieeeee! are Edith Maud Eaton (Mrs. Spring Fragrance,1912), Toshio Mori (Yokohama, California,1949), John Okada (No-No Boy,1957), and Louis Chu (Eat a Bowl of Tea,1961).
7 "'I Was Caught between Two Cultures'Paul Yee Explores the History of the Chinese in Canada's'Saltwater City'." Liam Lacey. The Globe and Mail.9 Dec.1988.
20 Besides the American comic Yellow Claw, there are examples of the crime novel The Yellow Claw (1915) and Fu Manchu series (1912-1959) written by Sax Rohmer.
22 See Marty Chan. "Mom, Dad, I'm Living with a White Girl," Ed. Aviva Ravel.Canadian Mosaic Ⅱ. Toronto:Simon & Pierre,1996.99-164.
40 Sec also Zhao Qingqing's interview with Fred Wah in which Wah calls himself Mr. In-Between (51)赵庆庆,《枫语心香：加拿大华裔作家访谈录》。南京：南京大学出版社,2011。
41 According to Wah. he uses the term "estrangement" "in consideration of the compositional tactic of nonclosure (particularly the sentence and the cadence) in both short and long poems" (2000:25).
42 In an interview with Zhao Qingqing, Lai explicitly states this point of view.赵庆庆：《枫语心香：加拿大华裔作家访谈录》。南京：南京大学出版社,2011年。第97页。
Allemang, John. "Book a Day." The Globe and Mail 24 Jan.2006.
Ang, Ien. On Not Speaking Chinese:Living between Asia and the West. London and New York:Routledge,2001.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1984.
Barber, Nigel. Parenting:Roles, Styles and Outcomes. New York:Nova Science Publishers, 1998.
Barlow, Jane, Richard Shaw and Sarah Stewart-Brown. Parenting Programmes and Minority Ethnic Families. London:National Children's Bureau,2004.
Barnard, Kathryn E. and Louise K. Martell. "Mothering." Ed. Marc H. Bornstein. Handbook of Parenting. Volume 3. New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1995.3-26.
Beautell, Eva Darias. "Writing Back and Beyond:Postcoloniality, Multiculturalism and Ethnicity in the Canadian Context." Eds. Rocio G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi,2000.19-35.
Bennett, Donna, and Russell Brown. "Introduction." Eds. Donna Bennett and Russell Brown. An Anthology of Canadian literature in English.3rd ed. Don Mills:Oxford University Press Canada,2010. xvii-xx.
Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating Identity:The Postcolonial Prerogative." Anatomy of Racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis:U of Minnesota Press,1990.183-209.
---. The Location of Culture. London and New York:Routledge,1994.
Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature, Second Edition. New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
Booth, Wayne C. "Introduction." Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1984. ⅹⅲ-ⅹⅹⅷ
Bowering, George. "The Poems of Fred Wah." Selected Poems:Loki Is Buried at Smoky Creek. Edited with an introduction by George Bowering. Vancouver:Talonbooks,1980. 9-22.
Butline, Pauline and Susan Rudy. Poets talk:Conversations with Robert Krooetsch, Daphne Marlatt, Erin Moure, Dionne Brand, Marie Annharte Baker, Jeff Derksen and Fred Wah. Edmonton:The University of Alberta Press,2005.
Cabri, Louis. "The False Laws of Narrative:Fred Wah's Poetics." The False Laws of Narrative:The Poetry of Fred Wah. Selected, with an introduction, by Louis Cabri. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2009. ix-xxii.
Calder, Alison. "Paper Families and Blonde Demonesses:The Haunting of History in SKY Lee's Disappearing Moon Cafe." Ariel VOL.31, NO.4 (2000):7-21.
Caliendo, Stephen M. and Charlton D. Mcllwain. Eds. The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity. London & New York:Routledge,2011.
Chan, Marty. Mom, Dad, I'm Living with a White Girl. Toronto:Playwrights Canada Press, 2001.
Chan, Marty, and Robert Walsh. The Forbidden Phoenix. Toronto:Playwrights Canada Press, 2010.
Chao, Lien. Beyond Silence:Chinese Canadian Literature in English. Toronto:TSAR,1997.
---. Maples and the Stream:A Narrative Poem. Toronto:TSAR,1999.
---. Tiger Girl:A Creative Memoir. Toronto:TSAR,2001.
---. "Neighbours." Eds. Lien Chao and Jim Wong-Chu. Strike the Wok:An Anthology of Contemporary Chinese Canadian Fiction. Toronto:TSAR,2003.70-77.
---. More Than Skin Deep.2004.
---. The Chinese Knot and Other Stories. Toronto:TSAR,2008.
Cho, Lily."'How Taste Remembers Life':Diasporic Memory and Community in Fred Wah's Peotry." Eds. Tseen Khoo and Kam Louie. Culture, Identity, Commodity:Diasporic Chinese Literatures in English. Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.81-106.
Chong, Denise. The Concubine's Children. New York:Viking,1995.
---. "Being Canadian." Eds. Desmond Morton and Morton Weinfeld. Who Speaks For Canada:Words That Shape a Country. Toronto:M & S,1998.327-32.
Chong, Kevin. "Critical Moments When Godlike Doctors Crack." National Post 21 Jan.2006. 20 Feb.2012.
Choy, Wayson. The Jade Peony. Vancouver:Douglas & McIntyre,1995.
---. "Intercultural, Not Multicultural." Eds. Rocio G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi,2000.269-86.
--- All That Matters. Toronto:Doubleday Canada,2004.
Chu, Garrick, et al., eds. Inalienable Rice:A Chinese & Japanese Canadian Anthology. Vancouver:Intermedia Press,1979.
Davidson, Arnold. Writing against the Silence:Joy Kogawa's Obasan. Toronto:ECW Press, 1993.
Djao, Wei. Being Chinese:Voices from the Diaspora. Tucson:The University of Arizona Press.2003.
Ebrey, Patricia. "Women, Marriage, and the Family in Chinese History." Ed. Paul S. Ropp. Heritage of China:Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press,1990.197-223.
Engkent, Garry. "Why My Mother Can't Speak English." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds:Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.9-16.
Fernando, Shanti. Race and the City:Chinese Canadian and Chinese American Political Mobilization. Vancouver:UBC Press,2006.
Field, Robin E. "Introduction." Eds. Robin E. Field and Parmita Kapadia. Transforming Diaspora:Communities beyond National Boundaries. Madison:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2011. ix-xxiii.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish:The Birth of the Prison. New York:Vintage Books, 1995.
Fu, Bennett Yu-Hsiang. "from Meta-Morphing T'ien Hu:Sexual Transgression and Textual Transposition in When Fox Is a Thousand." West Coast Line,38.2 (2004):157-63.
Genette, Gerard. Narrative Discourse:An Essay in Method. Trans. Jane E. Lewin. New York: Cornell University Press,1980.
Gessell, Paul. "Beyond the Miracle Cures of Primetime Television." The Ottawa Citizen 4 Feb. 2006. 20 Feb.2012.
Goddard, John. "Interview:Fred Wah." Books in Canada (October 1986):40-41.
Goellnicht, Donald C. "A Long Labour:the Protracted Birth of Asian Canadian Literature." Essays on Canadian Writing,72 (2000):1-41. Eds. Tseen Khoo and Kam Louie. Culture, Identity, Commodity:Diasporic Chinese Literatures in English. Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's University Press,2005. 153-82.
Griffiths, Gareth. "The Myth of Authenticity." Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. The Post-Colonial Reader. London and New York:Routledge,1995.237-241.
Hage, Ghassan. White Nation:Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society. London and New York:Routledge,2000.
Hall, Stuart. "Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Identity, Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London:Lawrence & Wishart,1990.222-37.
---. "Introduction:Who Needs'Identity'?" Eds. Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. Questions of Cultural Identity. London:SAGE,1996.1-17.
Halson, Elizabeth. Peking Opera. Hong Kong:Oxford University Press,1966.
Hedges, Elaine and Shelley Fisher Fishkin. "Introduction." Eds. Elaine Hedges and Shelley Fisher Fishkin. Listening to Silences:New Essays in Feminist Criticism. New York & Oxford:Oxford University Press:1994.3-16.
Helms, Gabriele. Challenging Canada:Dialogism and Narrative Techniques in Canadian Novels. Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's University Press,2003.
Hodge, John L. "Equality:Beyond Dualism and Oppression" Anatomy of Racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis:U of Minnesota Press,1990.89-107.
Hoe, Ban Seng. Beyond the Golden Mountain:Chinese Cultural Traditions in Canada. Gatineau:Canadian Museum of Civilization,1989.
Hopkins, Michelle. "Forbidden Phoenix Tells Compelling Tale." Richmond News 13 April 2011..9 Feb.2012.
Hsu, Cho-yun. "A Reflection on Marginality." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994. 239-242.
Huggan, Graham. The Postcolonial Exotic:Marketing the Margins. London:Routledge, 2001.
Hughes, Evan. "Doctors in Distress." New York Times 28 Oct.2007. 20 Feb.2012.
Hutcheon, Linda. The Canadian Postmodern:A Study of Contemporary English-Canadian Fiction. Toronto:Oxford University Press,1988.
---. A Poetics of Postmodernism:History, Theory, Fiction. London & New York:Routledge, 1998.
---. "Critical Perspectives on Writing Ethnicity in Canada." Eds. Rocio G Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi, 2000.285-98.
---. The Politics of Postmodernism.2nd ed. London & New York:Routledge,2002.
Jaeger, Peter. "Ethnicity, Ecopoetics, and Fred Wah's Biotext." Journal of Postcolonial Writing,46.2 (2010):199-208.
Keefer, Janice Kulyk. "Personal and Public Records:Story and History in the Narration of Ethnicity." Eds. Rocio G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi,2000.1-18.
Kim, Christine. "Troubling the Mosaic:Larissa Lai's When Fox Is a Thousand, Shani Mootoo's Cereus Blooms at Night, and Representations of Social Differences." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.153-77.
Kim, Elaine H. "Defining Asian American Realities through Literature." The Nature and Context of Minority Discourse. Eds. Abdul R. JanMohamed and David Lloyd. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990.146-70.
Lacan, Jacques. "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I." Ed. Christopher Kul-Want. Philosophers on Art from Kant to the Postmodernists. New York:Columbia University Press,2010.151-57.
Lai, Larissa. "Political Animals and the Body of History." Canadian Literature 163 (1999): 145-54.
---. "Corrupted lineage:narrative in the gaps of history." West Coast Line 34.3 (2001):40-53.
---. "Future Asians:Migrant Speculations, Repressed History and Cyborg Hope." West Coast Line 38.2 (2004):168-75.
---. "The Identity of the Body Has Not Yet Been Confirmed." West Coast Line 42.2 (2008): 137-39.
---. "Strategizing the Body of History:Anxious Writing, Absent Subjects, and Marketing the Nation." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.87-114.
Laiwan. "The Imperialism of Syntax." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds:Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.57-58.
Lam, Vincent. Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures. Toronto:Anchor Canada,2006.
Lau, Evelyn. Runaway:Diary of a Street Kid. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd,1989.
Leger, Louise. "The Storyteller." Medical Post 42.37 (2006):29-30.
Lee, Bennett. "Introduction." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds: Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.1-8.
Lee, Bennett, and Jim Wong-Chu, eds. Many-Mouthed Birds:Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.
Lee, Christopher. "Engaging Chineseness in Wayson Choy's The Jade Peony." Canadian Literature,163 (1999):18-33.
Lee, Sky. Disappearing Moon Cafe. Toronto:Douglas & McIntyre,1990.
Li, Peter. The Chinese in Canada.2nd Edition. Toronto:Oxford University Press,1998.
Ling Jinqi. Narrating Nationalism:Ideology and Form in Asian American Literature. New York:Oxford University Press,1998.
Liu, Zengmei.[刘增美],《族裔性与文学性之间——美国华裔文学批评研究》。博士学位论文。南京师范大学,2011.
Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts:On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham:Duke University Press,1996.
Lynch, Gerald. The One and the Many:English-Canadian Short Story Cycles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,2001.
Macdonald, Moira. "Graceful Tales of Medicine, Told with Care." Seattle Times 14 Sep.2007. 20 Feb.2012.
Mcbride, Jason. "Q & A:Vincent Lam." Toronto Life March 2006. 22 Feb.2012
McGonegal, Julie. "Hyphenating the Hybrid 'I':(Re)Visions of Racial Mixedness in Fred Wah's Diamond Grill'." Essays on Canadian Writing,75 (2002):177-95.
McLaren, Peter. "White Terror and Oppositional Agency:Towards a Critical Multiculturalism." Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Multiculturalism:A Critical Reader. Oxford and Cambridge:Blackwell,1994.45-74.
Miller-McLemore, Bonnie J. Let The Children Come:Reimagining Childhood from A Christian Perspective. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2003.
Montross, Christine. "A Diagnosis for Doctors." The Washington Post 10 Jan.2008. 20 Feb.2012.
Moore-Gilbert, Bart. Postcolonial Theory:Contexts, Practices, Politics. London and New York:Verso,1997.
Morris, Robyn."'Site of Articulation'-An Interview with Larissa Lai." West Coast Line 38.2 (2004):21-30.
---. "Re-visioning Representations of Difference in Larissa Lai's When Fox is a Thousand and Ridley Scott's Blade Runner." West Coast Line 38.2 (2004):69-86.
Mukherjee, Neel. "Medical Breakthrough." Time 21 Aug.2008. 20 Feb.2012.
Myers, Rebecca. "The Yin and The Yang." Time International (Canada Edition), (164.17) 25 Dec.2004:64.
New, W.H. A History of Canadian Literature.2nd ed. Montreal:McGill-Queen's University Press,2003.
Ngai, Siu Wang and Peter Lorrick. Chinese Opera:Images and Stories. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,1997.
Nixon, Stephanie A & Joel Baetz. "Review of Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures by Vincent Lam." Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 15 July 2007. 22 Feb.2012
Parameswaran, Uma. "Talking Loudly." Ed. Nurjehan Aziz. Floating the Borders:New Contexts in Canadian Criticism. Toronto:TSAR,1999.204-07.
Poo, Mu-chou. "Introduction." Ed. Mu-chou Poo. Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions. Leiden & Boston:Brill,2009.1-21.
Richler, Noah. "Book Review:Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures." Times 22 Feb.2008. 20 Feb.2012
Ropp, Paul S. "The Distinctive Art of Chinese Fiction." Ed. Paul S. Ropp. Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press,1990.309-34.
Said, Edward W. Representations of the Intellectual. New York:Vintage Books,1996.
---. Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2000.
Saul, Joanne. "'Auto-hyphen-ethno-hyphen-graphy':Fred Wah's Creative-Critical Writing." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.133-49.
Scott F. R. Leaving the Shade of the Middle Ground:The Poetry of F. R. Scott. Selected with an introduction by Laura Moss and an afterword by George Elliott Clarke. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2011.
Sims, Martha C.,& Martine Stephens. Living Folklore:An Introduction to the Study of People and Their Traditions. Logan:Utah State University Press,2005.
Singh, Amritjit. "Against the Grain:Diaspora Studies at the Crossroads." Eds. Robin E. Field and Parmita Kapadia. Transforming Diaspora:Communities beyond National Boundaries. Madison:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2011.153-66.
Sollors, Werner. Beyond Ethnicity:Consent and Descent in American Culture. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986.
---. "Introduction:The Invention of Ethnicity." Ed. Werner Sollors. The Invention of Ethnicity. New York:Oxford University Press,1989. ix-xx.
Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1977.
Stoffman, Judy. "ER Doctor a Good Fiction Writer." Toronto Star 22 Jan.2006. 20 Feb.2012
Sugars, Cynthia."'The Negative Capacity of Camouflage':Fleeing Diaspora in Fred Wah's Diamond Grill." Studies in Canadian Literature 26.1 (2001):27-45.
---. "Keeping the Gothic at (Sick) Bay:Reading the Transferences in Vincent Lam's Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures." Eds. Cynthia Sugars and Gerry Turcotte. Unsettled Remains:Canadian Literature and the Postcolonial Gothic. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2009.251-75.
Thomas, Colin. "The Forbidden Phoenix Is An Ambitious Mashup of Cultures." Straight 11 April 2011. 10 Feb.2012.
Tu, Wei-ming. "Preface." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994. ⅴ-ⅹ.
---. "Cultural China." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994.1-34.
Ty, Eleanor. The Politics of the Visible:in Asian North American Narratives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,2004.
---. "Introduction." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.1-23.
Wah, Fred. Selected Poems:Loki Is Buried at Smoky Creek. Edited with an introduction by George Bowering. Vancouver:Talonbooks,1980.
---. Breathin'My Name with a Sigh. Vancouver:Talonbooks,1981.
---. Waiting for Saskatchewan. Winnipeg:Turnstone Press,1985.
---. Faking it:Poetics & Hybridity. Edmonton:NeWest Press,2000.
---. Diamond Grill. Landmark Edition. Edmonton:NeWest Press,2006.
---. "Afterwords", The False Laws of Narrative:The Poetry of Fred Wah. Selected, with an introduction, by Louis Cabri. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2009.65-71.
---. is a door. Vancouver:Talonbooks,2009.
Walsh, Robert. "About the Music for The Forbidden Phoenix." The Forbidden Phoenix Study Guide. P.5. 11 Feb.2012
Wang, L. Ling-chi. "Roots and the Changing Identity of the Chinese in the United States." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1994.185-212.
Wan, Sze-kar. "Where Have All The Ghosts Gone? Evolution of A Concept in Biblical Literature." Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions. Leiden & Boston:Brill,2009.47-76.
Wong, Rita. "Lee, Sky. (Disappearing Moon Cafe) //Review." West Coast Line 24.2 (1990): 135-37.
Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature:From Necessity to Extravagance. Princeton:Princeton University Press.1993.
Wong, Shawn. "Introduction." Ed. Shawn Wong. Asian American Literature:A Brief Introduction and Anthology. New York:Harpercollins College Publishers,1996.
Yanofsky, Joel. "Stories Examine Doctors'Doubts and Aspirations." Montreal Gazette 21 Jan. 2006. 20 Feb.2012.
Yee, Paul. Saltwater City:an Illustrated History of the Chinese in Vancouver. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre,1988.
---. Tales from Gold Mountain:Stories of the Chinese in the New World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company,1989.
---. "Interview by Geoff Hancock." Eds. Linda Hutchen and Marion Richmond. Other Solitudes:Canadian Multicultural Fictions. Toronto:Oxford University Press,1990. 343-48.
---. "Prairie Night 1939." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds: Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.48-55.
---. Ghost Train. Vancouver:Douglas & McIntyre,1996a.
---. Struggle and Hope. Toronto:Umbrella Press,1996b.
---. A Song for Ba. Toronto:Douglas & McIntyre,2004.
爱德华W.萨义德：《东方学》,王宇根译,北京：三联书店,1999年。
《文化与帝国主义》,李琨译,北京：三联书店,2003年。
《世界·文本·批评家》,李自修译,北京：三联书店,2009年。
艾勒克·博埃默：《殖民与后殖民文学》,盛宁等译,沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1998年。
巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特：《后殖民理论——语境实践政治》,陈仲丹译,南京：南京大学出版社,2001年。
陈爱敏：《流散书写与民族认同》,《四川外语学院学报》2008年第2期,第77-81页.
程爱民,邵怡,卢俊：《20世纪美国华裔小说研究》,南京：南京大学出版社,2010年。
傅俊,严志军,严又萍：《加拿大文学简史》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,2010年。
胡文仲：《超越文化的屏障》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2004年。
勒内·韦勒克：《批评的诸种概念》,丁泓、周毅译,成都：四川文艺出版社,1987年
廖炳惠：《关键词200：Key Words in Literary and Critical Studies>,台北：麦田出版公司,2003年。
凌津奇：《叙述民族主义——美国亚裔文学中的意识形态与形式》,吴燕译,北京：中国 社会科学出版社,2006年。
刘捷：《寻找生存的意义——兼评<打破沉默：华裔加拿大人的英语文学>》,《当代外国文学》2004年第4期,第164-68页。
陆薇：《走向文化研究的华裔美国文学》,北京：中华书局,2007年。
罗婷：《加拿大华裔英语文学的兴起》,《外国文学研究》2001年第3期,第127-32页。
蒲若茜：《华裔美国作家笔下的历史再现》,《暨南学报》(哲社版)2009年第4期,第9-16页。
饶芃子主编：《流散与回望：比较文学视野中的海外华人文学》,天津：南开大学出版社,2007年。
申丹：《叙述学与小说文体学研究》,北京：北京大学出版社,2004年。
生安锋：《霍米巴巴》,台北：生智文化事业有限公司,2005年。
斯图亚特·霍尔：《文化身份与族裔散居》,载罗刚、刘象愚主编《文化研究读本》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年。
王建会：《‘创伤’理论与亚裔美国文学批评》,《当代外国文学》2010年第2期,第68-74页。
王宁：《流散写作与中华文化的全球性特征》,《中国比较文学》2004年第4期,第2-14页。
王晓路：《种族／族性》,《外国文学》2002年第6期,第62-66页。
吴冰：《华裔美国文学的历史性》,《外国文学研究》2010年第2期,第120-25页。
张冲：《散居族裔批评与美国华裔文学研究》,《外国文学研究》2005年第2期,第87-91页。
张琼：《从族裔声音到经典文学：美国华裔文学的文学性研究及主题反思》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2009年。
赵庆庆：《枫语心香：加拿大华裔作家访谈录》,南京：南京大学出版社,2011。
赵文书：《华裔美国的文学创新与中国的文化传统》,《外国文学研究》2003年第3期,第69-75页。
赵稀方：《后殖民理论》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年。
周小仪：《文学性》,载《外国文学》2003年第5期,第51-63页.
朱刚编著：《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001年。
朱立元主编：《当代西方文艺理论》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2003年。
朱徽：《加拿大英语文学简史》,成都：四川大学出版社,2005年。
《加拿大华裔英语文学的发展与现状——赵廉博士访谈录》,《中国比较文学》2001年第2期,第128-38页。
《当代加拿大华裔英语文学述评》,《当代外国文学》2003年第3期,第74-79页。
7 "'I Was Caught between Two Cultures'Paul Yee Explores the History of the Chinese in Canada's'Saltwater City'." Liam Lacey. The Globe and Mail.9 Dec.1988.
20 Besides the American comic Yellow Claw, there are examples of the crime novel The Yellow Claw (1915) and Fu Manchu series (1912-1959) written by Sax Rohmer.
22 See Marty Chan. "Mom, Dad, I'm Living with a White Girl," Ed. Aviva Ravel.Canadian Mosaic Ⅱ. Toronto:Simon & Pierre,1996.99-164.
40 Sec also Zhao Qingqing's interview with Fred Wah in which Wah calls himself Mr. In-Between (51)赵庆庆,《枫语心香：加拿大华裔作家访谈录》。南京：南京大学出版社,2011。
41 According to Wah. he uses the term "estrangement" "in consideration of the compositional tactic of nonclosure (particularly the sentence and the cadence) in both short and long poems" (2000:25).
42 In an interview with Zhao Qingqing, Lai explicitly states this point of view.赵庆庆：《枫语心香：加拿大华裔作家访谈录》。南京：南京大学出版社,2011年。第97页。
Allemang, John. "Book a Day." The Globe and Mail 24 Jan.2006.
Ang, Ien. On Not Speaking Chinese:Living between Asia and the West. London and New York:Routledge,2001.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1984.
Barber, Nigel. Parenting:Roles, Styles and Outcomes. New York:Nova Science Publishers, 1998.
Barlow, Jane, Richard Shaw and Sarah Stewart-Brown. Parenting Programmes and Minority Ethnic Families. London:National Children's Bureau,2004.
Barnard, Kathryn E. and Louise K. Martell. "Mothering." Ed. Marc H. Bornstein. Handbook of Parenting. Volume 3. New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1995.3-26.
Beautell, Eva Darias. "Writing Back and Beyond:Postcoloniality, Multiculturalism and Ethnicity in the Canadian Context." Eds. Rocio G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi,2000.19-35.
Bennett, Donna, and Russell Brown. "Introduction." Eds. Donna Bennett and Russell Brown. An Anthology of Canadian literature in English.3rd ed. Don Mills:Oxford University Press Canada,2010. xvii-xx.
Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating Identity:The Postcolonial Prerogative." Anatomy of Racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis:U of Minnesota Press,1990.183-209.
---. The Location of Culture. London and New York:Routledge,1994.
Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature, Second Edition. New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
Booth, Wayne C. "Introduction." Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1984. ⅹⅲ-ⅹⅹⅷ
Bowering, George. "The Poems of Fred Wah." Selected Poems:Loki Is Buried at Smoky Creek. Edited with an introduction by George Bowering. Vancouver:Talonbooks,1980. 9-22.
Butline, Pauline and Susan Rudy. Poets talk:Conversations with Robert Krooetsch, Daphne Marlatt, Erin Moure, Dionne Brand, Marie Annharte Baker, Jeff Derksen and Fred Wah. Edmonton:The University of Alberta Press,2005.
Cabri, Louis. "The False Laws of Narrative:Fred Wah's Poetics." The False Laws of Narrative:The Poetry of Fred Wah. Selected, with an introduction, by Louis Cabri. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2009. ix-xxii.
Calder, Alison. "Paper Families and Blonde Demonesses:The Haunting of History in SKY Lee's Disappearing Moon Cafe." Ariel VOL.31, NO.4 (2000):7-21.
Caliendo, Stephen M. and Charlton D. Mcllwain. Eds. The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity. London & New York:Routledge,2011.
Chan, Marty. Mom, Dad, I'm Living with a White Girl. Toronto:Playwrights Canada Press, 2001.
Chan, Marty, and Robert Walsh. The Forbidden Phoenix. Toronto:Playwrights Canada Press, 2010.
Chao, Lien. Beyond Silence:Chinese Canadian Literature in English. Toronto:TSAR,1997.
---. Maples and the Stream:A Narrative Poem. Toronto:TSAR,1999.
---. Tiger Girl:A Creative Memoir. Toronto:TSAR,2001.
---. "Neighbours." Eds. Lien Chao and Jim Wong-Chu. Strike the Wok:An Anthology of Contemporary Chinese Canadian Fiction. Toronto:TSAR,2003.70-77.
---. More Than Skin Deep.2004.
---. The Chinese Knot and Other Stories. Toronto:TSAR,2008.
Cho, Lily."'How Taste Remembers Life':Diasporic Memory and Community in Fred Wah's Peotry." Eds. Tseen Khoo and Kam Louie. Culture, Identity, Commodity:Diasporic Chinese Literatures in English. Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.81-106.
Chong, Denise. The Concubine's Children. New York:Viking,1995.
---. "Being Canadian." Eds. Desmond Morton and Morton Weinfeld. Who Speaks For Canada:Words That Shape a Country. Toronto:M & S,1998.327-32.
Chong, Kevin. "Critical Moments When Godlike Doctors Crack." National Post 21 Jan.2006.
Choy, Wayson. The Jade Peony. Vancouver:Douglas & McIntyre,1995.
---. "Intercultural, Not Multicultural." Eds. Rocio G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi,2000.269-86.
--- All That Matters. Toronto:Doubleday Canada,2004.
Chu, Garrick, et al., eds. Inalienable Rice:A Chinese & Japanese Canadian Anthology. Vancouver:Intermedia Press,1979.
Davidson, Arnold. Writing against the Silence:Joy Kogawa's Obasan. Toronto:ECW Press, 1993.
Djao, Wei. Being Chinese:Voices from the Diaspora. Tucson:The University of Arizona Press.2003.
Ebrey, Patricia. "Women, Marriage, and the Family in Chinese History." Ed. Paul S. Ropp. Heritage of China:Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press,1990.197-223.
Engkent, Garry. "Why My Mother Can't Speak English." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds:Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.9-16.
Fernando, Shanti. Race and the City:Chinese Canadian and Chinese American Political Mobilization. Vancouver:UBC Press,2006.
Field, Robin E. "Introduction." Eds. Robin E. Field and Parmita Kapadia. Transforming Diaspora:Communities beyond National Boundaries. Madison:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2011. ix-xxiii.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish:The Birth of the Prison. New York:Vintage Books, 1995.
Fu, Bennett Yu-Hsiang. "from Meta-Morphing T'ien Hu:Sexual Transgression and Textual Transposition in When Fox Is a Thousand." West Coast Line,38.2 (2004):157-63.
Genette, Gerard. Narrative Discourse:An Essay in Method. Trans. Jane E. Lewin. New York: Cornell University Press,1980.
Gessell, Paul. "Beyond the Miracle Cures of Primetime Television." The Ottawa Citizen 4 Feb. 2006.
Goddard, John. "Interview:Fred Wah." Books in Canada (October 1986):40-41.
Goellnicht, Donald C. "A Long Labour:the Protracted Birth of Asian Canadian Literature." Essays on Canadian Writing,72 (2000):1-41. Eds. Tseen Khoo and Kam Louie. Culture, Identity, Commodity:Diasporic Chinese Literatures in English. Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's University Press,2005. 153-82.
Griffiths, Gareth. "The Myth of Authenticity." Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. The Post-Colonial Reader. London and New York:Routledge,1995.237-241.
Hage, Ghassan. White Nation:Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society. London and New York:Routledge,2000.
Hall, Stuart. "Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Identity, Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London:Lawrence & Wishart,1990.222-37.
---. "Introduction:Who Needs'Identity'?" Eds. Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. Questions of Cultural Identity. London:SAGE,1996.1-17.
Halson, Elizabeth. Peking Opera. Hong Kong:Oxford University Press,1966.
Hedges, Elaine and Shelley Fisher Fishkin. "Introduction." Eds. Elaine Hedges and Shelley Fisher Fishkin. Listening to Silences:New Essays in Feminist Criticism. New York & Oxford:Oxford University Press:1994.3-16.
Helms, Gabriele. Challenging Canada:Dialogism and Narrative Techniques in Canadian Novels. Montreal & Kingston:McGill-Queen's University Press,2003.
Hodge, John L. "Equality:Beyond Dualism and Oppression" Anatomy of Racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis:U of Minnesota Press,1990.89-107.
Hoe, Ban Seng. Beyond the Golden Mountain:Chinese Cultural Traditions in Canada. Gatineau:Canadian Museum of Civilization,1989.
Hopkins, Michelle. "Forbidden Phoenix Tells Compelling Tale." Richmond News 13 April 2011.
Hsu, Cho-yun. "A Reflection on Marginality." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994. 239-242.
Huggan, Graham. The Postcolonial Exotic:Marketing the Margins. London:Routledge, 2001.
Hughes, Evan. "Doctors in Distress." New York Times 28 Oct.2007.
Hutcheon, Linda. The Canadian Postmodern:A Study of Contemporary English-Canadian Fiction. Toronto:Oxford University Press,1988.
---. A Poetics of Postmodernism:History, Theory, Fiction. London & New York:Routledge, 1998.
---. "Critical Perspectives on Writing Ethnicity in Canada." Eds. Rocio G Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi, 2000.285-98.
---. The Politics of Postmodernism.2nd ed. London & New York:Routledge,2002.
Jaeger, Peter. "Ethnicity, Ecopoetics, and Fred Wah's Biotext." Journal of Postcolonial Writing,46.2 (2010):199-208.
Keefer, Janice Kulyk. "Personal and Public Records:Story and History in the Narration of Ethnicity." Eds. Rocio G. Davis and Rosalia Baena. Tricks with a Glass:Writing Ethnicity in Canada. Amsterdam & Atlanta:Rodopi,2000.1-18.
Kim, Christine. "Troubling the Mosaic:Larissa Lai's When Fox Is a Thousand, Shani Mootoo's Cereus Blooms at Night, and Representations of Social Differences." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.153-77.
Kim, Elaine H. "Defining Asian American Realities through Literature." The Nature and Context of Minority Discourse. Eds. Abdul R. JanMohamed and David Lloyd. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990.146-70.
Lacan, Jacques. "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I." Ed. Christopher Kul-Want. Philosophers on Art from Kant to the Postmodernists. New York:Columbia University Press,2010.151-57.
Lai, Larissa. "Political Animals and the Body of History." Canadian Literature 163 (1999): 145-54.
---. "Corrupted lineage:narrative in the gaps of history." West Coast Line 34.3 (2001):40-53.
---. "Future Asians:Migrant Speculations, Repressed History and Cyborg Hope." West Coast Line 38.2 (2004):168-75.
---. "The Identity of the Body Has Not Yet Been Confirmed." West Coast Line 42.2 (2008): 137-39.
---. "Strategizing the Body of History:Anxious Writing, Absent Subjects, and Marketing the Nation." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.87-114.
Laiwan. "The Imperialism of Syntax." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds:Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.57-58.
Lam, Vincent. Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures. Toronto:Anchor Canada,2006.
Lau, Evelyn. Runaway:Diary of a Street Kid. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd,1989.
Leger, Louise. "The Storyteller." Medical Post 42.37 (2006):29-30.
Lee, Bennett. "Introduction." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds: Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.1-8.
Lee, Bennett, and Jim Wong-Chu, eds. Many-Mouthed Birds:Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.
Lee, Christopher. "Engaging Chineseness in Wayson Choy's The Jade Peony." Canadian Literature,163 (1999):18-33.
Lee, Sky. Disappearing Moon Cafe. Toronto:Douglas & McIntyre,1990.
Li, Peter. The Chinese in Canada.2nd Edition. Toronto:Oxford University Press,1998.
Ling Jinqi. Narrating Nationalism:Ideology and Form in Asian American Literature. New York:Oxford University Press,1998.
Liu, Zengmei.[刘增美],《族裔性与文学性之间——美国华裔文学批评研究》。博士学位论文。南京师范大学,2011.
Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts:On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham:Duke University Press,1996.
Lynch, Gerald. The One and the Many:English-Canadian Short Story Cycles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,2001.
Macdonald, Moira. "Graceful Tales of Medicine, Told with Care." Seattle Times 14 Sep.2007.
Mcbride, Jason. "Q & A:Vincent Lam." Toronto Life March 2006.
McGonegal, Julie. "Hyphenating the Hybrid 'I':(Re)Visions of Racial Mixedness in Fred Wah's Diamond Grill'." Essays on Canadian Writing,75 (2002):177-95.
McLaren, Peter. "White Terror and Oppositional Agency:Towards a Critical Multiculturalism." Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Multiculturalism:A Critical Reader. Oxford and Cambridge:Blackwell,1994.45-74.
Miller-McLemore, Bonnie J. Let The Children Come:Reimagining Childhood from A Christian Perspective. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2003.
Montross, Christine. "A Diagnosis for Doctors." The Washington Post 10 Jan.2008.
Moore-Gilbert, Bart. Postcolonial Theory:Contexts, Practices, Politics. London and New York:Verso,1997.
Morris, Robyn."'Site of Articulation'-An Interview with Larissa Lai." West Coast Line 38.2 (2004):21-30.
---. "Re-visioning Representations of Difference in Larissa Lai's When Fox is a Thousand and Ridley Scott's Blade Runner." West Coast Line 38.2 (2004):69-86.
Mukherjee, Neel. "Medical Breakthrough." Time 21 Aug.2008.
Myers, Rebecca. "The Yin and The Yang." Time International (Canada Edition), (164.17) 25 Dec.2004:64.
New, W.H. A History of Canadian Literature.2nd ed. Montreal:McGill-Queen's University Press,2003.
Ngai, Siu Wang and Peter Lorrick. Chinese Opera:Images and Stories. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,1997.
Nixon, Stephanie A & Joel Baetz. "Review of Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures by Vincent Lam." Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 15 July 2007.
Parameswaran, Uma. "Talking Loudly." Ed. Nurjehan Aziz. Floating the Borders:New Contexts in Canadian Criticism. Toronto:TSAR,1999.204-07.
Poo, Mu-chou. "Introduction." Ed. Mu-chou Poo. Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions. Leiden & Boston:Brill,2009.1-21.
Richler, Noah. "Book Review:Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures." Times 22 Feb.2008.
Ropp, Paul S. "The Distinctive Art of Chinese Fiction." Ed. Paul S. Ropp. Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press,1990.309-34.
Said, Edward W. Representations of the Intellectual. New York:Vintage Books,1996.
---. Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2000.
Saul, Joanne. "'Auto-hyphen-ethno-hyphen-graphy':Fred Wah's Creative-Critical Writing." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.133-49.
Scott F. R. Leaving the Shade of the Middle Ground:The Poetry of F. R. Scott. Selected with an introduction by Laura Moss and an afterword by George Elliott Clarke. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2011.
Sims, Martha C.,& Martine Stephens. Living Folklore:An Introduction to the Study of People and Their Traditions. Logan:Utah State University Press,2005.
Singh, Amritjit. "Against the Grain:Diaspora Studies at the Crossroads." Eds. Robin E. Field and Parmita Kapadia. Transforming Diaspora:Communities beyond National Boundaries. Madison:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2011.153-66.
Sollors, Werner. Beyond Ethnicity:Consent and Descent in American Culture. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986.
---. "Introduction:The Invention of Ethnicity." Ed. Werner Sollors. The Invention of Ethnicity. New York:Oxford University Press,1989. ix-xx.
Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1977.
Stoffman, Judy. "ER Doctor a Good Fiction Writer." Toronto Star 22 Jan.2006.
Sugars, Cynthia."'The Negative Capacity of Camouflage':Fleeing Diaspora in Fred Wah's Diamond Grill." Studies in Canadian Literature 26.1 (2001):27-45.
---. "Keeping the Gothic at (Sick) Bay:Reading the Transferences in Vincent Lam's Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures." Eds. Cynthia Sugars and Gerry Turcotte. Unsettled Remains:Canadian Literature and the Postcolonial Gothic. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2009.251-75.
Thomas, Colin. "The Forbidden Phoenix Is An Ambitious Mashup of Cultures." Straight 11 April 2011.
Tu, Wei-ming. "Preface." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994. ⅴ-ⅹ.
---. "Cultural China." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1994.1-34.
Ty, Eleanor. The Politics of the Visible:in Asian North American Narratives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,2004.
---. "Introduction." Eds. Eleanor Ty and Christl Verduyn. Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2008.1-23.
Wah, Fred. Selected Poems:Loki Is Buried at Smoky Creek. Edited with an introduction by George Bowering. Vancouver:Talonbooks,1980.
---. Breathin'My Name with a Sigh. Vancouver:Talonbooks,1981.
---. Waiting for Saskatchewan. Winnipeg:Turnstone Press,1985.
---. Faking it:Poetics & Hybridity. Edmonton:NeWest Press,2000.
---. Diamond Grill. Landmark Edition. Edmonton:NeWest Press,2006.
---. "Afterwords", The False Laws of Narrative:The Poetry of Fred Wah. Selected, with an introduction, by Louis Cabri. Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2009.65-71.
---. is a door. Vancouver:Talonbooks,2009.
Walsh, Robert. "About the Music for The Forbidden Phoenix." The Forbidden Phoenix Study Guide. P.5.
Wang, L. Ling-chi. "Roots and the Changing Identity of the Chinese in the United States." Ed. Wei-ming Tu. The Living Tree:The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1994.185-212.
Wan, Sze-kar. "Where Have All The Ghosts Gone? Evolution of A Concept in Biblical Literature." Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions. Leiden & Boston:Brill,2009.47-76.
Wong, Rita. "Lee, Sky. (Disappearing Moon Cafe) //Review." West Coast Line 24.2 (1990): 135-37.
Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature:From Necessity to Extravagance. Princeton:Princeton University Press.1993.
Wong, Shawn. "Introduction." Ed. Shawn Wong. Asian American Literature:A Brief Introduction and Anthology. New York:Harpercollins College Publishers,1996.
Yanofsky, Joel. "Stories Examine Doctors'Doubts and Aspirations." Montreal Gazette 21 Jan. 2006.
Yee, Paul. Saltwater City:an Illustrated History of the Chinese in Vancouver. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre,1988.
---. Tales from Gold Mountain:Stories of the Chinese in the New World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company,1989.
---. "Interview by Geoff Hancock." Eds. Linda Hutchen and Marion Richmond. Other Solitudes:Canadian Multicultural Fictions. Toronto:Oxford University Press,1990. 343-48.
---. "Prairie Night 1939." Eds. Bennett Lee and Jim Wong-Chu. Many-Mouthed Birds: Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians. Vancouver & London:Douglas & McIntyre,1991.48-55.
---. Ghost Train. Vancouver:Douglas & McIntyre,1996a.
---. Struggle and Hope. Toronto:Umbrella Press,1996b.
---. A Song for Ba. Toronto:Douglas & McIntyre,2004.
爱德华W.萨义德：《东方学》,王宇根译,北京：三联书店,1999年。
《文化与帝国主义》,李琨译,北京：三联书店,2003年。
《世界·文本·批评家》,李自修译,北京：三联书店,2009年。
艾勒克·博埃默：《殖民与后殖民文学》,盛宁等译,沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1998年。
巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特：《后殖民理论——语境实践政治》,陈仲丹译,南京：南京大学出版社,2001年。
陈爱敏：《流散书写与民族认同》,《四川外语学院学报》2008年第2期,第77-81页.
程爱民,邵怡,卢俊：《20世纪美国华裔小说研究》,南京：南京大学出版社,2010年。
傅俊,严志军,严又萍：《加拿大文学简史》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,2010年。
胡文仲：《超越文化的屏障》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2004年。
勒内·韦勒克：《批评的诸种概念》,丁泓、周毅译,成都：四川文艺出版社,1987年
廖炳惠：《关键词200：Key Words in Literary and Critical Studies>,台北：麦田出版公司,2003年。
凌津奇：《叙述民族主义——美国亚裔文学中的意识形态与形式》,吴燕译,北京：中国 社会科学出版社,2006年。
刘捷：《寻找生存的意义——兼评<打破沉默：华裔加拿大人的英语文学>》,《当代外国文学》2004年第4期,第164-68页。
陆薇：《走向文化研究的华裔美国文学》,北京：中华书局,2007年。
罗婷：《加拿大华裔英语文学的兴起》,《外国文学研究》2001年第3期,第127-32页。
蒲若茜：《华裔美国作家笔下的历史再现》,《暨南学报》(哲社版)2009年第4期,第9-16页。
饶芃子主编：《流散与回望：比较文学视野中的海外华人文学》,天津：南开大学出版社,2007年。
申丹：《叙述学与小说文体学研究》,北京：北京大学出版社,2004年。
生安锋：《霍米巴巴》,台北：生智文化事业有限公司,2005年。
斯图亚特·霍尔：《文化身份与族裔散居》,载罗刚、刘象愚主编《文化研究读本》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年。
王建会：《‘创伤’理论与亚裔美国文学批评》,《当代外国文学》2010年第2期,第68-74页。
王宁：《流散写作与中华文化的全球性特征》,《中国比较文学》2004年第4期,第2-14页。
王晓路：《种族／族性》,《外国文学》2002年第6期,第62-66页。
吴冰：《华裔美国文学的历史性》,《外国文学研究》2010年第2期,第120-25页。
张冲：《散居族裔批评与美国华裔文学研究》,《外国文学研究》2005年第2期,第87-91页。
张琼：《从族裔声音到经典文学：美国华裔文学的文学性研究及主题反思》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2009年。
赵庆庆：《枫语心香：加拿大华裔作家访谈录》,南京：南京大学出版社,2011。
赵文书：《华裔美国的文学创新与中国的文化传统》,《外国文学研究》2003年第3期,第69-75页。
赵稀方：《后殖民理论》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年。
周小仪：《文学性》,载《外国文学》2003年第5期,第51-63页.
朱刚编著：《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001年。
朱立元主编：《当代西方文艺理论》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2003年。
朱徽：《加拿大英语文学简史》,成都：四川大学出版社,2005年。
《加拿大华裔英语文学的发展与现状——赵廉博士访谈录》,《中国比较文学》2001年第2期,第128-38页。
《当代加拿大华裔英语文学述评》,《当代外国文学》2003年第3期,第74-79页。