郑汴区域城市空间扩展及调控研究
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摘要
我国处于城市化快速发展时期,城市空间扩展以及受其影响表现出来的区域特征相当突出,并在很大程度上对区域空间发展格局产生了重要影响。而且,正是城市空间扩展、以及政府对城市空间扩展的不当调控,严重影响了区域可持续发展。因此区域发展必须正视城市空间扩展的影响,把握城市空间扩展的规律和空间演变趋势,并进行适度的综合调控措施,统筹区域发展和城市空间扩展。
当前,河南省正在实施中心城市带动战略,在全省区域通过“一极三圈三层”的空间组织方式,构建现代城镇体系基本框架。郑汴区域是这一战略构想中重要的核心增长极,该区域内的城市空间扩展,既是未来一段时期内区域变化的重要特征,也是省市两级政府进行宏观调控、实现增长与发展目标的重要区域。在当前这一战略构想实施的初期阶段,及时进行城市空间扩展及调控的研究,具有重要的现实意义。
本文借助于RS和GIS技术,对郑汴区域不同时期的遥感影像进行分类,提取出城市的空间信息,然后分别从中心城市建成区空间扩展和外围区域城市空间扩展两个视角,探讨郑汴区域城市空间扩展演变的时空特征,结合郑汴区域特点提出了“多功能组团和网络化”的空间扩展模式。结合我国中部广大发展中地区城市化进程中的政府行政力特点,研究郑汴区域城市空间扩展调控的基本策略。论文共分为九个部分:
第一部分是序言。介绍本研究的选题背景、研究意义、研究思路、研究框架、研究区域及选择原因。
第二部分是国内外关于城市空间扩展研究的回顾和分析。首先回顾了国外主要大城市的空间扩展历史,对城市空间扩展研究的分散主义思想、集中主义思想和可持续发展理论思潮进行了梳理。国内主要从城市空间扩展的模式、动力机制、调控措施和新技术应用几个方面进行研究。
第三部分是城市空间扩展研究的理论基础研究。主要从单一城市的空间结构模型和区域城镇的空间结构理论两个层面进行了梳理和探讨。认为模型和理论的应用除了要注意城市发展在地域结构上的共性外,还应注意地区特点。
第四部分是研究区域概况及数据的处理。对郑州和开封两市的自然条件、社会经济发展和城市发展历史进行了分析,借助多期TM/ETM+卫星遥感影像资料,结合区域土地利用分类体系标准,结合社会经济统计资料和地形图,分别对1988、2001、2008年遥感影像进行分类,获得研究区域各时期的土地利用现状图,还针对郑州市和开封市城市建成区,通过自动解译和人工目视判读相结合的方法对1988、1992、2001、2004和2009年五个时期的遥感影像进行了判读,提取出各个年份的城市建成区信息。
第五部分是郑汴区域中心城市空间扩展的时空特征研究。从中心城市建设用地扩展的时间过程、空间变化特征和结构分析三方面分别对郑州、开封两市进行了研究。认为,在城市用地空间扩展过程中,郑州与开封两市都经历了外部蔓延——内部填充——外部蔓延的阶段,而且扩展在不断加速;郑州市的城市扩展要明显强于开封,已经超出了郑州市辖区的范围,其城市功能应经延伸到周边的中牟、新郑、荥阳等县市,城市质心出现明显的东移。开封市城市扩展在开封市辖区范围内进行,城市质心出现了明显的西移。
第六部分是郑汴区域城市空间扩展及土地利用的变化趋势分析。利用多时段遥感数据,定量研究了郑州、开封两市的城市边缘区,以及上街-荥阳地区、中牟、新郑、开封县市域的城镇空间扩展特征,并对郑汴区域土地利用变化的特征和发展趋势进行了分析。得出三点结论:一是通过产业转移和功能的延伸,郑州、开封中心城市的空间扩展对周边区域城镇的空间扩展产生直接或间接的影响;二是郑汴区域城镇空间的快速扩展,引起区域范围内土地利用发生剧烈变化,耕地、园林草地、水域和未利用地面积不断减少,城乡用地面积持续增长,并且在未来的20年间,这一趋势将延续;三是随着郑汴区域城镇空间的扩展和郑汴一体化进程的不断推进,这一区域将呈现出城镇连绵发展的态势,未来将形成大都市区的空间结构,即郑汴都市区。
第七部分是郑汴区域城市空间扩展模式和动力机制的研究。结合郑汴区域空间特点和发展要求,提出了“多功能组团网络式”的空间扩展模式。从区域自然条件、社会经济因素、城市之间的相互吸引力、互补性,以及政策驱动、城市规划引导等方面,研究了郑汴区域城市空间扩展的动力机制。
第八部分是郑汴区域城市空间扩展的调控研究。从目标、原则、机制等方面探讨了城市空间扩展调控的机制,分析了政府行政及行政力作用下的规划引导对于中部发展中地区城市空间扩展调控的重要意义。在此基础上,指出并研究了郑汴区域城市空间扩展的重点,即构建郑汴区域空间体系、引导中心城市空间扩展和结构优化、促进区域产业结构优化和集中布局、统筹安排基础设施建设、促进城乡一体化和新农村建设、保障生态系统建设。最后从政策、行政、规划三个方面研究探讨了城市空间扩展调控的具体策略。
最后是结论部分。对本文的主要结论和创新点进行概括,并讨论和展望了进一步研究的方向。
With the rapid development of urbanization in our country, urban spatial expansion develops more quickly, as well as its regional characteristics manifest more prominent, and it impacts regional spatial patterns largely. Moreover, it was urban spatial expansion and government’s improper regulation of urban spatial expansion seriously affects the regional sustainable development. Therefore, regional development must address the impact of urban spatial expansion and comply with the law of urban spatial expansion and trends of spatial evolution, and conduct comprehensive macro-control measures appropriately to co-ordinate regional development and urban spatial expansion.
At present, Henan Province is implementing the central city led strategy, and focuses on building the basic framework of the modern urban system in the province's regions through the space organization pattern of "a pole, three circles and three layers". Zheng Bian area is the core growth pole in strategy. The urban spatial expansion in Zheng Bian area is a change in the next period of time, and the areas also is the important region for provincial and municipal governments to macro-control, and achieve objectives of growth and development. The strategic concept will be implemented so that to research urban spatial expansion and regulation timely has important and practical significance.
By virtue of remote sensing information means and GIS technology, this paper classifies remote sensing images of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area at different times, extracts out the spatial information of the cities, and explores the spatial characteristics of evolution of urban spatial expansion in the Zheng Bian area from two perspectives of urban spatial expansion in central city and urban spatial expansion in outlying areas. The spatial expasion pattern of multi-functional cluster and network is brought up according to the characteristics of Zheng Bian areas. On the basis of the characteristics of municipial power during the urbanization in the Middle China, strategy of controlling urban spatial’s expansion of Zheng Bian areas is addressed. Paper is divided into nine parts:
The first part is the Preamble. It Introduced study background, research significance, research ideas, research framework, the study area and reasons. The second part is to review and analyze the study of urban spatial expansion at home and abroad. Firstly it reviewed the history of spatial expansion of foreign major cities. Then it summarized research ideas of the dispersion of urban spatial expansion, focus on ideology and theory of sustainable development ideas. Domestic researches about urban spatial expansion mainly analyze the expansion models, the dynamic mechanism, control measures, and the application of new technologies of urban spatial expansion.
The third part is the theoretical studies about urban spatial expansion. It primarily discussed from two levels----a single urban spatial structure model and regional urban spatial structure theory. Urban development’s common things of geographical structure and also regional characteristics should deserve more attention during the application of the model and the theory.
The fourth part is about the survey of research area and relative data processing. Cities of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng natural conditions, socio-economic development and their development history were analyzed. Using multi-phase TM / ETM and satellite remote sensing image data, combining with regional land use classification standards, and socio-economic statistical data and topographic maps to classify remote sensing images of 1988,2001,2008 respectively, we obtained land-use survey of the study area at different stages. We also use automotive interpretation and manual visual interpretation to interpret remote sensing images of 1988,1992,2001,2004 and 2009 and to extract the information about built-up areas of Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng City of every year.
Part V is to study the spatial characteristics of spatial extension of central city in Zheng Bian area. Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city were respectively studied from extended time course of the center city construction land, spatial variation characteristics and structural analysis. It concludes that in the process of spatial expansion of urban land, the cities of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng have experienced the stage---- external spread - filled with the internal - external spread, and the expansion continuously accelerated. The urban growth of Zhengzhou City was significantly stronger than that of Kaifeng city, which has exceeded the scope of jurisdiction of Zhengzhou City, so that its urban functions shall be extended to the surrounding area,including Zhongmou, Xinzheng, Xing Yang and other cities and counties, and city’s center sweep eastward noticeable. While in Kaifeng city, the urban expansion is going on in its scope of jurisdiction,and the center of city sweeps westward.
Part VI is to analyze Zheng Bian regional urban spatial expansion and change trend of land-use. Using multi-temporal remote sensing data, we do quantitative study about spatial expansion characteristics of the fringe areas of Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city, Shangjie-Xing Yang area, Zhongmou, Xinzheng, Kaifeng county, and analyze the changing characteristics and development trends of regional land-use in Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area. We draw three conclusions: First, through the industrial migration and functional extension, the two central cities’spatial expansion of Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city have direct or indirect impact on space expansion of their surrounding region; secondly, the rapid expansion of space in Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area causes to dramatic changes in land use within the framework of the region, and cultivated land, garden grass, water and unused land area is declining, urban and rural land area continued to grow, and in the next 20 years, this trend will continue; thirdly, with the Zheng Bian urban spatial expansion and Zhengzhou and Kaifeng integration process progresses, this area will arise the situation of stretching cities and towns trend, resulting in forming the spatial structure of metropolitan areas in future, namely, Zheng Bian metropolis.
Part VII is to study regional urban spatial expansion model and dynamic mechanism in Zheng Bian area. Based on spatial development characteristics of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area, the spatial expasion pattern of multi-functional cluster and network is brought up. From a regional natural conditions, socio-economic factors, the mutual attraction and complementarities between cities, as well as policy-driven, urban planning guidance, etc., we also study the dynamic mechanism of urban expansion of Zheng Bian area.
Part VIII is to study how to regulate urban spatial expansion of Zheng Bian area. First, we explore the regulation mechanism of urban spatial expansion from the principles, objectives, mechanisms, and strategies, etc. We also analysis the meaning of government’s act and plan on controlling the developing city’s spatial expasion in the Middle China. On the basis of it, we point out and study key point of the urban spatial expansion in Zheng Bian area, that is to build a regional spatial system of Zheng Bian area, to guide spatial expansion of central city and its structural optimization, to promote regional industrial structure optimization and centralized distribution, to overall plan infrastructure construction, to promote urban-rural integration and new rural construction, and to protect the eco-system construction. Finally we explore specific strategies to regulate the urban spatial expansion from three aspects of policy, administration and planning.
The last is conclusion. It summarized the main conclusions and innovative points of this paper, discussed and prospected the further research directions.
当前,河南省正在实施中心城市带动战略,在全省区域通过“一极三圈三层”的空间组织方式,构建现代城镇体系基本框架。郑汴区域是这一战略构想中重要的核心增长极,该区域内的城市空间扩展,既是未来一段时期内区域变化的重要特征,也是省市两级政府进行宏观调控、实现增长与发展目标的重要区域。在当前这一战略构想实施的初期阶段,及时进行城市空间扩展及调控的研究,具有重要的现实意义。
本文借助于RS和GIS技术,对郑汴区域不同时期的遥感影像进行分类,提取出城市的空间信息,然后分别从中心城市建成区空间扩展和外围区域城市空间扩展两个视角,探讨郑汴区域城市空间扩展演变的时空特征,结合郑汴区域特点提出了“多功能组团和网络化”的空间扩展模式。结合我国中部广大发展中地区城市化进程中的政府行政力特点,研究郑汴区域城市空间扩展调控的基本策略。论文共分为九个部分:
第一部分是序言。介绍本研究的选题背景、研究意义、研究思路、研究框架、研究区域及选择原因。
第二部分是国内外关于城市空间扩展研究的回顾和分析。首先回顾了国外主要大城市的空间扩展历史,对城市空间扩展研究的分散主义思想、集中主义思想和可持续发展理论思潮进行了梳理。国内主要从城市空间扩展的模式、动力机制、调控措施和新技术应用几个方面进行研究。
第三部分是城市空间扩展研究的理论基础研究。主要从单一城市的空间结构模型和区域城镇的空间结构理论两个层面进行了梳理和探讨。认为模型和理论的应用除了要注意城市发展在地域结构上的共性外,还应注意地区特点。
第四部分是研究区域概况及数据的处理。对郑州和开封两市的自然条件、社会经济发展和城市发展历史进行了分析,借助多期TM/ETM+卫星遥感影像资料,结合区域土地利用分类体系标准,结合社会经济统计资料和地形图,分别对1988、2001、2008年遥感影像进行分类,获得研究区域各时期的土地利用现状图,还针对郑州市和开封市城市建成区,通过自动解译和人工目视判读相结合的方法对1988、1992、2001、2004和2009年五个时期的遥感影像进行了判读,提取出各个年份的城市建成区信息。
第五部分是郑汴区域中心城市空间扩展的时空特征研究。从中心城市建设用地扩展的时间过程、空间变化特征和结构分析三方面分别对郑州、开封两市进行了研究。认为,在城市用地空间扩展过程中,郑州与开封两市都经历了外部蔓延——内部填充——外部蔓延的阶段,而且扩展在不断加速;郑州市的城市扩展要明显强于开封,已经超出了郑州市辖区的范围,其城市功能应经延伸到周边的中牟、新郑、荥阳等县市,城市质心出现明显的东移。开封市城市扩展在开封市辖区范围内进行,城市质心出现了明显的西移。
第六部分是郑汴区域城市空间扩展及土地利用的变化趋势分析。利用多时段遥感数据,定量研究了郑州、开封两市的城市边缘区,以及上街-荥阳地区、中牟、新郑、开封县市域的城镇空间扩展特征,并对郑汴区域土地利用变化的特征和发展趋势进行了分析。得出三点结论:一是通过产业转移和功能的延伸,郑州、开封中心城市的空间扩展对周边区域城镇的空间扩展产生直接或间接的影响;二是郑汴区域城镇空间的快速扩展,引起区域范围内土地利用发生剧烈变化,耕地、园林草地、水域和未利用地面积不断减少,城乡用地面积持续增长,并且在未来的20年间,这一趋势将延续;三是随着郑汴区域城镇空间的扩展和郑汴一体化进程的不断推进,这一区域将呈现出城镇连绵发展的态势,未来将形成大都市区的空间结构,即郑汴都市区。
第七部分是郑汴区域城市空间扩展模式和动力机制的研究。结合郑汴区域空间特点和发展要求,提出了“多功能组团网络式”的空间扩展模式。从区域自然条件、社会经济因素、城市之间的相互吸引力、互补性,以及政策驱动、城市规划引导等方面,研究了郑汴区域城市空间扩展的动力机制。
第八部分是郑汴区域城市空间扩展的调控研究。从目标、原则、机制等方面探讨了城市空间扩展调控的机制,分析了政府行政及行政力作用下的规划引导对于中部发展中地区城市空间扩展调控的重要意义。在此基础上,指出并研究了郑汴区域城市空间扩展的重点,即构建郑汴区域空间体系、引导中心城市空间扩展和结构优化、促进区域产业结构优化和集中布局、统筹安排基础设施建设、促进城乡一体化和新农村建设、保障生态系统建设。最后从政策、行政、规划三个方面研究探讨了城市空间扩展调控的具体策略。
最后是结论部分。对本文的主要结论和创新点进行概括,并讨论和展望了进一步研究的方向。
With the rapid development of urbanization in our country, urban spatial expansion develops more quickly, as well as its regional characteristics manifest more prominent, and it impacts regional spatial patterns largely. Moreover, it was urban spatial expansion and government’s improper regulation of urban spatial expansion seriously affects the regional sustainable development. Therefore, regional development must address the impact of urban spatial expansion and comply with the law of urban spatial expansion and trends of spatial evolution, and conduct comprehensive macro-control measures appropriately to co-ordinate regional development and urban spatial expansion.
At present, Henan Province is implementing the central city led strategy, and focuses on building the basic framework of the modern urban system in the province's regions through the space organization pattern of "a pole, three circles and three layers". Zheng Bian area is the core growth pole in strategy. The urban spatial expansion in Zheng Bian area is a change in the next period of time, and the areas also is the important region for provincial and municipal governments to macro-control, and achieve objectives of growth and development. The strategic concept will be implemented so that to research urban spatial expansion and regulation timely has important and practical significance.
By virtue of remote sensing information means and GIS technology, this paper classifies remote sensing images of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area at different times, extracts out the spatial information of the cities, and explores the spatial characteristics of evolution of urban spatial expansion in the Zheng Bian area from two perspectives of urban spatial expansion in central city and urban spatial expansion in outlying areas. The spatial expasion pattern of multi-functional cluster and network is brought up according to the characteristics of Zheng Bian areas. On the basis of the characteristics of municipial power during the urbanization in the Middle China, strategy of controlling urban spatial’s expansion of Zheng Bian areas is addressed. Paper is divided into nine parts:
The first part is the Preamble. It Introduced study background, research significance, research ideas, research framework, the study area and reasons. The second part is to review and analyze the study of urban spatial expansion at home and abroad. Firstly it reviewed the history of spatial expansion of foreign major cities. Then it summarized research ideas of the dispersion of urban spatial expansion, focus on ideology and theory of sustainable development ideas. Domestic researches about urban spatial expansion mainly analyze the expansion models, the dynamic mechanism, control measures, and the application of new technologies of urban spatial expansion.
The third part is the theoretical studies about urban spatial expansion. It primarily discussed from two levels----a single urban spatial structure model and regional urban spatial structure theory. Urban development’s common things of geographical structure and also regional characteristics should deserve more attention during the application of the model and the theory.
The fourth part is about the survey of research area and relative data processing. Cities of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng natural conditions, socio-economic development and their development history were analyzed. Using multi-phase TM / ETM and satellite remote sensing image data, combining with regional land use classification standards, and socio-economic statistical data and topographic maps to classify remote sensing images of 1988,2001,2008 respectively, we obtained land-use survey of the study area at different stages. We also use automotive interpretation and manual visual interpretation to interpret remote sensing images of 1988,1992,2001,2004 and 2009 and to extract the information about built-up areas of Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng City of every year.
Part V is to study the spatial characteristics of spatial extension of central city in Zheng Bian area. Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city were respectively studied from extended time course of the center city construction land, spatial variation characteristics and structural analysis. It concludes that in the process of spatial expansion of urban land, the cities of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng have experienced the stage---- external spread - filled with the internal - external spread, and the expansion continuously accelerated. The urban growth of Zhengzhou City was significantly stronger than that of Kaifeng city, which has exceeded the scope of jurisdiction of Zhengzhou City, so that its urban functions shall be extended to the surrounding area,including Zhongmou, Xinzheng, Xing Yang and other cities and counties, and city’s center sweep eastward noticeable. While in Kaifeng city, the urban expansion is going on in its scope of jurisdiction,and the center of city sweeps westward.
Part VI is to analyze Zheng Bian regional urban spatial expansion and change trend of land-use. Using multi-temporal remote sensing data, we do quantitative study about spatial expansion characteristics of the fringe areas of Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city, Shangjie-Xing Yang area, Zhongmou, Xinzheng, Kaifeng county, and analyze the changing characteristics and development trends of regional land-use in Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area. We draw three conclusions: First, through the industrial migration and functional extension, the two central cities’spatial expansion of Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city have direct or indirect impact on space expansion of their surrounding region; secondly, the rapid expansion of space in Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area causes to dramatic changes in land use within the framework of the region, and cultivated land, garden grass, water and unused land area is declining, urban and rural land area continued to grow, and in the next 20 years, this trend will continue; thirdly, with the Zheng Bian urban spatial expansion and Zhengzhou and Kaifeng integration process progresses, this area will arise the situation of stretching cities and towns trend, resulting in forming the spatial structure of metropolitan areas in future, namely, Zheng Bian metropolis.
Part VII is to study regional urban spatial expansion model and dynamic mechanism in Zheng Bian area. Based on spatial development characteristics of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng area, the spatial expasion pattern of multi-functional cluster and network is brought up. From a regional natural conditions, socio-economic factors, the mutual attraction and complementarities between cities, as well as policy-driven, urban planning guidance, etc., we also study the dynamic mechanism of urban expansion of Zheng Bian area.
Part VIII is to study how to regulate urban spatial expansion of Zheng Bian area. First, we explore the regulation mechanism of urban spatial expansion from the principles, objectives, mechanisms, and strategies, etc. We also analysis the meaning of government’s act and plan on controlling the developing city’s spatial expasion in the Middle China. On the basis of it, we point out and study key point of the urban spatial expansion in Zheng Bian area, that is to build a regional spatial system of Zheng Bian area, to guide spatial expansion of central city and its structural optimization, to promote regional industrial structure optimization and centralized distribution, to overall plan infrastructure construction, to promote urban-rural integration and new rural construction, and to protect the eco-system construction. Finally we explore specific strategies to regulate the urban spatial expansion from three aspects of policy, administration and planning.
The last is conclusion. It summarized the main conclusions and innovative points of this paper, discussed and prospected the further research directions.
引文
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