水土保持区划及功能定位研究
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摘要
随着美丽中国和生态文明建设的国家战略目标的提出,生态环境建设和区域可持续发展问题成为众多学者关注的热点。水土保持是我国长期坚持的基本国策,水土保持区划又是水土保持规划等工作的关键和前提,但是,在新时期的要求下,全国性及大尺度区域水土保持区划问题仍然没有得到很好的解决。本文是在全国水土保持区划一级区分区基础上,重点解决水土保持区划二、三级区划分的体系、方法和功能等问题。本文是在系统总结相关区划成果的基础上,综合分析我国自然地理、水土流失、生态环境、经济社会等特征,充分考虑区域水土保持特点以及经济社会发展的需求,建立我国水土保持区划二、三级区分区的基本原则、方法和指标体系,提出了水土保持功能类型、评价指标体系和方法,通过全国水土保持区划数据上报系统获取数据,应用遥感、地理信息系统(ARCGIS)、统计分析(SPSS、MATALAB)等技术手段进行水土保持区划二、三级区的划分,并进行了三级区功能定位,根据三级区的水土保持主导功能提出分区防治技术途径。选择西北黄土高原区、南方红壤区作为典型区进行了实例研究。旨在为我国水土保持区划和生态环境建设提供科学依据。本文研究思路与成果如下：
(1)明确了水土保持区划理论基础与原则；水土保持区划是部门综合经济区划,与我国已经完成地貌、土壤、林业等区划既有区别又有联系；区划以自然地理分异理论、系统科学理论和生态经济理论等为基础；以区内相似性和区间差异性原则、主导因素和综合性相结合原则、区域连续性与取大去小原则和水土保持主导功能原则等为区划原则;在相关区划(分区)的等级层次体系基础上,提出了我国水土保持区划二、三级区的目标和任务。
(2)构建了水土保持区划指标体系和方法。结合水土流失和水土保持影响因子分析,水土保持区划二、三级区的指标体系由自然地理要素、水土流失要素、土地利用要素和经济社会要素4个方面组成,以定量为主,定性为辅,结合水土保持区划原则,提出采用了“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合和“定性与定量”相结合的分区技术途径,确定了以主成分分析、系统聚类、人工神经网络(SOFM)、空间叠加、现状评价和专家判别等水土保持区划方法。提出了以县级行政区作为区划基本单元。
(3)水土保持区划二级区划分。提出了水土保持区划二级分区依据,二级区划分指标包括特征优势地貌及海拔、水土流失类型及强度、水热指标等参考共性指标。提出了以定量分析为主,定性与定量相结合的分区途径。以西北黄土高原区为实例,选取多年平均降雨量、林草覆盖率和强度以上侵蚀强度比例等5个主导指标,通过采用系统聚类方法,将西北黄土高原区分区5个二级区。采用空间叠加和人工神经网络模型(SOFM)分析的方法进行南方红壤区二级区分区实例研究,选取多年平均降雨量、≥10℃积温、土地利用类型、土壤类型等6个指标进行空间叠加分析得到初步的8个二级区：选取多年平均降雨量、平均径流量、>15°坡度面积比例、轻度以上侵蚀面积比例、山地面积等9个指标进行人工神经网络模型(SOFM)聚类,将南方红壤区划分为8个二级区：通过对南方红壤区的空间叠加和人工神经网络聚类两种方法得出的结果进行对比分析,结合专家判别等方法将南方红壤区分为8个二级区。
(4)水土保持区划三级区划分。提出了水土保持区划三级分区依据、指标选择原则和区划方法。以西北黄土高原区为例进行水土保持区划三级区划分研究,并采取了按划定的二级区和按要素2种技术方案就行了对比研究。构建了西北黄土高原区三级区划分的指标体系,包括自然地理要素、水土流失要素、土地利用要素和经济社会要素的共24个指标。以主成分分析和系统聚类相结合方法进行每个二级区的三级区划分,得到西北黄土高原区三级区方案一。以主成分分析、系统聚类和空间叠加相结合的方法进行了按要素划分三级区,得到西北黄土高原区三级区方案二。通过方案一和方案二的对比,结合专家判别等方法将西北黄土高原区分为16个三级区。
(5)水土保持功能定位与分区防治。提出了水土保持基础功能8类,并提出了内涵及界定条件；构建了水土保持功能重要性评价指标体系和综合评价方法。通过水土保持功能评价结果得到了西北黄土高原区功能重要性评价图,通过空间叠加分析,得到西北黄土高原区水土保持功能综合评价图,将综合评价图与三级区方案叠加,确定了西北黄土高原区每个三级区的水土保持主导功能,根据三级区的主导功能提出了分区防治技术途径。
本文通过系统研究分析,提出了水土保持区划二、三级区目标和任务,构建了水土保持区划指标体系,通过实例探索了主导指标、主成分分析、系统聚类、人工神经网络(SOFM)、空间叠加和专家判别等区划方法在水土保持区划中的可行性；提出了以水土保持主导功能进行三级区定位和水土保持功能评价指标体系,并针对不同的分区提出防治技术途径。为我国水土保持区划和规划提供理论基础和实践意义。
With beautiful Chinese ecological civilization construction and the national strategic target, the problem of ecological environment construction and regional sustainable development has become the focus of attention of many scholars. Soil and water conservation is a long-term basic state policy of China, soil and water conservation regionalization is the key premise of the planning. However, at the request of the new period, the problem of nationwide and large-scale soil and water conservation regionalization still has not been resolved. Based on the national primary soil and water conservation regionalizationsoil, this article is focused on systems, methods and functions of secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization. This paper is based on summarizing the relevant division results and a comprehensive analysis of China's natural geography, soil erosion, ecological environment, social and economic characteristics. Giving full consideration to the characteristics and needs of economic and social development of regional soil and water conservation. The paper is to established the basic principles, methods and index system and put forward the type of soil and water conservation function, the evaluation index system and method. The data were collected through the National Soil and Water Conservation regionalization data reporting system. The paper completed secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization and functional orientation by remote sensing, geographical information system (ARCGIS), statistical analysis (SPSS, MATALAB) and other technical. According to the leading function, the paper put forward the prevention technology ways. This paper chooses Northwest Loess Plateau and South China red soil region as a typical case study. The purpose of this study is to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation regionalization and ecological environment construction. Ideas and results of this study are as follows:
(1) This paper determines the soil and water conservation regionalization theoretical foundation and principles. Soil and water conservation regionalization is integrated sector economic regionalization, which is distinct but related to the completed the topography, soil and forestry regionalization. The regionalization was based on natural geographic differentiation theory, scientific theory and ecological economic theory, using principles of regional similarity and inter-regional diversity, combining the dominant factor with synthesis, regional continuity, taking the larger one, dominant function of soil and water conservation as the regionalization principles. The objectives and tasks of secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization raised by related division level hierarchy.
(2) The paper constructs the index system and method of soil and water conservation regionalization. After analyzing the impact factors of soil erosion and soil and water conservation, the results showed that the index system consists of four aspects including natural geographic features, soil erosion elements, elements of land use and economic and social elements, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme. Component analysis, system clustering, artificial neural network (SOFM), the spatial overlay status evaluation and experts discrimination were defined as Soil and Water Conservation regionalization method. The county-level administrative regionalization was defined as the basic unit of regionalization.
(3) Secondary soil and water conservation regionalization. The basis for regionalization was defined and the indicators include reference common indicators of the characteristics of dominant landforms and altitude, soil erosion type and intensity, hydrothermal indicators. The method of analysis is quantitative analysis, combined with qualitative. Northwest Loess Plateau as a instance, the average annual rainfall, vegetation cover and erosion intensity ratio were selected as the five leading indicators, through the use of system clustering method, the Northwest Loess Plateau is divided to five secondary regions. Spatial overlay analysis and artificial neural network model were used to analysis the secondary regionalization in Southern Red Soil Regions. Eight secondary regions were reached analyzing6indicators including the average annual rainfall,≥10℃accumulated temperature, land use type, soil type and others with spatial overlay. It is divided to eight secondary regions analyzing9indicators including the average annual rainfall, the average runoff,>15℃slope area ratio, more than mild erosion area ratio, mountain area and others with artificial neural network model (SOFM). By analyzing the results of two methods, combined with expert discriminant, Southern Red Soil Regions is divided to eight secondary regions.
(4) Tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization. This paper proposes the tertiary soil and water conservation index selection principles and methods of regionalization. The tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization was studied by taking the Northwest Loess Plateau for example, and the classify of secondary regions were studied in comparison with the technical solution by factors. The index system of tertiary regions in Northwest Loess Plateau includs natural factors, factors of soil erosion, land-use factors and economic and social factors of a total of24indicators. The plan a is based on the combination of principal component analysis and system clustering method for the tertiary regions of each secondary regions. The plan b is based on the principal component analysis, cluster and spatial overlay by combining the elements. By contrast plan a and b, the Northwest Loess Plateau is divided into16sections combined with expert discriminant.
(5)Soil and Water Conservation Function Orientation and partition prevention. This paper proposes8basic functions of soil and water conservation with the connotation and defined conditions, and the function of soil and water conservation evaluation index system and evaluation methods. Northwest Loess Plateau function importance evaluation map is obtained through the function of evaluation results of soil and water conservation, Then by spatial overlay analysis, received the Northwest Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation comprehensive evaluation map. The Soil and Water Conservation dominant function of each tertiary regions in the Northwest Loess is determined by stacked the comprehensive evaluation map with the tertiary regions boundary. The partition prevention technical ways is put forward by the dominant function of the tertiary regions.
Through studies, the objectives and tasks of the secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization is defined clearly. This paper constructs the index system of soil and water conservation regionalization. and explores the dominant index, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, artificial neural network (SOFM), spatial overlay and expert evaluation division method in feasibility zoning of soil and water conservation. This paper first put forward positioned the tertiary regions by dominant function and the evaluation index system, and for the different partitions prevention technical approach. It is to provide the theoretical basis and practical significance for the regionalization and planning of soil and water conservation in china.
(1)明确了水土保持区划理论基础与原则；水土保持区划是部门综合经济区划,与我国已经完成地貌、土壤、林业等区划既有区别又有联系；区划以自然地理分异理论、系统科学理论和生态经济理论等为基础；以区内相似性和区间差异性原则、主导因素和综合性相结合原则、区域连续性与取大去小原则和水土保持主导功能原则等为区划原则;在相关区划(分区)的等级层次体系基础上,提出了我国水土保持区划二、三级区的目标和任务。
(2)构建了水土保持区划指标体系和方法。结合水土流失和水土保持影响因子分析,水土保持区划二、三级区的指标体系由自然地理要素、水土流失要素、土地利用要素和经济社会要素4个方面组成,以定量为主,定性为辅,结合水土保持区划原则,提出采用了“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合和“定性与定量”相结合的分区技术途径,确定了以主成分分析、系统聚类、人工神经网络(SOFM)、空间叠加、现状评价和专家判别等水土保持区划方法。提出了以县级行政区作为区划基本单元。
(3)水土保持区划二级区划分。提出了水土保持区划二级分区依据,二级区划分指标包括特征优势地貌及海拔、水土流失类型及强度、水热指标等参考共性指标。提出了以定量分析为主,定性与定量相结合的分区途径。以西北黄土高原区为实例,选取多年平均降雨量、林草覆盖率和强度以上侵蚀强度比例等5个主导指标,通过采用系统聚类方法,将西北黄土高原区分区5个二级区。采用空间叠加和人工神经网络模型(SOFM)分析的方法进行南方红壤区二级区分区实例研究,选取多年平均降雨量、≥10℃积温、土地利用类型、土壤类型等6个指标进行空间叠加分析得到初步的8个二级区：选取多年平均降雨量、平均径流量、>15°坡度面积比例、轻度以上侵蚀面积比例、山地面积等9个指标进行人工神经网络模型(SOFM)聚类,将南方红壤区划分为8个二级区：通过对南方红壤区的空间叠加和人工神经网络聚类两种方法得出的结果进行对比分析,结合专家判别等方法将南方红壤区分为8个二级区。
(4)水土保持区划三级区划分。提出了水土保持区划三级分区依据、指标选择原则和区划方法。以西北黄土高原区为例进行水土保持区划三级区划分研究,并采取了按划定的二级区和按要素2种技术方案就行了对比研究。构建了西北黄土高原区三级区划分的指标体系,包括自然地理要素、水土流失要素、土地利用要素和经济社会要素的共24个指标。以主成分分析和系统聚类相结合方法进行每个二级区的三级区划分,得到西北黄土高原区三级区方案一。以主成分分析、系统聚类和空间叠加相结合的方法进行了按要素划分三级区,得到西北黄土高原区三级区方案二。通过方案一和方案二的对比,结合专家判别等方法将西北黄土高原区分为16个三级区。
(5)水土保持功能定位与分区防治。提出了水土保持基础功能8类,并提出了内涵及界定条件；构建了水土保持功能重要性评价指标体系和综合评价方法。通过水土保持功能评价结果得到了西北黄土高原区功能重要性评价图,通过空间叠加分析,得到西北黄土高原区水土保持功能综合评价图,将综合评价图与三级区方案叠加,确定了西北黄土高原区每个三级区的水土保持主导功能,根据三级区的主导功能提出了分区防治技术途径。
本文通过系统研究分析,提出了水土保持区划二、三级区目标和任务,构建了水土保持区划指标体系,通过实例探索了主导指标、主成分分析、系统聚类、人工神经网络(SOFM)、空间叠加和专家判别等区划方法在水土保持区划中的可行性；提出了以水土保持主导功能进行三级区定位和水土保持功能评价指标体系,并针对不同的分区提出防治技术途径。为我国水土保持区划和规划提供理论基础和实践意义。
With beautiful Chinese ecological civilization construction and the national strategic target, the problem of ecological environment construction and regional sustainable development has become the focus of attention of many scholars. Soil and water conservation is a long-term basic state policy of China, soil and water conservation regionalization is the key premise of the planning. However, at the request of the new period, the problem of nationwide and large-scale soil and water conservation regionalization still has not been resolved. Based on the national primary soil and water conservation regionalizationsoil, this article is focused on systems, methods and functions of secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization. This paper is based on summarizing the relevant division results and a comprehensive analysis of China's natural geography, soil erosion, ecological environment, social and economic characteristics. Giving full consideration to the characteristics and needs of economic and social development of regional soil and water conservation. The paper is to established the basic principles, methods and index system and put forward the type of soil and water conservation function, the evaluation index system and method. The data were collected through the National Soil and Water Conservation regionalization data reporting system. The paper completed secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization and functional orientation by remote sensing, geographical information system (ARCGIS), statistical analysis (SPSS, MATALAB) and other technical. According to the leading function, the paper put forward the prevention technology ways. This paper chooses Northwest Loess Plateau and South China red soil region as a typical case study. The purpose of this study is to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation regionalization and ecological environment construction. Ideas and results of this study are as follows:
(1) This paper determines the soil and water conservation regionalization theoretical foundation and principles. Soil and water conservation regionalization is integrated sector economic regionalization, which is distinct but related to the completed the topography, soil and forestry regionalization. The regionalization was based on natural geographic differentiation theory, scientific theory and ecological economic theory, using principles of regional similarity and inter-regional diversity, combining the dominant factor with synthesis, regional continuity, taking the larger one, dominant function of soil and water conservation as the regionalization principles. The objectives and tasks of secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization raised by related division level hierarchy.
(2) The paper constructs the index system and method of soil and water conservation regionalization. After analyzing the impact factors of soil erosion and soil and water conservation, the results showed that the index system consists of four aspects including natural geographic features, soil erosion elements, elements of land use and economic and social elements, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme. Component analysis, system clustering, artificial neural network (SOFM), the spatial overlay status evaluation and experts discrimination were defined as Soil and Water Conservation regionalization method. The county-level administrative regionalization was defined as the basic unit of regionalization.
(3) Secondary soil and water conservation regionalization. The basis for regionalization was defined and the indicators include reference common indicators of the characteristics of dominant landforms and altitude, soil erosion type and intensity, hydrothermal indicators. The method of analysis is quantitative analysis, combined with qualitative. Northwest Loess Plateau as a instance, the average annual rainfall, vegetation cover and erosion intensity ratio were selected as the five leading indicators, through the use of system clustering method, the Northwest Loess Plateau is divided to five secondary regions. Spatial overlay analysis and artificial neural network model were used to analysis the secondary regionalization in Southern Red Soil Regions. Eight secondary regions were reached analyzing6indicators including the average annual rainfall,≥10℃accumulated temperature, land use type, soil type and others with spatial overlay. It is divided to eight secondary regions analyzing9indicators including the average annual rainfall, the average runoff,>15℃slope area ratio, more than mild erosion area ratio, mountain area and others with artificial neural network model (SOFM). By analyzing the results of two methods, combined with expert discriminant, Southern Red Soil Regions is divided to eight secondary regions.
(4) Tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization. This paper proposes the tertiary soil and water conservation index selection principles and methods of regionalization. The tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization was studied by taking the Northwest Loess Plateau for example, and the classify of secondary regions were studied in comparison with the technical solution by factors. The index system of tertiary regions in Northwest Loess Plateau includs natural factors, factors of soil erosion, land-use factors and economic and social factors of a total of24indicators. The plan a is based on the combination of principal component analysis and system clustering method for the tertiary regions of each secondary regions. The plan b is based on the principal component analysis, cluster and spatial overlay by combining the elements. By contrast plan a and b, the Northwest Loess Plateau is divided into16sections combined with expert discriminant.
(5)Soil and Water Conservation Function Orientation and partition prevention. This paper proposes8basic functions of soil and water conservation with the connotation and defined conditions, and the function of soil and water conservation evaluation index system and evaluation methods. Northwest Loess Plateau function importance evaluation map is obtained through the function of evaluation results of soil and water conservation, Then by spatial overlay analysis, received the Northwest Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation comprehensive evaluation map. The Soil and Water Conservation dominant function of each tertiary regions in the Northwest Loess is determined by stacked the comprehensive evaluation map with the tertiary regions boundary. The partition prevention technical ways is put forward by the dominant function of the tertiary regions.
Through studies, the objectives and tasks of the secondary and tertiary soil and water conservation regionalization is defined clearly. This paper constructs the index system of soil and water conservation regionalization. and explores the dominant index, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, artificial neural network (SOFM), spatial overlay and expert evaluation division method in feasibility zoning of soil and water conservation. This paper first put forward positioned the tertiary regions by dominant function and the evaluation index system, and for the different partitions prevention technical approach. It is to provide the theoretical basis and practical significance for the regionalization and planning of soil and water conservation in china.
引文
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