外生菌根的人工合成和优良外生菌根真菌的筛选研究
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摘要
本研究针对干旱半干旱区造林成活率和保存率低,植被恢复困难，原有森林培育技术难以有效地解决这一问题的实际,尝试采用菌根生物技术恢复和重建当地的植被。在多年的植被调查和菌根真菌资源调查的基础上，选用樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L var mongolica)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidina Decne in Bull)三个树种,选用Suillus sp3、Suillus sp4、Suillus99、Nsp、Cenoccum geophilum-AM51、Cenoccum geophilum-54、Paxillus involutus 、Rhizopogon rubsescens八个菌种，确定菌根合成条件，进行菌根合成实验，而后在各菌种对苗木生长效应的基础上，根据菌根效应，在同一树种不同菌种和同一菌种不同树种两个层次上进行优良外生菌根真菌的筛选，综合形态指标和生理指标进行评价，实验结果初步认定:干旱半干旱区,樟子松优良外生菌根是Suillus sp4，油松优良外生菌根真菌是Cenoccum geophilum-AM51，虎榛子优良外生菌根真菌是Suillus sp3；在进行菌根化育苗时，乡土菌种是我们优先考虑的对象。
In accordance with low survival rate and low conservatory rate of afforestation and difficulty of recovering the vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas, and the old silviculture technique which is difficult to effectively resolve the problem, the study attempts to adopt mycorrhizal biology technique to restore and reconstruct local vegetation. In the base on many years’ investigation of vegetation and ectomycorrhizal fungi resources, the research selects three tree specieses named Pinus sylvestris L var mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis, Ostryopsis davidina with eight fungi named Suillus3, Suillus4, Suillus99, Nsp, Cenoccum geophilum-AM51, Cenoccum geophilum-54, Paxillus Involutus , Rhizopogon rubsescens. Firstly, it defines artificial systhesis conditions of ectomycorrhizae. Then it does experiments on ectomycorrhizal synthesis. Finally, in the foundation of different fungi effect on different seedlings growth and mycorrhizal effect, it selects excellent ectomycorrhizal fungi at two levels about the same tree species with the different fungi and the same fungus with different tree specieses, evaluates the seedlings from the morphology index and physiology index . The preliminary results of the experiment maintain as follows. In arid and semi-arid areas, the excellent ectomycorrhizal fungus of Pinus sylvestris L var mongolica is Suillus sp4. The excellent ectomycorrhizal fungus of Pinus tabulaeformis is Cenoccum geophilum-AM51. And the excellent ectomycorrhizal fungus of Ostryopsis davidina is Suillus sp3. The local ectomycorrhizal fungus is prior to the exotic fungus.
In accordance with low survival rate and low conservatory rate of afforestation and difficulty of recovering the vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas, and the old silviculture technique which is difficult to effectively resolve the problem, the study attempts to adopt mycorrhizal biology technique to restore and reconstruct local vegetation. In the base on many years’ investigation of vegetation and ectomycorrhizal fungi resources, the research selects three tree specieses named Pinus sylvestris L var mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis, Ostryopsis davidina with eight fungi named Suillus3, Suillus4, Suillus99, Nsp, Cenoccum geophilum-AM51, Cenoccum geophilum-54, Paxillus Involutus , Rhizopogon rubsescens. Firstly, it defines artificial systhesis conditions of ectomycorrhizae. Then it does experiments on ectomycorrhizal synthesis. Finally, in the foundation of different fungi effect on different seedlings growth and mycorrhizal effect, it selects excellent ectomycorrhizal fungi at two levels about the same tree species with the different fungi and the same fungus with different tree specieses, evaluates the seedlings from the morphology index and physiology index . The preliminary results of the experiment maintain as follows. In arid and semi-arid areas, the excellent ectomycorrhizal fungus of Pinus sylvestris L var mongolica is Suillus sp4. The excellent ectomycorrhizal fungus of Pinus tabulaeformis is Cenoccum geophilum-AM51. And the excellent ectomycorrhizal fungus of Ostryopsis davidina is Suillus sp3. The local ectomycorrhizal fungus is prior to the exotic fungus.
引文
1 Joanna F Dames,C.J.Straker ,Mary C.Scholes. Ecological and anatomical character of some Pinus patula ectomycorrhizas from Mpumalanga,South Africa.Mycorrhiza,1999,9: 9-24
2 Klironos JN Kenrick WB.Research on mycorrrhizas:Trends in the past 40 years as expressed in the “MYCILIT” database.New phytologist,1996,125:595-600
3 Anderson p, Davidson CM, Littlejohn, D, Ure AM, Shand CA,Cheshire MV. The translocation of caesium and silver by fungi in some Scottish soils. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal, 1997, 28: 635-650
4 Arnebrant K. Nitrogen amendmets reduce the growth of extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium. Mycorrhizal , 1994, 5:7-15
5 Agerer R. Anatomical characteristic of identified ectomycorrhizas: an attempt towards a natural classification .In:Varma A,Hock B(eds) Mycorrhiza:function,molecular biology and biotechnology biotechnology .Springer,Berlin Heidelberg New York,1995,685-734.
6 Baar J, Ozinga WA Kuyper TW. Spatial distribution of Laccaria bicolor genets as reflected by sporocarps after removal of litter and humus layer in a Pinus sylvestris forest. Mycol res,1994, 98:726-728
7 Barcan VSH, Kovnatsky EF, Smetannikova MS. Absorption of heavy metals in wild berries and edible mushrooms in an area affected by smelter emissions.Water Air Soil Pollute,1998,103：173-195
8 Abbott, L.K,robson,A.D.and Gazey,C. Selection of inoculant vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.In’Methods in Mycrobiology,Vol.24-Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza(eds.Norris,J.R.,read,D.J and Varma,A.K.) Academic Press, London.1992 1-21
9 Bansal, M and Mukerji, K.G. Positive correlation between VAM induced changes in root exudation and mycorrhizosphere mycoflora. Mycorrhiza, 1994, 5, 39-44
10 Barea, J.M.Azcon, R.and Azcon-Aguilar, Mycorrhizae and crops. In ‘Mycorrhiza synthesis’ (eds. Ingram, D.S. and Williams,P.H) Academic Press,London,1993,167-189
11 Muarrray A.H. Efffect of simple phenolic compounds of heathier (Calluna vulgaris) on rumen microbial activity in Vitro. Jchem Ecol, 1996, 22: 1493-1505.
12 Frrank, A.B. Ueberdie auf warzelsymbise beruhende Emahru nggewisser baume durch Unterirdische pilze. Ber.Deut.Bot.ges, 1885, 3: 128-145
13 Brundrett M, Bougher N, Dell B, et al.Working with Mycorrhizae in Forestry and
Agriculture.Canberra: Pirie Printers.1996
14 Gogala N.Regulation of mycorrhizal infection by hormonal factors produced by hosts and fungi. Experientia, 1991, 47: 331-340
15 Fotin J A. Interaction enter Basidiomycetes mycorrhizateurs et raciness de pinen presence decide indol-3yl acetique. Physiological Plant, 1970,23:528-532
16 Durand N, Ddebaud J C, Casselton L A, et al. Isolation and preliminary characterization of 5-fluorindole-resistant and IAA-overproducer mutants of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi .New Phytologist, 1992,121:545-553
17 Smith S E. Read D J. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2nd edition .New York: Academic Press.1997
18 Abuzinadah RA,Read DJ. The role of protein in the nitrition of ectomycorrhizal plants II. Utilization of protein by mycorrhizal plants of pinus contorta. New Phytol , 1986,103:495-506
19 Abuzinadah RA,Read DJ.Amino acids as nitrogen sources for ectomycorrhizal fungi utilization of individual amino acids.Trans Br Mycol Soc ,1988,91:473-480
20 Agerer R. Studies of ectomycorrhizae. XXIV. Ectomycorrhizae of Chroogmphus helveticus and C.rutilus (Gomphidaceae, Basidiomycetes) and their relationships those of Suillus and Rhizopogon .Nova Hedwigia,1990,50:1-63
21 Baura G, Szaro TM,Bruns TD. Gastrosuillus laricinus is a recent derivate of suillus grevillei; molecular data. Mycologia, 1992,84:592-597
22 Brrundrett M.C.and Kendrick, B, The mycorrhizal status.root anatomy and phenology of plants in a sugar maple forest . Can. J. Bot, 1988,66:1153-1173
23 Brunner, I.and Scheidegger,C.,Ontogeny of Synthesized Piceabies(L)Karst –Hebeloma Crustuliforme (Bull. ex St Amans)Quel.ectomycorrhizas.New Phytol.,1992,120(3):359-369
24 Egger,K. N. and Fortin, J.A., Identification of taca of E-strain mycorrhizal fungi by restriction annlysis.Can,J.Bot .,1989,68:1482-1488.
25 Newman E I.Mycorrhizal links between plants:their functioning and ecological significance.
Advances in Ecological Research, 1988,18:243-270
26 Armelle Gollote, Marie-Claude Lemoine and Vivienne Gianinazzi Pearson .Morphological integration and cellular compatibility between endomyccorrhizal symbionts.Mycorrhizal research ,1996,91-113
27 Ajit Varma and Hannes Schuepp. Influence of mycorrhization on the growth of micropropagated plants. Mycorrhizal research , 1996,113-133
28 Christian T.Pedersen and David M. Sylvia. Mycorrhiza:ecological implication of plant interactions. Mycorrhizal research , 1996,195-223
29 Michae A. Castellano. Outplanting performance of mycorrhizal inoculated seedlings .
Mycorrhizal research , 1996,223-303
30 T.Satyanarayana, Vandana Gupta and Sandeep Garg. Ectomycorrhizal fungi as experimental organisms. Mycorrhizal research , 1996,315—333
31 Arnolds E. Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe.Agric Ecosyst Environ 35:209-244
32 Lorraine Mineo and S.K Majumdar.Ectomycorrhizae in oaks(Quercus alba,Q.rubra)in Northeastern Pennsylvania woodlands:Morphology,frequency and implied physiology and ecology. Mycorrhizal research, 1996,303-315
33 Ek.M, Ljungquist P O, Stensstrom E.Indole-3-acetic acid production by mycorrhizal fungi determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. New Phytologist, 1983,94:401-407
34 Gogla N, Pohleven f. The effect of cytokinins and auxins on the growth of mycorrhizal fungi suillus variegates. Acta Bot .Croat, 1976,35:129-134
35 Marx D H et al. Commercial vegetation inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorrhizae on container-grown tree seedling .Forest Science,1982,28:373-400
36 Trappe .J M. Lessons from alpine fungi. Mycologia, 1988,80:1-20
37 Coleman MD, Bledsoe CS, Lopushinsky W.Pure Culture response to induced water stress. Can J Bot, 1989,67:29-39
38 Bethlenfalvay, G. J, Franson, R.L.Brown , M. S. and Mihara, K.L. The Glycine-Glomus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis .IX. Nutritional,morphological and physiological responses of nodulated soybean to gegraphic isolates of the mycorrhizal fungius,Glomus mosseae. Physiologia. Physiologia Plantarum, 1991,76:226-232
39 Hugues B. Massicotte,Lewis H.Melville,R.Larry Pearson and Randy Molina. Biology of the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Rhizopogon.New phytol, 1999,142:355-370
40 Shahid Mahmood, Roger D. Finlay and Susanne Erland. Effects of repeated harvesting of forest residues on the ectomycorrhizal community in a Swedish spruce forest. New phytol, 1999,142:577-585
41 Jonsson T, Kokalj S, Finlay RD, Erland S.1999.Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a limed spruce forest .Mycological Research ,1999,103:501-508
42 Jonsson L, Dahlberg A, Nilssion M-C, Zackrission O, Ectomycorrhizal fungi communities in latesuccessional Swedish boreal forests and composition following wildfire .Molecular Ecology .1999,8:205-215
43 By G. B.Runion, R.J.Mitchell, H. Roers,S.A .Prior and T.K.Counts. Effects of nitrogen and water limitation and elevated atmospheric CO2 on ectomycorrhizal of longleaf pine. New phytol,
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44 Gary D.Bending and David J. Read. Effects of the soluble polyphenol tannic acid on the activities of ericold and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Boil, 28(12): 1595-1602
45 Pascale Frey-Klett, Jean-Louis Churin, Jean-Claude Pierrat,Jean Garbaye. Dose effect in the dual inoculation of an ectomycorrhizal fungus and a mycorrhizae helper bacterium in two forest nurseries. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1999,31:1555-1562
46 Andrew A.Meharg and John W.G. Cairney. Ectomycorrhizas-extending the capabilities of rhizosphere remediation? Siol Biology and Biochemistry, 2000,32:1-19
47 杨国亭，宋关玲，高兴喜.外生菌根在森林生态系统中的重要性(I).东北林业大学学报,1999,6:72-75
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2 Klironos JN Kenrick WB.Research on mycorrrhizas:Trends in the past 40 years as expressed in the “MYCILIT” database.New phytologist,1996,125:595-600
3 Anderson p, Davidson CM, Littlejohn, D, Ure AM, Shand CA,Cheshire MV. The translocation of caesium and silver by fungi in some Scottish soils. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal, 1997, 28: 635-650
4 Arnebrant K. Nitrogen amendmets reduce the growth of extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium. Mycorrhizal , 1994, 5:7-15
5 Agerer R. Anatomical characteristic of identified ectomycorrhizas: an attempt towards a natural classification .In:Varma A,Hock B(eds) Mycorrhiza:function,molecular biology and biotechnology biotechnology .Springer,Berlin Heidelberg New York,1995,685-734.
6 Baar J, Ozinga WA Kuyper TW. Spatial distribution of Laccaria bicolor genets as reflected by sporocarps after removal of litter and humus layer in a Pinus sylvestris forest. Mycol res,1994, 98:726-728
7 Barcan VSH, Kovnatsky EF, Smetannikova MS. Absorption of heavy metals in wild berries and edible mushrooms in an area affected by smelter emissions.Water Air Soil Pollute,1998,103：173-195
8 Abbott, L.K,robson,A.D.and Gazey,C. Selection of inoculant vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.In’Methods in Mycrobiology,Vol.24-Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza(eds.Norris,J.R.,read,D.J and Varma,A.K.) Academic Press, London.1992 1-21
9 Bansal, M and Mukerji, K.G. Positive correlation between VAM induced changes in root exudation and mycorrhizosphere mycoflora. Mycorrhiza, 1994, 5, 39-44
10 Barea, J.M.Azcon, R.and Azcon-Aguilar, Mycorrhizae and crops. In ‘Mycorrhiza synthesis’ (eds. Ingram, D.S. and Williams,P.H) Academic Press,London,1993,167-189
11 Muarrray A.H. Efffect of simple phenolic compounds of heathier (Calluna vulgaris) on rumen microbial activity in Vitro. Jchem Ecol, 1996, 22: 1493-1505.
12 Frrank, A.B. Ueberdie auf warzelsymbise beruhende Emahru nggewisser baume durch Unterirdische pilze. Ber.Deut.Bot.ges, 1885, 3: 128-145
13 Brundrett M, Bougher N, Dell B, et al.Working with Mycorrhizae in Forestry and
Agriculture.Canberra: Pirie Printers.1996
14 Gogala N.Regulation of mycorrhizal infection by hormonal factors produced by hosts and fungi. Experientia, 1991, 47: 331-340
15 Fotin J A. Interaction enter Basidiomycetes mycorrhizateurs et raciness de pinen presence decide indol-3yl acetique. Physiological Plant, 1970,23:528-532
16 Durand N, Ddebaud J C, Casselton L A, et al. Isolation and preliminary characterization of 5-fluorindole-resistant and IAA-overproducer mutants of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi .New Phytologist, 1992,121:545-553
17 Smith S E. Read D J. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2nd edition .New York: Academic Press.1997
18 Abuzinadah RA,Read DJ. The role of protein in the nitrition of ectomycorrhizal plants II. Utilization of protein by mycorrhizal plants of pinus contorta. New Phytol , 1986,103:495-506
19 Abuzinadah RA,Read DJ.Amino acids as nitrogen sources for ectomycorrhizal fungi utilization of individual amino acids.Trans Br Mycol Soc ,1988,91:473-480
20 Agerer R. Studies of ectomycorrhizae. XXIV. Ectomycorrhizae of Chroogmphus helveticus and C.rutilus (Gomphidaceae, Basidiomycetes) and their relationships those of Suillus and Rhizopogon .Nova Hedwigia,1990,50:1-63
21 Baura G, Szaro TM,Bruns TD. Gastrosuillus laricinus is a recent derivate of suillus grevillei; molecular data. Mycologia, 1992,84:592-597
22 Brrundrett M.C.and Kendrick, B, The mycorrhizal status.root anatomy and phenology of plants in a sugar maple forest . Can. J. Bot, 1988,66:1153-1173
23 Brunner, I.and Scheidegger,C.,Ontogeny of Synthesized Piceabies(L)Karst –Hebeloma Crustuliforme (Bull. ex St Amans)Quel.ectomycorrhizas.New Phytol.,1992,120(3):359-369
24 Egger,K. N. and Fortin, J.A., Identification of taca of E-strain mycorrhizal fungi by restriction annlysis.Can,J.Bot .,1989,68:1482-1488.
25 Newman E I.Mycorrhizal links between plants:their functioning and ecological significance.
Advances in Ecological Research, 1988,18:243-270
26 Armelle Gollote, Marie-Claude Lemoine and Vivienne Gianinazzi Pearson .Morphological integration and cellular compatibility between endomyccorrhizal symbionts.Mycorrhizal research ,1996,91-113
27 Ajit Varma and Hannes Schuepp. Influence of mycorrhization on the growth of micropropagated plants. Mycorrhizal research , 1996,113-133
28 Christian T.Pedersen and David M. Sylvia. Mycorrhiza:ecological implication of plant interactions. Mycorrhizal research , 1996,195-223
29 Michae A. Castellano. Outplanting performance of mycorrhizal inoculated seedlings .
Mycorrhizal research , 1996,223-303
30 T.Satyanarayana, Vandana Gupta and Sandeep Garg. Ectomycorrhizal fungi as experimental organisms. Mycorrhizal research , 1996,315—333
31 Arnolds E. Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe.Agric Ecosyst Environ 35:209-244
32 Lorraine Mineo and S.K Majumdar.Ectomycorrhizae in oaks(Quercus alba,Q.rubra)in Northeastern Pennsylvania woodlands:Morphology,frequency and implied physiology and ecology. Mycorrhizal research, 1996,303-315
33 Ek.M, Ljungquist P O, Stensstrom E.Indole-3-acetic acid production by mycorrhizal fungi determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. New Phytologist, 1983,94:401-407
34 Gogla N, Pohleven f. The effect of cytokinins and auxins on the growth of mycorrhizal fungi suillus variegates. Acta Bot .Croat, 1976,35:129-134
35 Marx D H et al. Commercial vegetation inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorrhizae on container-grown tree seedling .Forest Science,1982,28:373-400
36 Trappe .J M. Lessons from alpine fungi. Mycologia, 1988,80:1-20
37 Coleman MD, Bledsoe CS, Lopushinsky W.Pure Culture response to induced water stress. Can J Bot, 1989,67:29-39
38 Bethlenfalvay, G. J, Franson, R.L.Brown , M. S. and Mihara, K.L. The Glycine-Glomus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis .IX. Nutritional,morphological and physiological responses of nodulated soybean to gegraphic isolates of the mycorrhizal fungius,Glomus mosseae. Physiologia. Physiologia Plantarum, 1991,76:226-232
39 Hugues B. Massicotte,Lewis H.Melville,R.Larry Pearson and Randy Molina. Biology of the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Rhizopogon.New phytol, 1999,142:355-370
40 Shahid Mahmood, Roger D. Finlay and Susanne Erland. Effects of repeated harvesting of forest residues on the ectomycorrhizal community in a Swedish spruce forest. New phytol, 1999,142:577-585
41 Jonsson T, Kokalj S, Finlay RD, Erland S.1999.Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a limed spruce forest .Mycological Research ,1999,103:501-508
42 Jonsson L, Dahlberg A, Nilssion M-C, Zackrission O, Ectomycorrhizal fungi communities in latesuccessional Swedish boreal forests and composition following wildfire .Molecular Ecology .1999,8:205-215
43 By G. B.Runion, R.J.Mitchell, H. Roers,S.A .Prior and T.K.Counts. Effects of nitrogen and water limitation and elevated atmospheric CO2 on ectomycorrhizal of longleaf pine. New phytol,
1997,137,681-689
44 Gary D.Bending and David J. Read. Effects of the soluble polyphenol tannic acid on the activities of ericold and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Boil, 28(12): 1595-1602
45 Pascale Frey-Klett, Jean-Louis Churin, Jean-Claude Pierrat,Jean Garbaye. Dose effect in the dual inoculation of an ectomycorrhizal fungus and a mycorrhizae helper bacterium in two forest nurseries. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1999,31:1555-1562
46 Andrew A.Meharg and John W.G. Cairney. Ectomycorrhizas-extending the capabilities of rhizosphere remediation? Siol Biology and Biochemistry, 2000,32:1-19
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