肌苷产生菌的选育及其发酵条件研究
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摘要
本文以代谢控制发酵理论为指导，重点研究了肌苷高产菌的选育及其发酵条件。主要研究内容和结果如下：
1．建立了发酵液中肌苷定量测定的方法——离子交换法，对其最佳分离条件进行了研究，并与纸层析法进行比较，发现该方法准确度和精确度比纸层析方法高，可用于简单条件下对肌苷发酵液中目的产物的测定。
2．以枯草芽孢杆菌TY-21为出发菌株，通过硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变定向选育出一株肌苷产生菌TX-3，其遗传标记为腺嘌呤缺陷、硫胺素缺陷、8-氮鸟嘌呤抗性和磺胺胍抗性(Ade~-+Thi~-+8-AG~r+SG~r)。在未经优化的摇瓶发酵条件下可产肌苷12.41g／L。
3．研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)TX-3摇瓶发酵生产肌苷的最佳条件。通过均匀设计和模式识别方法分别研究了肌苷种子和发酵培养基的最佳配比。在最佳条件下，摇瓶分批发酵产量为18.94g／L。同时采用流加方式研究了摇瓶补料分批发酵条件，该条件下肌苷产量可达到24.79g／L。
4．利用5L罐分批发酵数据，对发酵过程进行了代谢流分析。基于物流平衡原理，初步进行了发酵过程的代谢流分析；结合发酵过程曲线分析了肌苷发酵全程代谢行为；应用TX-3菌株的代谢流量平衡模型计算出了肌苷发酵中后期的代谢流分布并通过MATLAB软件线性规划得到理想代谢流分布，结果表明尽量降低EMP途径的代谢通量有利于肌苷的合成，提高肌苷合成途径中各关键酶的活力可有效增加肌苷的生成量，减少副产物的生成和提高发酵过程溶氧水平均可增加肌苷合成代谢流。
According to the theory of metabolic control fermentation, the dissertation focuses on the breeding and fermentation condition of inosine producing strain. The main research contents and results are as follows:
(1) The method of ion exchange chromatography was defined to determinate inosine concentration quantitatively in the fermentation broth. The separation conditions of this method was optimized and compared with paper chromatography method. Both accuracy and precision are better than that of paper chromatography.
(2) One inosine high-producing strain TX-3(Ade+Thi+8-AG +SG) was derived from Bacillus subtilis TY-21 with DES treatment, which could produce inosine 12.41 g/L under the fermentation condition without being optimized.
(3) The batch fermentation condition of strain TX-3 in shake flask was studied in this dissertation. The proportions of seed medium and fermentation medium were optimized by pattern recognition and uniform design experiment. The seed culture conditions and fermentation conditions were also studied. Under the optimum condition, strain TX-3 could produce inosine 18.94g/L by shaking flask batch fermentation. Meanwhile the fed batch fermentation conditions were studied. The production of inosine under optimized fed batch fermentation was 24.79g/L.
(4) The metabolic flux analysis was applied in inosine fermentation process based on the experimental data from batch fermentation in 5-liter fermentor. Based on the flux balance principle, the metabolic flux analysis method of inosine batch fermentation was defined .The whole metabolic process of inosine was analysed combined with fermentation process curve. Using metabolic flux balance model of inosine synthesis by Bacillus subtilis model, the metabolic flux distributions during the middle and last period were determination and the optimal flux distributions were calculated by linear program of MATLAB software .The flux analysis indicated that reducing the metabolic flux of EMP pathway were useful to Ile synthesis; Increasing activities of key enzymes in inosine biosynthesis pathway would increase inosine production. Reducing byproduct synthesis were important for inosine high producing, as well as the heightening soluble oxygen level.
1．建立了发酵液中肌苷定量测定的方法——离子交换法，对其最佳分离条件进行了研究，并与纸层析法进行比较，发现该方法准确度和精确度比纸层析方法高，可用于简单条件下对肌苷发酵液中目的产物的测定。
2．以枯草芽孢杆菌TY-21为出发菌株，通过硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变定向选育出一株肌苷产生菌TX-3，其遗传标记为腺嘌呤缺陷、硫胺素缺陷、8-氮鸟嘌呤抗性和磺胺胍抗性(Ade~-+Thi~-+8-AG~r+SG~r)。在未经优化的摇瓶发酵条件下可产肌苷12.41g／L。
3．研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)TX-3摇瓶发酵生产肌苷的最佳条件。通过均匀设计和模式识别方法分别研究了肌苷种子和发酵培养基的最佳配比。在最佳条件下，摇瓶分批发酵产量为18.94g／L。同时采用流加方式研究了摇瓶补料分批发酵条件，该条件下肌苷产量可达到24.79g／L。
4．利用5L罐分批发酵数据，对发酵过程进行了代谢流分析。基于物流平衡原理，初步进行了发酵过程的代谢流分析；结合发酵过程曲线分析了肌苷发酵全程代谢行为；应用TX-3菌株的代谢流量平衡模型计算出了肌苷发酵中后期的代谢流分布并通过MATLAB软件线性规划得到理想代谢流分布，结果表明尽量降低EMP途径的代谢通量有利于肌苷的合成，提高肌苷合成途径中各关键酶的活力可有效增加肌苷的生成量，减少副产物的生成和提高发酵过程溶氧水平均可增加肌苷合成代谢流。
According to the theory of metabolic control fermentation, the dissertation focuses on the breeding and fermentation condition of inosine producing strain. The main research contents and results are as follows:
(1) The method of ion exchange chromatography was defined to determinate inosine concentration quantitatively in the fermentation broth. The separation conditions of this method was optimized and compared with paper chromatography method. Both accuracy and precision are better than that of paper chromatography.
(2) One inosine high-producing strain TX-3(Ade+Thi+8-AG +SG) was derived from Bacillus subtilis TY-21 with DES treatment, which could produce inosine 12.41 g/L under the fermentation condition without being optimized.
(3) The batch fermentation condition of strain TX-3 in shake flask was studied in this dissertation. The proportions of seed medium and fermentation medium were optimized by pattern recognition and uniform design experiment. The seed culture conditions and fermentation conditions were also studied. Under the optimum condition, strain TX-3 could produce inosine 18.94g/L by shaking flask batch fermentation. Meanwhile the fed batch fermentation conditions were studied. The production of inosine under optimized fed batch fermentation was 24.79g/L.
(4) The metabolic flux analysis was applied in inosine fermentation process based on the experimental data from batch fermentation in 5-liter fermentor. Based on the flux balance principle, the metabolic flux analysis method of inosine batch fermentation was defined .The whole metabolic process of inosine was analysed combined with fermentation process curve. Using metabolic flux balance model of inosine synthesis by Bacillus subtilis model, the metabolic flux distributions during the middle and last period were determination and the optimal flux distributions were calculated by linear program of MATLAB software .The flux analysis indicated that reducing the metabolic flux of EMP pathway were useful to Ile synthesis; Increasing activities of key enzymes in inosine biosynthesis pathway would increase inosine production. Reducing byproduct synthesis were important for inosine high producing, as well as the heightening soluble oxygen level.
引文
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[2] 董明，邵琼芳．肌苷的理化性质及应用[J]．南昌职业技术师范学院学报，1997(2)：92-96
[3] 中国科学院微生物研究所编．核苷酸类物质的生产和应用[M]．北京：科学出版社．1971
[4] 王福源主编：现代食品发酵技术[M]．北京：中国轻工业出版社1998．426～430
[5] 张克旭等译：核酸发酵[M]．北京：轻工业出版社．1987
[6] 黄耐容．肌苷的发展状况和市场前景[J]．化工医药工业信息，1997．13(1)：34～36
[7] 张利，唐双焱．HPLC法测定肌苷片的含量[J]．中国药业2001．10(5)：38
[8] 王燕燕，杨洪发．反向高效液相色谱法测定肌苷注射液中肌苷的含量[J]．中国医院药学杂志，2002，22(6)：328～329
[9] 张利，郭毅新．高效液相色谱法测定肌苷片和肌苷注射液中的有关物质[J]．中国生化药物杂志，2002，23(2)：81～82
[10] H.U.Bergmeyer ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis[J],Academic, 1974,4:1909～1923
[11] 孙士青，葛淑兰，王宁．酶电极法测定肌苷注射液中肌苷含量[J]．中国药学杂志，2000，35(6)：314～316
[12] B. Magasanik, E. Vischer, R. Doniger, D.Elson and E.Chargaff, Enzymes essential for the biosynthesis of nucleic acid guanine; inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase of aerobacteraerogenes[J] J. Biol. Chem., May 1957; 226:339-350.
[13] 刘莉，张国栋．高效毛细管电泳法测定肌苷注射液的含量[J]．药物分析杂志．2000，20(3)：210～211
[14] 杨迎迎，孙发山等．高效毛细管电泳技术测定肌苷口服液的含量[J]．色谱．1997,15(1)：60～61
[15] K.Ogaa, Y.Nakao,et al. [J],Agr.Biol.Chem.,1963,27(2):110-115
[16] Y.Nakao,et al. [J],Agr.Biol.Chem. 1963,27(3):199-244
[17] J.Sgots,E.G.Gollub[J],Proc.Natl.Acad.Sd. 1957, 43:826
[18] C.WH.Partridge,et al, [J]:Arch biochem.Biophys. 1957,67:237
[19] Uchida K, Kumnaka A, Yoshino H, et al. Fermentative production of hypoxanthine derivatives[J]. Agr Riol Chen, 1961, 25(10): 804-805
[20] R Aold, Y Kondo, H Momose, Studies on inosine fermentation-production of inosine by mutants of Bacilus subtilis 3, effects of culture conditions[J],J Gen, Appl Microbiot,1963, 9:403-408
[21] H Shibal, A Ishizaki, H Mizuno, et al. Effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on inosine fermentation[J], Agr Biol Chen,1973, 37(1): 91-97
[22] A Ishizaki, H Shibai, Y Hirose. Analyais of the carbon dioxide inhibition by means of dissolved carbon dioxide controlled culture[J], Agr Biol Chen, 1973, 37 (1): 99-105
[23] 张克旭，陈宁，孙振环等．肌苷高产菌的转化育种及均匀设计在发酵条件实验中的应用[J]．食品与发酵工业．1994．3：33～38
[24] 李永泉，姚恕，陈文元等．肌苷发酵与分离耦合过程优化条件研究[J]．高校化学工程学报．1993．7(1)：85～89
[25] A Yamanoi, Y Hirose, M Akio,et al. Studies on the Production of Nucleotides by Microorganisms[J]. J Gen App Microbiol, 1965.11(4):339～353
[27] 张克旭，陈宁，张蓓等．代谢控制发酵[M]．北京：轻工业出版社．1998
[28] 中科院上海生化所等[J]．微生物学报．1973；13(2)：136～141
[29] 复旦大学．1986年全国发酵学术讨论会论文摘要汇编[M]．1986
[30] 邓崇亮[J]．微生物学报．1988；(3)：98～100
[31] 王岳五、张蓓．用原生质体融合技术选育肌苷高产菌[J]．微生物学报．1993，33(1)：74～78
[32] 郁静怡，杨胜利．代谢工程[J]．生物工程学报．1996，12(2)：109～112
[33] 谭青乔，陈宁，王东洋．代谢工程的发展及应用[J]．生物技术通讯．2001，12：123～126
[34] Nielson J,Villadsen J.Bioreaction Engineering Pringciples [M].Plenum Press,1994.
[35] Higgins J.Analysis of sequential reactions[J].Ann NY Acad Sci,1963,108:305-32
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