苏南丘陵区秋播紫花苜蓿苗期杂草控制技术研究
摘要
随着我国紫花苜蓿(下称苜蓿)产业的兴起，江淮部分地区引种苜蓿并大面积生产。由于该地区高温多雨天气持续时间长，杂草发生量大，化学防治效果不稳定而且对环境及苜蓿产品质量造成负面影响。因此，杂草问题成为主要限制因子。本研究在总结前人研究基础上，选择苜蓿种植面积较大具一定代表性的苏南丘陵区作为试验样区，对当地杂草发生进行调查分析，选择秋播苜蓿幼苗期杂草控制为研究对象进行试验。试验从农艺技术与化学防治两方面入手，并进行单项与耦合研究。播种技术研究包括播种量与播种方式及其耦合、保护播种伴生作物筛选及其对杂草控制试验。化学防治技术包括多种除草剂对苜蓿幼苗安全性的盆栽试验研究，及田间秋播苜蓿苗期杂草化学防除技术研究，筛选适用除草剂单剂、混配及其配比。研究以上述试验为基础，进行生态、经济效益分析，构建苏南丘陵区秋播苜蓿幼苗期杂草控制技术体系。
研究在试验条件下取得如下结果：
1) 基本确定苏南丘陵区苜蓿田杂草周年发生规律，并确定秋播苜蓿幼苗期为杂草防治关键时期；
2) 确定以控制杂草为目的的播种方式，播种量(30kg／hm~2撒播和22.5kg／hm~2条播)；
3) 筛选出适用保护播种伴生作物并确定其与苜蓿的混播方式及比例：16.7kg／hm~2苜蓿+25.0kg／hm~2赣选一号一年生黑麦草撒播、或16.7kg／hm~2苜蓿+266.7kg／hm~2中新830小黑麦40cm行距(苜蓿)条播；
4) 筛选出对苜蓿安全性较好的化学除草剂(地乐胺、氟乐灵、咪草烟、草除灵、精禾草克、高效盖草能、精稳杀得、威霸)；
5) 获得咪草烟及其与几种禾本科杂草除草剂在秋播苜蓿幼苗期的适用剂量及其混配比例；
6) 获得不同防治技术下杂草与苜蓿间竞争关系；
7) 在效益分析基础上获得当地秋播苜蓿田苗期杂草控制技术体系。
With the alfalfa industry developing in China, alfalfa was introduced into Jiang-Huai region few years ago and has been spread rapidly. Because of high temperature and excessive rainfall in the region, mass-occurred weeds are really harmful to alfalfa, especially to alfalfa seedlings. The effect of chemical weed control is not steady, and sometimes herbicides cause negative effects to the environment and the quality of alfalfa products. So the problem of weeds is a limiting factor to alfalfa industry development in the region. Based on the historical research, this project selected South Jiangsu Hilly Area as the trial spot. After the diagnosing of weeds occurred round a year in this area, it is found that is a key time to control alfalfa before or after seeding in autumn. There are two aspects in the experiment: agronomy control and chemical control. The agronomy control includes two parts. The first are seed rate and planting mode. The second is companion crops selection, mixture rates and planting modes f
or weeds control. The chemical control includes herbicides safety to alfalfa seedling, and weeds control in alfalfa field, in order to screen appropriate herbicides and their mixture for alfalfa safety and weeds control. Based on above study, the ecological and the economical effects of techniques have been analyzed. A technical system of weed control in the area has been suggested.
There are seven conclusions of the research under the conditions of experiment:
1) The weeds occurrence round a year has been investigated, and found out that the establishing period is the pivotal time for alfalfa seeded in autumn in South Jiangsu Hilly Area
2) Broadcast sowing at seeding rate of 30kg/ hm2, and drilling at sowing rate of 22.5kg/hm2 are better for weed control.
3) Alfalfa(16.7kg/hm2, Durango)- annual ryegrass (25.0 kg/hm2 , Ganxuan NO. 1) broadcast sawing, and alfalfa(16.7kg/hm2, Durango)-triticale(266.7kg/hm2, Zhongxin 830) intercropping with alfalfa raw spacing at 40cm are the two best protection seeding for weed control.
4) Eight herbicides are selected out that are safe to alfalfa seedling: They are butralin, trifluralin, imazethapyr, benazolin-enthyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl.
5) The groups of imazethapyr+fluazifop-p-butyl, imazethapyr +haloxyfop-R-methyI, imazethapyr+ quizalofop-p-ethyl are good for weeds control in establishing alfalfa fields seeded in autumn in South Jiangsu Hilly Area, and then gain the mixture rate.
6) The competitive relation between alfalfa and weed or other forages in different control techniques has been researched.
7) At last, based on the economical analysis, a series suggestion on a technical system of weed control has been submitted.
研究在试验条件下取得如下结果：
1) 基本确定苏南丘陵区苜蓿田杂草周年发生规律，并确定秋播苜蓿幼苗期为杂草防治关键时期；
2) 确定以控制杂草为目的的播种方式，播种量(30kg／hm~2撒播和22.5kg／hm~2条播)；
3) 筛选出适用保护播种伴生作物并确定其与苜蓿的混播方式及比例：16.7kg／hm~2苜蓿+25.0kg／hm~2赣选一号一年生黑麦草撒播、或16.7kg／hm~2苜蓿+266.7kg／hm~2中新830小黑麦40cm行距(苜蓿)条播；
4) 筛选出对苜蓿安全性较好的化学除草剂(地乐胺、氟乐灵、咪草烟、草除灵、精禾草克、高效盖草能、精稳杀得、威霸)；
5) 获得咪草烟及其与几种禾本科杂草除草剂在秋播苜蓿幼苗期的适用剂量及其混配比例；
6) 获得不同防治技术下杂草与苜蓿间竞争关系；
7) 在效益分析基础上获得当地秋播苜蓿田苗期杂草控制技术体系。
With the alfalfa industry developing in China, alfalfa was introduced into Jiang-Huai region few years ago and has been spread rapidly. Because of high temperature and excessive rainfall in the region, mass-occurred weeds are really harmful to alfalfa, especially to alfalfa seedlings. The effect of chemical weed control is not steady, and sometimes herbicides cause negative effects to the environment and the quality of alfalfa products. So the problem of weeds is a limiting factor to alfalfa industry development in the region. Based on the historical research, this project selected South Jiangsu Hilly Area as the trial spot. After the diagnosing of weeds occurred round a year in this area, it is found that is a key time to control alfalfa before or after seeding in autumn. There are two aspects in the experiment: agronomy control and chemical control. The agronomy control includes two parts. The first are seed rate and planting mode. The second is companion crops selection, mixture rates and planting modes f
or weeds control. The chemical control includes herbicides safety to alfalfa seedling, and weeds control in alfalfa field, in order to screen appropriate herbicides and their mixture for alfalfa safety and weeds control. Based on above study, the ecological and the economical effects of techniques have been analyzed. A technical system of weed control in the area has been suggested.
There are seven conclusions of the research under the conditions of experiment:
1) The weeds occurrence round a year has been investigated, and found out that the establishing period is the pivotal time for alfalfa seeded in autumn in South Jiangsu Hilly Area
2) Broadcast sowing at seeding rate of 30kg/ hm2, and drilling at sowing rate of 22.5kg/hm2 are better for weed control.
3) Alfalfa(16.7kg/hm2, Durango)- annual ryegrass (25.0 kg/hm2 , Ganxuan NO. 1) broadcast sawing, and alfalfa(16.7kg/hm2, Durango)-triticale(266.7kg/hm2, Zhongxin 830) intercropping with alfalfa raw spacing at 40cm are the two best protection seeding for weed control.
4) Eight herbicides are selected out that are safe to alfalfa seedling: They are butralin, trifluralin, imazethapyr, benazolin-enthyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-R-methyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl.
5) The groups of imazethapyr+fluazifop-p-butyl, imazethapyr +haloxyfop-R-methyI, imazethapyr+ quizalofop-p-ethyl are good for weeds control in establishing alfalfa fields seeded in autumn in South Jiangsu Hilly Area, and then gain the mixture rate.
6) The competitive relation between alfalfa and weed or other forages in different control techniques has been researched.
7) At last, based on the economical analysis, a series suggestion on a technical system of weed control has been submitted.
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86. Moyer J.R. and G.B.Schaalje. Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) interference and control in seed alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed technology. 1993.Vol.7:58-64.
87. Mueller-Warrant and D.W. Koch. Fall and spring herbicide treatment for minimum-tillage seeding of aflafa (Medicago sativa). Weed Sci. 1983.Vol.31:391-395.
88. Najib Malik and J.W. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Seed Yield Response to Herbicides. Weed Technology. 1990. Vol.4: 63-67.
89. Najib Malik and J.W. Weed control strategies for forage legumes. Weed Technology. 1989. Vol.3:288-296.
90. Najib Malik, G.G.Bowes, and J.Waddington. Residual herbicides for weed control in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown for seed. Weed technology. 1993.Vol.7:483-490.
91. Ott P.M., J.H. Dawson, and A.P. Appleby. Volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum) in newly seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Weed technology. 1989.Vol.3:375-380.
92. Packer D.S. and J.M.Krall. Desiccation of field bindweed (convolvulus arvensis) in alfalfa (medicago sativa) seed field with glyphosate. Weed Technology. 1989. Vol.3: 99-101.
93. Peregrine E.K. and R.F. Norris. Environmental modification of seedling alfalfa, Medicago Sativa, tolerance to bromoxynil. Weed Sci. 1988.Vol.36:671-677.
94. Pike and J.F. Stritzke. Alfalfa(Medicago Sativa)-cheat(Bromus secalinus) competition. Weed Sci. 1984.Vol.32:751-756
95. Ramesh. S.Hegde and D. A. Miller. 1990. Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: Characterization and effects of preceding crops and residue incorporation. Crop Sci. 30:1255-1259
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99. Sheaffer C.C. and D.L.Wyse. Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) control in alfalfa (Medicago Sativa). Weed Sci. 1982.Vol.30:216-220.
100. Smith A.E. Paraquat for managing weeds in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed technology. 1991. Vol.5:181-184.
101. Waddington. Chemical control of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and perennial sowthistle (Soncbus arvensis) in alfalfa (medicago sativa) grown for seed, Weed Sci. 1980.Vol.28:164-167.
102. Weston L.A. and A.R.Putnam. Inhibition of legume seedling growth by residues and extracts of quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Weed Science. 1986,Vol.34:366-372.
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86. Moyer J.R. and G.B.Schaalje. Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) interference and control in seed alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed technology. 1993.Vol.7:58-64.
87. Mueller-Warrant and D.W. Koch. Fall and spring herbicide treatment for minimum-tillage seeding of aflafa (Medicago sativa). Weed Sci. 1983.Vol.31:391-395.
88. Najib Malik and J.W. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Seed Yield Response to Herbicides. Weed Technology. 1990. Vol.4: 63-67.
89. Najib Malik and J.W. Weed control strategies for forage legumes. Weed Technology. 1989. Vol.3:288-296.
90. Najib Malik, G.G.Bowes, and J.Waddington. Residual herbicides for weed control in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown for seed. Weed technology. 1993.Vol.7:483-490.
91. Ott P.M., J.H. Dawson, and A.P. Appleby. Volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum) in newly seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Weed technology. 1989.Vol.3:375-380.
92. Packer D.S. and J.M.Krall. Desiccation of field bindweed (convolvulus arvensis) in alfalfa (medicago sativa) seed field with glyphosate. Weed Technology. 1989. Vol.3: 99-101.
93. Peregrine E.K. and R.F. Norris. Environmental modification of seedling alfalfa, Medicago Sativa, tolerance to bromoxynil. Weed Sci. 1988.Vol.36:671-677.
94. Pike and J.F. Stritzke. Alfalfa(Medicago Sativa)-cheat(Bromus secalinus) competition. Weed Sci. 1984.Vol.32:751-756
95. Ramesh. S.Hegde and D. A. Miller. 1990. Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: Characterization and effects of preceding crops and residue incorporation. Crop Sci. 30:1255-1259
96. Robert G. Wilson. Weed control in irrigated seeding alfalfa(Medicago Sativa).Weed Sci. 1986.Vol.34:423-426
97. Russell S. Moomaw. Weed control in oat (Arena sativa)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and effect on next year corn (Zea mays) yield. Weed technology. 1992.Vol.6:871-877.
98. Salazar L.C. and A.P. Appleby. Germination and growth of grasses and legumes from seed treated with glyphosate and paraquat. Weed Sci. 1982.Vol.30:235-237.
99. Sheaffer C.C. and D.L.Wyse. Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) control in alfalfa (Medicago Sativa). Weed Sci. 1982.Vol.30:216-220.
100. Smith A.E. Paraquat for managing weeds in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed technology. 1991. Vol.5:181-184.
101. Waddington. Chemical control of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and perennial sowthistle (Soncbus arvensis) in alfalfa (medicago sativa) grown for seed, Weed Sci. 1980.Vol.28:164-167.
102. Weston L.A. and A.R.Putnam. Inhibition of legume seedling growth by residues and extracts of quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Weed Science. 1986,Vol.34:366-372.
103. Wilson R.G. New herbicides for weed control in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed Technology. 1989. Vol.3:532-526.
104. Wilson R.G., JR. Weed control in established dryland alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed Sci. 1981 .Vol.29:615-618.
105. Wilson. Effect of imazethapyr on legumes and the effect of legumes on weeds. Weed technology. 1994.Vol.8:536-540.
106. Winton K.T. and J.F. Stritzke. Evaluation of early-season and postharvest herbicide treatments on alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed science. 1985.Vol.33:708-713.
107. Zins A.B., D.L.Wyse, and W.C.Koskinen. Effect of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots on movement of atrazine and alacher through soil. Weed sci. 1991.Vol.39:262-269.