竹集成材椅类家具五金连接的研究
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摘要
利用竹材生产竹制人造板，竹集成材家具是节约木材、以竹代木的重要途径之一。竹集成材家具克服了传统竹家具技术含量低，产品质量得不到有效保证，以及难以包装运输的弊端，提高了竹子的使用价值，提升了产品质量。近年来，国内已经对竹集成材家具展开了研究和开发。
由于竹子的构造与木材不同，所以竹材、竹集成材家具有其固有的特性。当今的家具五金已经发展到了较高的水平，但大多数都是用于木质家具和人造板家具，这些家具五金能否用到竹集成材家具上，或者怎样用才能获得较好的力学性能，尤其是家具受力较大的接点处，尚不可知。家具五金按照其用途可以分为家具功能五金和家居装饰五金。根据与基材连接的主要方式，家具功能五金又可分为螺纹型连接件和非螺纹型连接件。在螺纹型连接件中比较典型的是螺钉和三合一连接件。
椅子是雕塑感最强的家具形式，实体形态空间变化丰富，受力较复杂，有一定的代表性。通过对家具五金的概括和总结，分别对椅子的构成形态、功能尺寸和受力特点进行了阐述，并把接点的概念用到椅子中，把接点处的受力分解为极限抗拔力、剪切力和弯曲强度，并对椅子接点的受力进行了简单的计算，为椅子结构、受力的设计提供了一种思路。
在上面的归纳和总结中，对相关试验进行了简化处理，主要对螺钉和三合一连接件主要的力学性能进行了测试，比较了它们用在竹集成材中与用在其他材料中的不同。通过比较连接件在竹材中的性能和在其它材料中的性能，可以发现现有连接件用在竹材中的一些不足。解决问题的基本思路有两条，一是对连接件重新选择或对连接件进行改进，二是改变接点处竹材构成的方式，避开竹材力学性能差的方向，换用竹材力学性能好的方向作为主要的受力方向，做到扬长避短。
本文对家具五金和椅子的造型、功能、受力特点、结构特征做了归纳和概括，并对椅子的接点进行了总结，初步探讨了接点处破坏的主要形式以及解决的方法，探索检验连接件力学性能的方式，比较了以螺钉和三合一为代表的螺纹型连接件用在竹材中与用在其它材料中的不同。尚有许多问题有待深化。
The project, that the bamboo material is used to manufacture bamboo-based panel and bamboo gluelam furniture, plays an important role in economizing and substituting wood material. Bamboo gluelam furiture can conquer some defects-the low technology of traditional bamboo furniture, invalid guarantee of product quality, discommodious transportation as well. At the same time, the bamboo's economical value can be boosted, and the product quality can be improved violently. In years, the research and exploiture on bamboo gluelam furniture has been advancing in domestic country.
Bamboo material and bamboo gluelam furniture are characteristic of their intrinsic performance, since bamboo's constitution differs from that of wood. Now, furniture hardware has been advancing at a higher level, but majority of these are used in wood material and wood-based panel furniture. If the furniture hardware can be used in bamboo gluelam furniture, or how these were used to obtain good mechanical performance, especially in the joints where furniture supports high stress, the mentioned is unknown. Furniture hardware can divide into furniture functional hardware and furniture decorative hardware with respect to purpose. According to the most linking-mode of furniture hardware and substrate, furniture functional hardware can divide into screw thread connector and non-screw thread connector. Bolt and three-to-one connector are representative in screw thread connector.
The chair is the strongest furniture format in the field of sense of sculpture, and entity modality alters in a full extent. There is complexity in its state of stress, so it's representative in these fields. In this paper, chair' constitutes, functional dimension and mechanical characteristics are analysed. The concept of joint was mentioned . In great details, the stress in joint can divide into utmost strength, shear strength and bending strength. The values of mechanics strength in joint were analysed and measured. These work provided some ideas for the constitutes and supporting-strength designs of chair.
In the mentioned summing-up, some correlative tests were simplified. In this paper, the most mechanical performance of bolt and three-to-one connector were tested, and compared with between in bamboo glulam and in other materials. By the comparisons between bamboo and other materials, some defects were found when connectors were used in bamboo material. There were two keyes to the problem: one was to select connector again, or to modify the connector, the other was to alter linking mode in bamboo joint. In the second scheme, the most theory we imposed was not to adopt the direction of lower mechanical strength, but the better direction.
This paper aimed at generalizing furniture hardware and function and shape of chair. Joint of chair was summed up. The most modes of chair joint when destroyed were discussed primarily, the resolvent as well. Furniture systematically, gropying for rational evaluating scheme, and analysing the parameters at the joints. However, there are many problems to solve.
由于竹子的构造与木材不同，所以竹材、竹集成材家具有其固有的特性。当今的家具五金已经发展到了较高的水平，但大多数都是用于木质家具和人造板家具，这些家具五金能否用到竹集成材家具上，或者怎样用才能获得较好的力学性能，尤其是家具受力较大的接点处，尚不可知。家具五金按照其用途可以分为家具功能五金和家居装饰五金。根据与基材连接的主要方式，家具功能五金又可分为螺纹型连接件和非螺纹型连接件。在螺纹型连接件中比较典型的是螺钉和三合一连接件。
椅子是雕塑感最强的家具形式，实体形态空间变化丰富，受力较复杂，有一定的代表性。通过对家具五金的概括和总结，分别对椅子的构成形态、功能尺寸和受力特点进行了阐述，并把接点的概念用到椅子中，把接点处的受力分解为极限抗拔力、剪切力和弯曲强度，并对椅子接点的受力进行了简单的计算，为椅子结构、受力的设计提供了一种思路。
在上面的归纳和总结中，对相关试验进行了简化处理，主要对螺钉和三合一连接件主要的力学性能进行了测试，比较了它们用在竹集成材中与用在其他材料中的不同。通过比较连接件在竹材中的性能和在其它材料中的性能，可以发现现有连接件用在竹材中的一些不足。解决问题的基本思路有两条，一是对连接件重新选择或对连接件进行改进，二是改变接点处竹材构成的方式，避开竹材力学性能差的方向，换用竹材力学性能好的方向作为主要的受力方向，做到扬长避短。
本文对家具五金和椅子的造型、功能、受力特点、结构特征做了归纳和概括，并对椅子的接点进行了总结，初步探讨了接点处破坏的主要形式以及解决的方法，探索检验连接件力学性能的方式，比较了以螺钉和三合一为代表的螺纹型连接件用在竹材中与用在其它材料中的不同。尚有许多问题有待深化。
The project, that the bamboo material is used to manufacture bamboo-based panel and bamboo gluelam furniture, plays an important role in economizing and substituting wood material. Bamboo gluelam furiture can conquer some defects-the low technology of traditional bamboo furniture, invalid guarantee of product quality, discommodious transportation as well. At the same time, the bamboo's economical value can be boosted, and the product quality can be improved violently. In years, the research and exploiture on bamboo gluelam furniture has been advancing in domestic country.
Bamboo material and bamboo gluelam furniture are characteristic of their intrinsic performance, since bamboo's constitution differs from that of wood. Now, furniture hardware has been advancing at a higher level, but majority of these are used in wood material and wood-based panel furniture. If the furniture hardware can be used in bamboo gluelam furniture, or how these were used to obtain good mechanical performance, especially in the joints where furniture supports high stress, the mentioned is unknown. Furniture hardware can divide into furniture functional hardware and furniture decorative hardware with respect to purpose. According to the most linking-mode of furniture hardware and substrate, furniture functional hardware can divide into screw thread connector and non-screw thread connector. Bolt and three-to-one connector are representative in screw thread connector.
The chair is the strongest furniture format in the field of sense of sculpture, and entity modality alters in a full extent. There is complexity in its state of stress, so it's representative in these fields. In this paper, chair' constitutes, functional dimension and mechanical characteristics are analysed. The concept of joint was mentioned . In great details, the stress in joint can divide into utmost strength, shear strength and bending strength. The values of mechanics strength in joint were analysed and measured. These work provided some ideas for the constitutes and supporting-strength designs of chair.
In the mentioned summing-up, some correlative tests were simplified. In this paper, the most mechanical performance of bolt and three-to-one connector were tested, and compared with between in bamboo glulam and in other materials. By the comparisons between bamboo and other materials, some defects were found when connectors were used in bamboo material. There were two keyes to the problem: one was to select connector again, or to modify the connector, the other was to alter linking mode in bamboo joint. In the second scheme, the most theory we imposed was not to adopt the direction of lower mechanical strength, but the better direction.
This paper aimed at generalizing furniture hardware and function and shape of chair. Joint of chair was summed up. The most modes of chair joint when destroyed were discussed primarily, the resolvent as well. Furniture systematically, gropying for rational evaluating scheme, and analysing the parameters at the joints. However, there are many problems to solve.
引文
[1]周芳纯．竹林培育和利用[M]．南京林业大学竹类研究编委会，1998．
[2]王逢瑚．现代家具设计与制造[M]．黑龙江科学技术出版社，1994．
[3]刘忠传．木制品生产工艺学[M]．中国林业出版社，1991．
[4]许柏鸣．竹家具的现代改良与市场前景[J]．国际竹藤组织会刊，2002，8月，第4-6页．
[5]周定国．中密度纤维板的螺钉结合[J]．家具，1990，6月，第8-9页．
[6]徐特雄．家具设计[M]．正文书局有限公司，1993．
[7]胡景初．现代家具设计[M]．中国林业出版社，1992．
[8]杨公侠．建筑．人体．效能—建筑工效学[M]．天津科学技术出版社，2000．
[9]家具力学性能实验，中华人民共和国国家标准GB10357．1-10357．5-89．
[10]Eckelman C.A. Rational design of cases with front frames and semi-rigid joints. Forest products joural, 1987,37, p25-30.
[11]曹晓治．椅类家具设计PCAD技术应用初探[J]．家具，2001，4月，第17-19页．
[12]张齐生．中国竹材工业化利用[M]．中国林业出版社，1995．
[13]熊照志．西方历代家具图册[M]．湖北美术出版社，1986．
[14]韩健．竹胶合板生产工艺[M]．中国林业出版社，1999．
[15]柳万千．家具力学[M]．东北林业大学出版社，1993．
[16]施昆山．2015年我国木材供求展望[J]．人造板通讯，2003，2月，第27-29页．
[17]竺肇华．中国热带地区竹藤发展[M]．中国林业出版社，2001．
[18]马掌法．竹集成材板式家具的特性和工艺[J]．国际竹藤组织会刊2002，8月，第15-18页．
[19]自攻螺钉用螺纹标准，中华人民共和国国家标准GB5280-85．
[20]木螺钉用螺纹标准，中华人民共和国国家标准GB922-86．
[21]椅子功能尺寸，中华人民共和国国家标准GB3326-82．
[22]杨志敏．人机工效学在椅类设计中的应用[J]．木材加工机械，2002，4月，第15-18页．
[23]文嘉．现代家具五金的发展概况和应用[J]．家具，1997，6月，第26-31页．
[24]郝金城．集成材制造技术问答[J]．人造板通讯，2004，1月，第16-18页．
[25]The Complete Hafele,Hafele 2000.
[26]Hettich技术与应用，Hettich Inernational 1999．
[27]成俊卿．木材学[M]．中国林业出版社，1985，9．
[28]周芳纯．竹材的缺陷极其处理[J]．竹类研究，1991，2月，第23-26页．
[29]许柏鸣．家具设计[M]．中国轻工业出版社，2000．2．
[30]关惠元．刨花板家具连接件开发思路[J]．家具，1994，3月，第6-8页。
[31]关惠元．推行家具力学设计[J]．家具，1991，1月，第7-9页．
[32]蔡立平．家具性能测试和测试方法标准化[J]．家具，1994，4月，第3-6页．
[33]荡之．钢折椅力学分析[J]．家具，1984，2月，第26-29页．
[34]魏澄中．有限元法在木椅结构中的应用[J]．家具，1984，2月，第27-30页．
[35]蔡立平．板式家具结构强度分析[J]．林业科学，1991，1月，第91-94页．
[36]马耀铎．板式家具结构强度的研究[J]．木材工业，1982，4月，第13-21页．
[37]沈道萱．力学方法在桂类家具结构设计中的应用[J]．家具科技资料汇编，1983，第41-45页．
[38]唐立．家具结构的强度分析和计算方法[J]．家具科技资料汇编，1982，第66-70页．
[39]Eckelman C.A.Deflection analysis of shelves and case tope and bottoms [J]. Forest Products Joural,1984, July, P55-60.
[40]Lin S.C. Rigidity of furniture cases with various joint constructions [J]. Forest Products Joural,1987,January, P23-27.
[41]夏文．系统家具的设计概念[J]．中国家具，2003，3月，第45-46页．
[42]尹思慈．木材学[M]．中国林业出版社，1996．
[43]赵立．新型材料在家具工业中的应用[M]．中国林业出版社，1986．
[44]Eckelman C.A. Strength design of furniture,First edition [M].Indiana state,1978.
[45]Rudlph Willard. Furniture construction[M].North carolina state, 1970.
[46]Eckelman C.A. A comprehensive method of analysis of case furniture[J].Forest products journal,1985,July,p22-24.
[47]Eckelman C.A. Torsional considerations in the design of furniture[J].Furniture degign manufacturing,1974,June,P44-77.
[48]杨明律．方榫结合强度的研究(一)[J]．林产工业，1986，2月，第41-48页．
[49]杨明律．方榫结合强度的研究(二)[J]．林产工业，1986，3月，第21-30页．
[50]董玉库．刨花板搁板的弯曲变形[J]．家具，1988，1月，第3-5页．
[2]王逢瑚．现代家具设计与制造[M]．黑龙江科学技术出版社，1994．
[3]刘忠传．木制品生产工艺学[M]．中国林业出版社，1991．
[4]许柏鸣．竹家具的现代改良与市场前景[J]．国际竹藤组织会刊，2002，8月，第4-6页．
[5]周定国．中密度纤维板的螺钉结合[J]．家具，1990，6月，第8-9页．
[6]徐特雄．家具设计[M]．正文书局有限公司，1993．
[7]胡景初．现代家具设计[M]．中国林业出版社，1992．
[8]杨公侠．建筑．人体．效能—建筑工效学[M]．天津科学技术出版社，2000．
[9]家具力学性能实验，中华人民共和国国家标准GB10357．1-10357．5-89．
[10]Eckelman C.A. Rational design of cases with front frames and semi-rigid joints. Forest products joural, 1987,37, p25-30.
[11]曹晓治．椅类家具设计PCAD技术应用初探[J]．家具，2001，4月，第17-19页．
[12]张齐生．中国竹材工业化利用[M]．中国林业出版社，1995．
[13]熊照志．西方历代家具图册[M]．湖北美术出版社，1986．
[14]韩健．竹胶合板生产工艺[M]．中国林业出版社，1999．
[15]柳万千．家具力学[M]．东北林业大学出版社，1993．
[16]施昆山．2015年我国木材供求展望[J]．人造板通讯，2003，2月，第27-29页．
[17]竺肇华．中国热带地区竹藤发展[M]．中国林业出版社，2001．
[18]马掌法．竹集成材板式家具的特性和工艺[J]．国际竹藤组织会刊2002，8月，第15-18页．
[19]自攻螺钉用螺纹标准，中华人民共和国国家标准GB5280-85．
[20]木螺钉用螺纹标准，中华人民共和国国家标准GB922-86．
[21]椅子功能尺寸，中华人民共和国国家标准GB3326-82．
[22]杨志敏．人机工效学在椅类设计中的应用[J]．木材加工机械，2002，4月，第15-18页．
[23]文嘉．现代家具五金的发展概况和应用[J]．家具，1997，6月，第26-31页．
[24]郝金城．集成材制造技术问答[J]．人造板通讯，2004，1月，第16-18页．
[25]The Complete Hafele,Hafele 2000.
[26]Hettich技术与应用，Hettich Inernational 1999．
[27]成俊卿．木材学[M]．中国林业出版社，1985，9．
[28]周芳纯．竹材的缺陷极其处理[J]．竹类研究，1991，2月，第23-26页．
[29]许柏鸣．家具设计[M]．中国轻工业出版社，2000．2．
[30]关惠元．刨花板家具连接件开发思路[J]．家具，1994，3月，第6-8页。
[31]关惠元．推行家具力学设计[J]．家具，1991，1月，第7-9页．
[32]蔡立平．家具性能测试和测试方法标准化[J]．家具，1994，4月，第3-6页．
[33]荡之．钢折椅力学分析[J]．家具，1984，2月，第26-29页．
[34]魏澄中．有限元法在木椅结构中的应用[J]．家具，1984，2月，第27-30页．
[35]蔡立平．板式家具结构强度分析[J]．林业科学，1991，1月，第91-94页．
[36]马耀铎．板式家具结构强度的研究[J]．木材工业，1982，4月，第13-21页．
[37]沈道萱．力学方法在桂类家具结构设计中的应用[J]．家具科技资料汇编，1983，第41-45页．
[38]唐立．家具结构的强度分析和计算方法[J]．家具科技资料汇编，1982，第66-70页．
[39]Eckelman C.A.Deflection analysis of shelves and case tope and bottoms [J]. Forest Products Joural,1984, July, P55-60.
[40]Lin S.C. Rigidity of furniture cases with various joint constructions [J]. Forest Products Joural,1987,January, P23-27.
[41]夏文．系统家具的设计概念[J]．中国家具，2003，3月，第45-46页．
[42]尹思慈．木材学[M]．中国林业出版社，1996．
[43]赵立．新型材料在家具工业中的应用[M]．中国林业出版社，1986．
[44]Eckelman C.A. Strength design of furniture,First edition [M].Indiana state,1978.
[45]Rudlph Willard. Furniture construction[M].North carolina state, 1970.
[46]Eckelman C.A. A comprehensive method of analysis of case furniture[J].Forest products journal,1985,July,p22-24.
[47]Eckelman C.A. Torsional considerations in the design of furniture[J].Furniture degign manufacturing,1974,June,P44-77.
[48]杨明律．方榫结合强度的研究(一)[J]．林产工业，1986，2月，第41-48页．
[49]杨明律．方榫结合强度的研究(二)[J]．林产工业，1986，3月，第21-30页．
[50]董玉库．刨花板搁板的弯曲变形[J]．家具，1988，1月，第3-5页．
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