黄花梨运输振动损伤与冷藏品质变化的试验研究
摘要
运输和储藏以及销售是采后水果一个完整的流通过程。减少采后水果流通过程中的损耗是全世界农产品行业关心的主要问题之一。我国是世界水果生产大国之一,但由于水果采后处理技术滞后,使水果在流通过程中损失十分严重。运输过程中的振动是采后水果损失的一个主要原因。本文以黄花梨这种我国大量种植的水果为例,围绕黄花梨采后流通过程中迫切需要解决的变色,变软,失水等重要的问题进行了研究,调查了运输过程中的振动对采后黄花梨品质的影响。并利用不同的包装手段,以减少运输振动对黄花梨的损害。同时,研究了储藏过程中不同可食性包装膜对黄花梨品质变化的影响,以探索可食性包装膜对黄花梨保鲜的规律。并利用核磁共振技术对采后流通过程中黄花梨的品质进行了检测,建立了利用磁共振成像检测采后黄花梨硬度变化的模型,有助于完善黄花梨在流通过程中的品质控制。本文主要有以下几方面的研究内容:
(1)检测了运输黄花梨过程中车辆的振动情况以及由此引起的机械损伤,研究了运输振动影响上市后黄花梨品质的机理。
以钢片弹簧为悬架的卡车在运输黄花梨的过程中,其运输振动的功率谱密度峰值在2.5-4Hz之间,次峰值在15-40Hz之间,与运输过程中的速度和路况以及车厢内堆放位置的变化无关。在同一卡车车厢内,货物在车厢内部不同的堆放位置的振动强度不同,车厢后部要显著的高于车厢前部(p<0.05)。由此造成了装载在车厢后部的黄花梨损伤程度较大,且与车厢前部堆放的黄花梨的损伤程度区别显著(p<0.05)。在车厢内塑料箱的不同堆放高度对黄花梨的机械损伤程度也有影响,上层塑料箱内的黄花梨机械损伤程度显著的高于底层塑料箱内的黄花梨(p<0.05)。振动及由于振动引起的机械损伤影响了果胶酯酶,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶的活性,使其活性增大,并最终使果肉细胞壁主要组分果胶和纤维素加速分解,最终导致了运输结束后储藏过程中黄花梨果肉硬度的迅速降低。
(2)利用不同包装材料对黄花梨进行包装,比较了这些包装在运输过程中的保护效果,以及运输结束后室温储藏条件下(模仿实际销售环境)对黄花梨品质的影响,以期为黄花梨选择较为合适的衬垫包装方式。
不同衬垫包装对水果运输过程中的保护作用是不同的。本研究表明在运输过程中,不同内包装的黄花梨振动水平不同,网袋衬垫内包装比纸衬垫内包装能更有效的降低运输过程中黄花梨的振动强度(p <0.05)和由于振动引起的机械损伤(p <0.05)。不同包装形式的透气性以及不同的机械损伤程度,影响了黄花梨内部水解酶活性的变化,进而影响黄花梨果肉硬度变化和运输后的商品价值。根据结果可以发现,网袋包装的保护作用较好,纸包装尽管也起到较好的保护作用,但由于透气性差,会因此导致运输后市售条件下黄花梨的果胶和纤维素较快分解,使得黄花梨较易软化。根据结果,网袋衬垫内包装的黄花梨能够更好的保持在运输和储藏过程中黄花梨的质量。同时,本实验所用方法可以用来比较不同衬垫内包装材料对某种特定水果的使用效果。
(3)利用不同的可食性生物包装膜材料对黄花梨进行浸涂,比较了不同可食性包装膜降低摩擦损伤(运输振动造成水果损伤的主要形式)的保护作用。并研究了不同可食性生物包装膜对运输后低温储藏过程中黄花梨品质影响的规律。在运输和储藏过程中,黄花梨极易发生由于摩擦引起的机械损伤。本研究表明,可食性生物包装膜可以降低摩擦损伤造成的黄花梨果皮变色,但是在效果上有差异。相对于其它包膜材料,虫胶包膜对于降低摩擦变色的效果较好,其次是羧甲基壳聚糖包膜。由于虫胶包膜相对较少的失水,以及较低的多酚氧化酶活性和多酚含量,并维持了相对较高过氧化物活性、表皮细胞的细胞膜稳定性、以及较高的花青素和类黄酮等抗氧化物质的含量。这样在受到同样的外力摩擦情况下,与其他处理相比,虫胶包装膜可以更有效的降低黄花梨的摩擦变色。同时,由于虫胶包膜具有较好的保水作用,并延缓叶绿素的分解,使得黄花梨的亮度得到较好保持,并延迟了储藏过程中黄花梨颜色的变化。
为了选择更好的生物包装膜,还从可溶性固形物,抗坏血酸,TPA及感观评定等方面对黄花梨在4℃冷藏条件下的品质变化进行研究。结果表明,与空气冷藏的对照组相比,所有经过涂膜的黄花梨在降低呼吸速率,失重方面,以及保持TPA特性方面都表现出显著的效果,同时还延缓了细胞膜透性,可溶性固形物,可滴定酸及抗坏血酸含量和风味变化,抑制了果胶酯酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶活性上升,以及过氧化物酶活性的降低。不过, Semperfresh包装膜减少细胞膜透性的效果较差,羧甲基壳聚糖包装膜在降低失重方面的效果较差。从上述结果可见,为了更好的保持储藏过程中黄花梨的品质,推荐使用虫胶包装膜来对采后黄花梨进行处理。
(4)利用磁共振成像技术检测了运输结束后储藏过程中黄花梨品质。并以质地分析磁共振图像和神经网络为基础,建立了适用于低温储藏和气调储藏条件下,利用磁共振图像检测黄花梨硬度变化的模型。
本研究利用核磁共振成像检测了储藏结束后,不同生物包装膜处理的黄花梨,发现在降低贮藏期间黄花梨的自由水含量方面,虫胶包装膜和羧甲基壳聚糖包装膜比Semperfresh包装膜更为有效。同时,建立了利用核磁共振成像检测储藏过程中黄花梨硬度的数学模型。七个与黄花梨硬度变化显著相关的共生矩阵系数和一个游程矩阵系数,被用作神经网络的输入矢量。通过比较发现,最适合的神经网络拓扑结构含有一个隐层, 17个隐节点。这个模型检测储藏过程中黄花梨硬度结果的绝对平均误差为0.539N,相关系数R达到0.969。
A complete logistic process of postharvest fruit includes transport, storage and sale. Reducing postharvest fruit loss during the process of logistics is one of main issues concerned by the agricultural trade in the world. China is one of the largest fruit producers, but the processing technology for postharvest fruit lagged behind, so that fruit loss is very serious in the process of logistics. Transport vibration is one of the main reasons for fruit loss in the process of logistics. In this study, based on Huanghua pears which are widely planted in our country, the research was focused on exigent problems about discoloration, softening, and water loss, and investigating the influences of transport vibration on the quality of Huanghua pears. Different kinds of packing were also used to alleviate vibration damage to Huanghua pears. Meanwhile, effects of different kinds of coating on post-harvest quality characteristics of Huanghua pears during storage were analyzed to seek after the rule of using edible coating to preserving pears. The postharvest quality of Huanghua pears were detected using MRI, and establishing a mathematical model for testing the firmness of Huanghua pears during storage, which contributed to improve the quality control of Huanghua pears during the process of logistics. In this paper, the main aspects of our researches are as follows:
(1) Testing the vibration during the transport of Huanghua pears and the mechanical damage to the pears; studying the mechanism of effects of transport vibration on the quality of Huanghua pears on sale.
The peak of power density spectrum of a truck with leaf-spring suspensions were in the range 2.5-4Hz, and a second but lower peak between 15 and 40 Hz, which is independent of the speed of the truck, the road conditions and the stacked positions in the truck.The current research showed that the vibration levels of the truck floor were different, and levels of the rear position were higher than levels of the front floor along the entire route which resulted in heavier damage to Huanghua pears loaded in the rear top RPC than damage to the fruit in the front top RPC (p < 0.05). Additionally, different levels of mechanical damage to pears caused by different levels of transport vibration affected the leakage of skin cells and cell wall decomposition in tissue, which further influenced changes in appearance and firmness of the fruit and subsequent commercialization after transport. Given these data, we recommend the use of shock absorption treatments to reduce mechanical damage to pears loaded at the rear position of the truck floor during transport and distribution.
(2) Comparing the effects of protection of different packages on Huanghua pears during transport; and comparing the influences of different packages on the quality of Huanghua pears during room temperature storage after transportation to select a more appropriate package for these fruit.
Different cushioning materials have different protection effects for Huanghua pears. The current study demonstrated that foam-net packages reduced the transport vibration levels of pears more effectively than paper-wrap packages (p < 0.05). The use of foam-net packages also reduced the mechanical damage to individual pears during transport, compared with paper-wrap packages (p < 0.05). Different levels of vibration damage to pears influenced enzymatic activity, which further affected the changes in pear firmness and subsequent commercialization after transport. Given these data, we recommend the use of foam-net cushioning materials to maintain Huanghua pears quality during transport and distribution. Paper-wrap packages also played a good job for protection during transport. However, Poor ventilation of paper-wrap packages made it easier for pears to soften during storage. Moreover, the methods used in this experiment can be used to compare the effects of different packaging materials on a kind of particular fruit.
(3) Different edible packaging films were used for coating Huanghua pears. Compare the protective effects on pears of reducing friction injury (The main form of damage to fruit during transport). And study the law of different edible packaging films influencing pear quality during low temperature storage after transport.
During the transport and storage process, Huanghua pears are easily damaged by friction. In this study, the edible packaging films can reduce the pear discoloration caused by friction, but there are differences between the effects of the three coatings. Compared to other coating materials, shellac coating can reduce friction damage more effectively, and followed by caboxymethyl chitosan coating. Because of the relatively smaller water loss, as well as lower polyphenol oxidase activity and polyphenol content, and maintaining a relatively higher peroxidase activity and stabilization of the membrane of epidermal cells, as well as higher anthocyanin and flavonoids, in the same external friction conditions, shellac packaging films can more effectively reduce the friction discoloration. At the same time, shellac coating has good characteristics of water keeping and retarding the decomposition of chlorophyll, maintaining better pear brightness and delaying the color changes of stored pears.
Compared with the uncoated Huanghua pears, all the coated pears showed significantly reduced respiration rates and weight loss (p < 0.05) and delayed changes in the ripening parameters such as permeability of the cell membrane, TPA, SSC, TA and ascorbic acid levels, and taste (p < 0.05), restraining the changes in the activities of PE, PG, POD and cellulase. However, Semperfresh coating was less effective in reducing the changes in cell membrane permeability than shellac coating, and CMC coating was less effective in decreasing weight loss than shellac coating. In comparison with Semperfresh coating and CMC coating, shellac coating was more effective in inhibiting metabolism and maintaining the quality of Huanghua pears during storage, which was also supported by the MR images. On the basis of these data, we recommend the use of shellac coating to maintain the quality of Huanghua pears during long-term cold storage.
(4) Magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect pear quality at the end of the cold storage period. Based on texture analysis of magnetic resonance images and artificial neural network (ANN), we established the model which can detect the firmness changes in Huanghua pears in the conditions of low temperature storage and controlled atmospheric conditions.
This study used magnetic resonance imaging to detect the pears treated with different kinds of edible packaging films, finding that shellac coating and carboxymethyl chitosan are more effective in reducing free water content in pears at the end of the cold storage period. In the present study, texture analysis (TA) of magnetic resonance images was applied to predict the firmness of Huanghua pears during storage using an ANN. Seven co-occurrence matrix-derived TA parameters and one run-length matrix TA parameter significantly correlated with firmness were considered as inputs to the ANN. Several ANN models were evaluated when developing the optimal topology. The optimal ANN model consisted of one hidden layer with 17 neurons in the hidden layer. This model was able to detect the firmness of the pears with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.539 N and R =0.969. Our data showed the potential of TA parameters of MR images combined with ANN for investigating the internal quality characteristics of fruits during storage. Further, the successful application of ANN combined with TA parameters in determining the firmness of pears provides MRI more insight into the development of physiological changes in fruit and vegetables.
(1)检测了运输黄花梨过程中车辆的振动情况以及由此引起的机械损伤,研究了运输振动影响上市后黄花梨品质的机理。
以钢片弹簧为悬架的卡车在运输黄花梨的过程中,其运输振动的功率谱密度峰值在2.5-4Hz之间,次峰值在15-40Hz之间,与运输过程中的速度和路况以及车厢内堆放位置的变化无关。在同一卡车车厢内,货物在车厢内部不同的堆放位置的振动强度不同,车厢后部要显著的高于车厢前部(p<0.05)。由此造成了装载在车厢后部的黄花梨损伤程度较大,且与车厢前部堆放的黄花梨的损伤程度区别显著(p<0.05)。在车厢内塑料箱的不同堆放高度对黄花梨的机械损伤程度也有影响,上层塑料箱内的黄花梨机械损伤程度显著的高于底层塑料箱内的黄花梨(p<0.05)。振动及由于振动引起的机械损伤影响了果胶酯酶,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶的活性,使其活性增大,并最终使果肉细胞壁主要组分果胶和纤维素加速分解,最终导致了运输结束后储藏过程中黄花梨果肉硬度的迅速降低。
(2)利用不同包装材料对黄花梨进行包装,比较了这些包装在运输过程中的保护效果,以及运输结束后室温储藏条件下(模仿实际销售环境)对黄花梨品质的影响,以期为黄花梨选择较为合适的衬垫包装方式。
不同衬垫包装对水果运输过程中的保护作用是不同的。本研究表明在运输过程中,不同内包装的黄花梨振动水平不同,网袋衬垫内包装比纸衬垫内包装能更有效的降低运输过程中黄花梨的振动强度(p <0.05)和由于振动引起的机械损伤(p <0.05)。不同包装形式的透气性以及不同的机械损伤程度,影响了黄花梨内部水解酶活性的变化,进而影响黄花梨果肉硬度变化和运输后的商品价值。根据结果可以发现,网袋包装的保护作用较好,纸包装尽管也起到较好的保护作用,但由于透气性差,会因此导致运输后市售条件下黄花梨的果胶和纤维素较快分解,使得黄花梨较易软化。根据结果,网袋衬垫内包装的黄花梨能够更好的保持在运输和储藏过程中黄花梨的质量。同时,本实验所用方法可以用来比较不同衬垫内包装材料对某种特定水果的使用效果。
(3)利用不同的可食性生物包装膜材料对黄花梨进行浸涂,比较了不同可食性包装膜降低摩擦损伤(运输振动造成水果损伤的主要形式)的保护作用。并研究了不同可食性生物包装膜对运输后低温储藏过程中黄花梨品质影响的规律。在运输和储藏过程中,黄花梨极易发生由于摩擦引起的机械损伤。本研究表明,可食性生物包装膜可以降低摩擦损伤造成的黄花梨果皮变色,但是在效果上有差异。相对于其它包膜材料,虫胶包膜对于降低摩擦变色的效果较好,其次是羧甲基壳聚糖包膜。由于虫胶包膜相对较少的失水,以及较低的多酚氧化酶活性和多酚含量,并维持了相对较高过氧化物活性、表皮细胞的细胞膜稳定性、以及较高的花青素和类黄酮等抗氧化物质的含量。这样在受到同样的外力摩擦情况下,与其他处理相比,虫胶包装膜可以更有效的降低黄花梨的摩擦变色。同时,由于虫胶包膜具有较好的保水作用,并延缓叶绿素的分解,使得黄花梨的亮度得到较好保持,并延迟了储藏过程中黄花梨颜色的变化。
为了选择更好的生物包装膜,还从可溶性固形物,抗坏血酸,TPA及感观评定等方面对黄花梨在4℃冷藏条件下的品质变化进行研究。结果表明,与空气冷藏的对照组相比,所有经过涂膜的黄花梨在降低呼吸速率,失重方面,以及保持TPA特性方面都表现出显著的效果,同时还延缓了细胞膜透性,可溶性固形物,可滴定酸及抗坏血酸含量和风味变化,抑制了果胶酯酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶活性上升,以及过氧化物酶活性的降低。不过, Semperfresh包装膜减少细胞膜透性的效果较差,羧甲基壳聚糖包装膜在降低失重方面的效果较差。从上述结果可见,为了更好的保持储藏过程中黄花梨的品质,推荐使用虫胶包装膜来对采后黄花梨进行处理。
(4)利用磁共振成像技术检测了运输结束后储藏过程中黄花梨品质。并以质地分析磁共振图像和神经网络为基础,建立了适用于低温储藏和气调储藏条件下,利用磁共振图像检测黄花梨硬度变化的模型。
本研究利用核磁共振成像检测了储藏结束后,不同生物包装膜处理的黄花梨,发现在降低贮藏期间黄花梨的自由水含量方面,虫胶包装膜和羧甲基壳聚糖包装膜比Semperfresh包装膜更为有效。同时,建立了利用核磁共振成像检测储藏过程中黄花梨硬度的数学模型。七个与黄花梨硬度变化显著相关的共生矩阵系数和一个游程矩阵系数,被用作神经网络的输入矢量。通过比较发现,最适合的神经网络拓扑结构含有一个隐层, 17个隐节点。这个模型检测储藏过程中黄花梨硬度结果的绝对平均误差为0.539N,相关系数R达到0.969。
A complete logistic process of postharvest fruit includes transport, storage and sale. Reducing postharvest fruit loss during the process of logistics is one of main issues concerned by the agricultural trade in the world. China is one of the largest fruit producers, but the processing technology for postharvest fruit lagged behind, so that fruit loss is very serious in the process of logistics. Transport vibration is one of the main reasons for fruit loss in the process of logistics. In this study, based on Huanghua pears which are widely planted in our country, the research was focused on exigent problems about discoloration, softening, and water loss, and investigating the influences of transport vibration on the quality of Huanghua pears. Different kinds of packing were also used to alleviate vibration damage to Huanghua pears. Meanwhile, effects of different kinds of coating on post-harvest quality characteristics of Huanghua pears during storage were analyzed to seek after the rule of using edible coating to preserving pears. The postharvest quality of Huanghua pears were detected using MRI, and establishing a mathematical model for testing the firmness of Huanghua pears during storage, which contributed to improve the quality control of Huanghua pears during the process of logistics. In this paper, the main aspects of our researches are as follows:
(1) Testing the vibration during the transport of Huanghua pears and the mechanical damage to the pears; studying the mechanism of effects of transport vibration on the quality of Huanghua pears on sale.
The peak of power density spectrum of a truck with leaf-spring suspensions were in the range 2.5-4Hz, and a second but lower peak between 15 and 40 Hz, which is independent of the speed of the truck, the road conditions and the stacked positions in the truck.The current research showed that the vibration levels of the truck floor were different, and levels of the rear position were higher than levels of the front floor along the entire route which resulted in heavier damage to Huanghua pears loaded in the rear top RPC than damage to the fruit in the front top RPC (p < 0.05). Additionally, different levels of mechanical damage to pears caused by different levels of transport vibration affected the leakage of skin cells and cell wall decomposition in tissue, which further influenced changes in appearance and firmness of the fruit and subsequent commercialization after transport. Given these data, we recommend the use of shock absorption treatments to reduce mechanical damage to pears loaded at the rear position of the truck floor during transport and distribution.
(2) Comparing the effects of protection of different packages on Huanghua pears during transport; and comparing the influences of different packages on the quality of Huanghua pears during room temperature storage after transportation to select a more appropriate package for these fruit.
Different cushioning materials have different protection effects for Huanghua pears. The current study demonstrated that foam-net packages reduced the transport vibration levels of pears more effectively than paper-wrap packages (p < 0.05). The use of foam-net packages also reduced the mechanical damage to individual pears during transport, compared with paper-wrap packages (p < 0.05). Different levels of vibration damage to pears influenced enzymatic activity, which further affected the changes in pear firmness and subsequent commercialization after transport. Given these data, we recommend the use of foam-net cushioning materials to maintain Huanghua pears quality during transport and distribution. Paper-wrap packages also played a good job for protection during transport. However, Poor ventilation of paper-wrap packages made it easier for pears to soften during storage. Moreover, the methods used in this experiment can be used to compare the effects of different packaging materials on a kind of particular fruit.
(3) Different edible packaging films were used for coating Huanghua pears. Compare the protective effects on pears of reducing friction injury (The main form of damage to fruit during transport). And study the law of different edible packaging films influencing pear quality during low temperature storage after transport.
During the transport and storage process, Huanghua pears are easily damaged by friction. In this study, the edible packaging films can reduce the pear discoloration caused by friction, but there are differences between the effects of the three coatings. Compared to other coating materials, shellac coating can reduce friction damage more effectively, and followed by caboxymethyl chitosan coating. Because of the relatively smaller water loss, as well as lower polyphenol oxidase activity and polyphenol content, and maintaining a relatively higher peroxidase activity and stabilization of the membrane of epidermal cells, as well as higher anthocyanin and flavonoids, in the same external friction conditions, shellac packaging films can more effectively reduce the friction discoloration. At the same time, shellac coating has good characteristics of water keeping and retarding the decomposition of chlorophyll, maintaining better pear brightness and delaying the color changes of stored pears.
Compared with the uncoated Huanghua pears, all the coated pears showed significantly reduced respiration rates and weight loss (p < 0.05) and delayed changes in the ripening parameters such as permeability of the cell membrane, TPA, SSC, TA and ascorbic acid levels, and taste (p < 0.05), restraining the changes in the activities of PE, PG, POD and cellulase. However, Semperfresh coating was less effective in reducing the changes in cell membrane permeability than shellac coating, and CMC coating was less effective in decreasing weight loss than shellac coating. In comparison with Semperfresh coating and CMC coating, shellac coating was more effective in inhibiting metabolism and maintaining the quality of Huanghua pears during storage, which was also supported by the MR images. On the basis of these data, we recommend the use of shellac coating to maintain the quality of Huanghua pears during long-term cold storage.
(4) Magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect pear quality at the end of the cold storage period. Based on texture analysis of magnetic resonance images and artificial neural network (ANN), we established the model which can detect the firmness changes in Huanghua pears in the conditions of low temperature storage and controlled atmospheric conditions.
This study used magnetic resonance imaging to detect the pears treated with different kinds of edible packaging films, finding that shellac coating and carboxymethyl chitosan are more effective in reducing free water content in pears at the end of the cold storage period. In the present study, texture analysis (TA) of magnetic resonance images was applied to predict the firmness of Huanghua pears during storage using an ANN. Seven co-occurrence matrix-derived TA parameters and one run-length matrix TA parameter significantly correlated with firmness were considered as inputs to the ANN. Several ANN models were evaluated when developing the optimal topology. The optimal ANN model consisted of one hidden layer with 17 neurons in the hidden layer. This model was able to detect the firmness of the pears with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.539 N and R =0.969. Our data showed the potential of TA parameters of MR images combined with ANN for investigating the internal quality characteristics of fruits during storage. Further, the successful application of ANN combined with TA parameters in determining the firmness of pears provides MRI more insight into the development of physiological changes in fruit and vegetables.
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