秸秆和秸秆木质素在土壤中的降解及其对土壤性质的影响
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摘要
制浆造纸是国民经济中的重要产业之一,我国制浆造纸业受木材资源限制,非木纤维造纸占重要地位,但非木质纤维制浆受制浆黑液有机负荷高、污染重、处理难的限制。黑液中含有的大量木质素如能有效利用,既能减轻污染,又利于秸秆造纸的健康可持续发展,因此制浆木质素资源化利用是目前备受关注的重要课题。本文利用两种草浆工艺生产的木质素-铵法木质素(ALS)和碱法木质素(KL),以小麦秸秆(WS)为对照,通过土培、盆栽和田间试验对施用秸秆木质素对红壤和潮土的土壤碳结构、土壤性质以及木质素农用效果进行研究,以期为麦秸造纸废弃物资源化利用提供基础资料。主要结论如下:
1、红壤中,施秸秆的土壤中脂族碳比例增加,分子结构趋于简单;施KL土壤中脂族性减弱,芳香性增加;潮土中,施WS土壤中脂族C/芳香C比值随培养时间逐渐降低;施KL与施WS趋势相近;施ALS土壤中脂族C/芳香C比值先增后降。
2、土培试验发现,在红壤和潮土中,施用有机物料显著增加土壤腐殖酸含量,施木质素的效果比WS显著。红壤中ALS的效果比KL显著,潮土中KL的效果比ALS明显。土培期间,红壤和潮土中各处理的土壤活性有机碳(LOC)含量随培养时间延长先升后降,峰值出现在180 d左右。
3、土培条件下,施ALS和KL均使红壤的土壤pH升高,施KL使潮土的土壤pH显著提高。盆栽和田间试验发现,施KL能显著提高土壤pH。
4、在土壤培养高水分条件下,红壤各处理土壤多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性先升后降,潮土趋势相似,最高值出现在180 d。红壤过氧化物酶(POD)活性在培养120 d后,施KL的土壤POD活性显著高于其他处理;而潮土中,施ALS的土壤POD活性在整个培养期均高于其他处理。盆栽第一茬收获后,红壤施ALS土壤PPO活性显著降低,施WS和KL土壤POD活性显著高于其他处理。潮土施ALS土壤POD活性显著提高。两茬玉米收获后,红壤施有机物料的两种酶活性均显著提高;潮土中,施WS的土壤PPO活性显著高于其他处理,施有机物料的土壤POD活性显著提高。
5、田间试验中,2009年小麦、玉米产量均以施ALS最高,施KL和单施化肥最低;施WS的小麦产量居中,与其他处理差异显著,而玉米产量与施KL的无显著差异。2010年施ALS与WS的小麦产量相近,显著高于其他处理。
综合以上结论,造纸木质素作为潜在的土壤有机改良剂应用,会对土壤化学、生物学性状,以及农作物生长产生明显的影响。造纸木质素对土壤性质的影响程度与方向,与造纸工艺过程及其废弃物成分及土壤种类等密切相关。本研究结果表明,铵法木质素具有潜在的农用价值。
Pulp and paper-making industry is one of the most important industries in national economy. Non-wood fiber resources such as crop residues play an increasing role in pulp and papermaking industry. The black liquor from pulping is difficult to dispose because of its high organic matter contents and potential pollution to the environment, which is the main obstacle for the non-wood utilization in pulp and paper industry. The major organic compounds in black liquor are lignins, and treatment and utilization of black liquor for pollution control and organic material utilization is mainly depended on the lignin. Thus, the recovery of the lignin in black liquor and development use of lignin is getting an increasing attention nowadays. Agricultural use of residues from straw pulping after proper treatment is one of the utilization alternatives. The soil organic carbon, soil properties, and crop response after application of two kinds of straw-lignin produced from the pulping with wheat straw as control were studied in this experiment. With a series of soil incubation, pot cultivation and field experiments, the main results follow:
1. In the red soil, the structure of organic carbon seemed to be simplified with application of WS, and the ratio of aliphatic-C/Aromatic-C decreased with application of KL. In the fluvo-aquic soil, the ratio of aliphatic-C/ Aromatic-C for applying WS decreased during incubation, and with applying KL obtained a similar trend with WS; the ratio of aliphatic-C/ Aromatic-C with ALS increased at beginning stage and decreased at ending of incubation.
2. Under two different soil water contents, soil humic acids (HAs)content were significantly increased by applying ammonium lignosulfonate(ALS), Kraft lignin (KL) and wheat straw(WS)on the two tested soils (red soil and fluvo-aquic soil) in the soil incubation experiment. Application of lignins had significantly more effect in increasing soil HAs content than with wheat straw. On red soil, Applying ALS had a more significant effect in increasing soil HAs content than with KL, while applying KL had more marked effect than ALS on fluvo-aquic soil. During the incubation, soil liable organic carbons(LOC)contents were increased at the first half of sampling times and decreased at the remaining sampling times on the two soils, and reached the content peak at about 180 days’after incubation(DAIs).
3. Applying ALS, KL and WS had influenced soil pH during incubation. Soil pH increased after application of ALS and KL on red soil during soil incubation while soil pH was significantly enhanced by application of KL and no obvious soil pH changes were found after applying WS and ALS on fluvo-aquic soil. The pot cultivation and field experiment proved that soil pH was increased by application of KL and no significant soil pH changes were found between other treatments. 4. At high water content, soil Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity showed an increase-decrease pattern with applying KL on red soil, while the soil PPO activity peak occurred at 180 DAIs with applying ALS. Soil POD activities with applying KL was significantly higher than other treatments at 120 DAIs on fluvo-aquic soil. Soil POD activities with applying ALS was significantly higher than other treatments.
In the pot experiment, soil PPO activities with ALS were significantly lower than other treatments and soil POD activities with WS and KL were significantly higher than other treatments on red soil. No significant differences for the soil PPO activities were found, and soil POD activities with ALS were significantly higher than other treatments on fluvo-aquic soil. Soil PPO activities and soil POD activities were significantly higher than other treatments on red soil; Soil PPO activities with WS were significantly higher than other treatments, soil PPO activities with organic materials significantly higher than applying NPK only on fluvo-aquic soil.
5. The field experiment showed that the wheat yield and the corn yield were the highest by applying ALS while applying KL and applying NPK only got the lowest in 2009. No significant wheat yield difference was found between applying KL and applying NPK only. There was no significantly different corn yield with appling KL and WS. The wheat yield was close by applying ALS and WS, and significantly higher than other treatments in 2010.
In conclusion, as potential organic soil amendments, lignin had a significant impact on soil chemistry, biological properties as well as crop growth. The effects of lignin on soil properties are highly related to pulping process, soil type and possible crops etc. The results from this study proved that the ammonium lignosulfonate from ammonium sulfite pulping process has potential value for land use in agricultural system.
1、红壤中,施秸秆的土壤中脂族碳比例增加,分子结构趋于简单;施KL土壤中脂族性减弱,芳香性增加;潮土中,施WS土壤中脂族C/芳香C比值随培养时间逐渐降低;施KL与施WS趋势相近;施ALS土壤中脂族C/芳香C比值先增后降。
2、土培试验发现,在红壤和潮土中,施用有机物料显著增加土壤腐殖酸含量,施木质素的效果比WS显著。红壤中ALS的效果比KL显著,潮土中KL的效果比ALS明显。土培期间,红壤和潮土中各处理的土壤活性有机碳(LOC)含量随培养时间延长先升后降,峰值出现在180 d左右。
3、土培条件下,施ALS和KL均使红壤的土壤pH升高,施KL使潮土的土壤pH显著提高。盆栽和田间试验发现,施KL能显著提高土壤pH。
4、在土壤培养高水分条件下,红壤各处理土壤多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性先升后降,潮土趋势相似,最高值出现在180 d。红壤过氧化物酶(POD)活性在培养120 d后,施KL的土壤POD活性显著高于其他处理;而潮土中,施ALS的土壤POD活性在整个培养期均高于其他处理。盆栽第一茬收获后,红壤施ALS土壤PPO活性显著降低,施WS和KL土壤POD活性显著高于其他处理。潮土施ALS土壤POD活性显著提高。两茬玉米收获后,红壤施有机物料的两种酶活性均显著提高;潮土中,施WS的土壤PPO活性显著高于其他处理,施有机物料的土壤POD活性显著提高。
5、田间试验中,2009年小麦、玉米产量均以施ALS最高,施KL和单施化肥最低;施WS的小麦产量居中,与其他处理差异显著,而玉米产量与施KL的无显著差异。2010年施ALS与WS的小麦产量相近,显著高于其他处理。
综合以上结论,造纸木质素作为潜在的土壤有机改良剂应用,会对土壤化学、生物学性状,以及农作物生长产生明显的影响。造纸木质素对土壤性质的影响程度与方向,与造纸工艺过程及其废弃物成分及土壤种类等密切相关。本研究结果表明,铵法木质素具有潜在的农用价值。
Pulp and paper-making industry is one of the most important industries in national economy. Non-wood fiber resources such as crop residues play an increasing role in pulp and papermaking industry. The black liquor from pulping is difficult to dispose because of its high organic matter contents and potential pollution to the environment, which is the main obstacle for the non-wood utilization in pulp and paper industry. The major organic compounds in black liquor are lignins, and treatment and utilization of black liquor for pollution control and organic material utilization is mainly depended on the lignin. Thus, the recovery of the lignin in black liquor and development use of lignin is getting an increasing attention nowadays. Agricultural use of residues from straw pulping after proper treatment is one of the utilization alternatives. The soil organic carbon, soil properties, and crop response after application of two kinds of straw-lignin produced from the pulping with wheat straw as control were studied in this experiment. With a series of soil incubation, pot cultivation and field experiments, the main results follow:
1. In the red soil, the structure of organic carbon seemed to be simplified with application of WS, and the ratio of aliphatic-C/Aromatic-C decreased with application of KL. In the fluvo-aquic soil, the ratio of aliphatic-C/ Aromatic-C for applying WS decreased during incubation, and with applying KL obtained a similar trend with WS; the ratio of aliphatic-C/ Aromatic-C with ALS increased at beginning stage and decreased at ending of incubation.
2. Under two different soil water contents, soil humic acids (HAs)content were significantly increased by applying ammonium lignosulfonate(ALS), Kraft lignin (KL) and wheat straw(WS)on the two tested soils (red soil and fluvo-aquic soil) in the soil incubation experiment. Application of lignins had significantly more effect in increasing soil HAs content than with wheat straw. On red soil, Applying ALS had a more significant effect in increasing soil HAs content than with KL, while applying KL had more marked effect than ALS on fluvo-aquic soil. During the incubation, soil liable organic carbons(LOC)contents were increased at the first half of sampling times and decreased at the remaining sampling times on the two soils, and reached the content peak at about 180 days’after incubation(DAIs).
3. Applying ALS, KL and WS had influenced soil pH during incubation. Soil pH increased after application of ALS and KL on red soil during soil incubation while soil pH was significantly enhanced by application of KL and no obvious soil pH changes were found after applying WS and ALS on fluvo-aquic soil. The pot cultivation and field experiment proved that soil pH was increased by application of KL and no significant soil pH changes were found between other treatments. 4. At high water content, soil Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity showed an increase-decrease pattern with applying KL on red soil, while the soil PPO activity peak occurred at 180 DAIs with applying ALS. Soil POD activities with applying KL was significantly higher than other treatments at 120 DAIs on fluvo-aquic soil. Soil POD activities with applying ALS was significantly higher than other treatments.
In the pot experiment, soil PPO activities with ALS were significantly lower than other treatments and soil POD activities with WS and KL were significantly higher than other treatments on red soil. No significant differences for the soil PPO activities were found, and soil POD activities with ALS were significantly higher than other treatments on fluvo-aquic soil. Soil PPO activities and soil POD activities were significantly higher than other treatments on red soil; Soil PPO activities with WS were significantly higher than other treatments, soil PPO activities with organic materials significantly higher than applying NPK only on fluvo-aquic soil.
5. The field experiment showed that the wheat yield and the corn yield were the highest by applying ALS while applying KL and applying NPK only got the lowest in 2009. No significant wheat yield difference was found between applying KL and applying NPK only. There was no significantly different corn yield with appling KL and WS. The wheat yield was close by applying ALS and WS, and significantly higher than other treatments in 2010.
In conclusion, as potential organic soil amendments, lignin had a significant impact on soil chemistry, biological properties as well as crop growth. The effects of lignin on soil properties are highly related to pulping process, soil type and possible crops etc. The results from this study proved that the ammonium lignosulfonate from ammonium sulfite pulping process has potential value for land use in agricultural system.
引文
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