劳工标准对出口贸易的影响研究
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摘要
劳工标准泛指对劳动者的劳动报酬、劳动条件、劳动福利以及其他公民权利所作的规范与要求。在经济全球化的大背景下,劳工标准问题的重要性同益凸显,成为各国政府和学术界普遍关注的问题。劳工标准原属于一国内部事务,但伴随着国际经济一体化发展,进口国尤其是劳工标准相对先进的进口国,开始认识到一国不遵守劳工标准的行为可能使其获得某种出口优势,从而主张将劳工标准问题与贸易协议挂钩,而发展中国家对此则持反对态度。为此,有必要对劳工标准对出口贸易的影响进行研究。
本文基于经济学、贸易学等相关理论,从劳工标准的内容出发,以劳工标准对出口贸易的影响作为主线,从理论和实证两个角度对论题进行了分析。首先,文章介绍了劳工标准的概念、劳工标准问题的产生和发展。接着,从深层次的理论意义上阐述了各项核心劳工标准对国际贸易可能产生的积极影响和消极影响,该理论研究一部分建立在赫克歇尔—俄林要素禀赋理论的框架内,另一部分建立在Maskus模型的基础上。然后,运用实证分析进一步探讨了劳工标准和出口贸易之间的关系。在实证部分,还重点分析总结了三个典型的实证研究模型,以此为参考,结合目前关于该论题研究的新进展,得出了劳工标准与出口贸易的实证研究结果。第五部分探讨了劳工标准被纳入WTO贸易协议的可能性并介绍了社会责任认证标准体系SA8000的相关情况。最后,总结了理论和实证研究结果,笔者发现低劳工标准不是比较优势的来源,发展中国家不会因为劳工标准较低而获得出口优势。据此结论,结合现行统一劳工标准的实施情况,论文对我国如何应对劳工标准国际化这一问题给出了相关建议。
Labor standards generally refer to the criterions and requirements of labor wages, labor condition, labor welfares and citizen's other rights. Under the background of economic globalization, labor standards get more and more important, governments and scholars across the world pay great attention to it. Originally, labor standards belong to a country's internal affairs, while with the development of economic globalization, importing countries especially these countries with higher labor standards begin to condiser that a country which doesn't comply with labor standards may gain some advantages in export trade. Consequently, they insist that WTO should bring labor standards into WTO agreements. On the other hand, developing countries oppose this proposition strongly. So it is necessary to do some research on the influences of labor standards on export trade.
Based on the relevant theories of economics and international trade, starting from the content of labor standards, we analyze the influences of labor standards on export porformance from both theoretical and empirical aspects. First of all, we clarify the concept of labor standards and introduce the origin and development of labor standards problem. Then, this thesis makes a deeply theoretical analysis about the positive and negative influences of labor standards on export porformance, this analysis is based on the foundation of H-0 model and Maskus model. In the empirical analysis section, taking China for example, we research the relationship between labor standard and export from empirical resesrch aspect. Additionaly, with the expect of getting more reliable outcome, we summarize and compare three typical empirical models. Next, the issue of whether labor standards will be brought into WTO agreements is briefly discussed and SA8000 as an international standards which is being extensively used by multinational companies is introduced here as well. In the last section, we get the conclusion that low labor standards isn't the source of comparative advantages and the increase in export of developing countries has no direct relation to low labor standards,we also advance some suggestions about how to deal with the problem of labor standards.
本文基于经济学、贸易学等相关理论,从劳工标准的内容出发,以劳工标准对出口贸易的影响作为主线,从理论和实证两个角度对论题进行了分析。首先,文章介绍了劳工标准的概念、劳工标准问题的产生和发展。接着,从深层次的理论意义上阐述了各项核心劳工标准对国际贸易可能产生的积极影响和消极影响,该理论研究一部分建立在赫克歇尔—俄林要素禀赋理论的框架内,另一部分建立在Maskus模型的基础上。然后,运用实证分析进一步探讨了劳工标准和出口贸易之间的关系。在实证部分,还重点分析总结了三个典型的实证研究模型,以此为参考,结合目前关于该论题研究的新进展,得出了劳工标准与出口贸易的实证研究结果。第五部分探讨了劳工标准被纳入WTO贸易协议的可能性并介绍了社会责任认证标准体系SA8000的相关情况。最后,总结了理论和实证研究结果,笔者发现低劳工标准不是比较优势的来源,发展中国家不会因为劳工标准较低而获得出口优势。据此结论,结合现行统一劳工标准的实施情况,论文对我国如何应对劳工标准国际化这一问题给出了相关建议。
Labor standards generally refer to the criterions and requirements of labor wages, labor condition, labor welfares and citizen's other rights. Under the background of economic globalization, labor standards get more and more important, governments and scholars across the world pay great attention to it. Originally, labor standards belong to a country's internal affairs, while with the development of economic globalization, importing countries especially these countries with higher labor standards begin to condiser that a country which doesn't comply with labor standards may gain some advantages in export trade. Consequently, they insist that WTO should bring labor standards into WTO agreements. On the other hand, developing countries oppose this proposition strongly. So it is necessary to do some research on the influences of labor standards on export trade.
Based on the relevant theories of economics and international trade, starting from the content of labor standards, we analyze the influences of labor standards on export porformance from both theoretical and empirical aspects. First of all, we clarify the concept of labor standards and introduce the origin and development of labor standards problem. Then, this thesis makes a deeply theoretical analysis about the positive and negative influences of labor standards on export porformance, this analysis is based on the foundation of H-0 model and Maskus model. In the empirical analysis section, taking China for example, we research the relationship between labor standard and export from empirical resesrch aspect. Additionaly, with the expect of getting more reliable outcome, we summarize and compare three typical empirical models. Next, the issue of whether labor standards will be brought into WTO agreements is briefly discussed and SA8000 as an international standards which is being extensively used by multinational companies is introduced here as well. In the last section, we get the conclusion that low labor standards isn't the source of comparative advantages and the increase in export of developing countries has no direct relation to low labor standards,we also advance some suggestions about how to deal with the problem of labor standards.
引文
[1]Aggarwal, Mita. International Trade, Labor Standards, and Labor Market Conditions: An Evaluation of the Linkages [J]. USITC, Office of Economics Working Paper,1995, (7):95-106
[2]Baumle. Statistical Discrimination in Employment [J]. The American Behavioral Scientist,2005, 48 (9):1250
[3]Berik.International Trade and Gender Wage Discrimination:Evidence from East Asia [J].Review of Development Economics, 2004, 8(2): 237-254
[4]Bhagwati, Jagdish. Trade Liberalisation and 'FairTrade' Demands: Addressing the Environmental and labour Standards Issues [J]. World Eeonomy, 1995, (6): 745-759
[5]Brown, Deardorff, Stern. Trade and Labor Standards [J]. Open Economic Review, 1998,(9):171-194
[6]Brown. International Labor Standards in the World Trade Organization and the International Labor Organization [J]. Department of Economics, Tufts 7University, Working Paper,2000(1):12-15
[7]Busse. Do Labor Standards Affect Comparative Advantage in Developing Countries? [J].World Development, 2002, 30(11): 21-32
[8]Busse. The Determinants of Core Labor Standards:the Case of Developing Countries [J].Economics Letters, 2004, 8(3): 211-217
[9]Cassella, Allesandra. Free Trade and Evoling Standards [J]. Economics Analysis, 1996,(1):120-123
[10]Flanagan. Labor Standards and International Comparative Advantage [J]. Graduate school of Bussiness, Stanford University, 2000, (5): 8-15
[11]Krueger, Alan. Observations on International Labor Standards and Trade [J]. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 1996, 5(6):32
[12]Krugman. What Should Trade Negotiators Negotiate about [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1997, 35(3):113-120
[13]Mah. Core Labor Standards and Export Porformance in Developing Countries [J]. The World Economy, 1997, 20(6):773-785
[14]Martin &Maskus. Core Labor Standards and Comparativeness:Implications for Global Trade Policy [J]. Review of International Economics, 2001, 9(2):317-328
[15]Maskus. Should Core Labor Standards be Imposed through International Trade Policy? [J].Policy Research Working Paper, 1997, (8):4-8
[16]Noor. Labor Standards in Export and Developing Countries [J]. Working Paper of the United Nations University, 2000, 21(2):34-36
[17]Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Trade.Employment,and Labor Standards:A Study of Core Workers'rights and International Trade[R].OECD,Paris,1996
[18]Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Trade.International Trade and Core Labor Standards[R].OECD,Paris,2000
[19]Rodrik.Labor Standards in International Trade:Do they matter and what do we do about them?[J].Overseas Development Council Essay,1998,(20):35-79
[20]Rodrik.Damocracies Pay Higher Wages[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,(3):56-59
[21]Romero.Labor Standards and Export Processing Zones:Stitution and Pressures for Change [J].Development and Policy Review,1995,(13):247-276
[22]Samy Yiagadeesen and Rodriguez Gabriel.Analysing the Effeets of Labour Standards on US Export Performance A Time Series APProaeh With Structural Change[J].Applied Eeonomics,2003,(5):105-143
[23]Samy Yiagadeesen and Dehejia Vivek.Trade and Labor Standards:theory and new empirical evidence[J].Trade＆Economic Development,2003,13(2):179-198
[24]Srinivasan.International Trade and Labor Standards from an Economic Perspective[J].The World Economy,1996,19(4):219-243
[25]Van Beers,Cees.Labor Standards and Trade Flows of OECD Countries[J].The World Economy,1998,(1):57-73.
[26]安增科,张新国,张霞世界经济中的劳工标准:背景与争议贵州师范大学学报2007,(3):6-7
[27]贾格迪什·巴格沃蒂(海闻译).今日自由贸易[M].北京:中国人民大学山版社,2004.
[28]保罗·克鲁格曼(海闻译).地理和贸易[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.48-50
[29]戴德生.国际贸易体制中的劳工标准问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华尔政法院,2007.110-114
[30]杜晓郁.全球化背景下的国际劳工标准分析[D]:[博士学位论文].大连:东北财经大学,2006.
[31]高振沧,王凤如.劳工标准与国际贸易关系的趋势预测[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,(3):16-17
[32]马丽.论劳工标准与国际贸易的科学挂钩与中国的应对策略[J].法制与社会,2007,(1):335-336
[33]缪剑文.世界贸易组织劳工标准之争及其法律评析[J].国际贸易问题,1998,(12),48
[34]佘云霞.国际劳工标准:争议与演变[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[35]王绍媛,王梅尔.贸易与社会壁垒问题的研究与启示[J].东北财经大学学报,2007,(1):70-74
[36]王晓荣.贸易与劳工标准问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学.2006.31-35
[37]吴刚.贸易与劳工标准挂钩:新的贸易保护主义[J].财经问题研究,2006,(4):87-93
[38]许国庆,邵宏华,夏中.论贸易竞争与劳工标准[J].世界经济,1996,(9):28-36
[39]许尧明.基丁FDI的劳工标准与出口贸易关系的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:东华大学,2003.36-45
[40]袁建新.SA8000对中国外贸的影响和对策[J].世界经济,2004,(12):49-53
[41]杨体仁.全球视角下的劳工标准[J].经济学消息报,2001,(2):20-21
[42]杨青.论世界贸易组织中的社会条款问题[J].国际贸易问题,1997,(10),41-48
[43]藏立.论国际贸易中的劳工标准问题[J].外交学院学报,2002,(4):63-69
[44]张克宁.劳工标准:贸易保护主义的新威胁[J].国际贸易,1995,(5):42-43
[45]周长征.全球化与中国劳动法制问题研究[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2003
[46]周鹏.发展中国家劳工标准的演进路径[J].经济研究,2004,(10):94-102
[47]朱君延.劳工问题多边化:进程、争论与应对[J].当代亚太,2003,(4):16-22
[2]Baumle. Statistical Discrimination in Employment [J]. The American Behavioral Scientist,2005, 48 (9):1250
[3]Berik.International Trade and Gender Wage Discrimination:Evidence from East Asia [J].Review of Development Economics, 2004, 8(2): 237-254
[4]Bhagwati, Jagdish. Trade Liberalisation and 'FairTrade' Demands: Addressing the Environmental and labour Standards Issues [J]. World Eeonomy, 1995, (6): 745-759
[5]Brown, Deardorff, Stern. Trade and Labor Standards [J]. Open Economic Review, 1998,(9):171-194
[6]Brown. International Labor Standards in the World Trade Organization and the International Labor Organization [J]. Department of Economics, Tufts 7University, Working Paper,2000(1):12-15
[7]Busse. Do Labor Standards Affect Comparative Advantage in Developing Countries? [J].World Development, 2002, 30(11): 21-32
[8]Busse. The Determinants of Core Labor Standards:the Case of Developing Countries [J].Economics Letters, 2004, 8(3): 211-217
[9]Cassella, Allesandra. Free Trade and Evoling Standards [J]. Economics Analysis, 1996,(1):120-123
[10]Flanagan. Labor Standards and International Comparative Advantage [J]. Graduate school of Bussiness, Stanford University, 2000, (5): 8-15
[11]Krueger, Alan. Observations on International Labor Standards and Trade [J]. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 1996, 5(6):32
[12]Krugman. What Should Trade Negotiators Negotiate about [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1997, 35(3):113-120
[13]Mah. Core Labor Standards and Export Porformance in Developing Countries [J]. The World Economy, 1997, 20(6):773-785
[14]Martin &Maskus. Core Labor Standards and Comparativeness:Implications for Global Trade Policy [J]. Review of International Economics, 2001, 9(2):317-328
[15]Maskus. Should Core Labor Standards be Imposed through International Trade Policy? [J].Policy Research Working Paper, 1997, (8):4-8
[16]Noor. Labor Standards in Export and Developing Countries [J]. Working Paper of the United Nations University, 2000, 21(2):34-36
[17]Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Trade.Employment,and Labor Standards:A Study of Core Workers'rights and International Trade[R].OECD,Paris,1996
[18]Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Trade.International Trade and Core Labor Standards[R].OECD,Paris,2000
[19]Rodrik.Labor Standards in International Trade:Do they matter and what do we do about them?[J].Overseas Development Council Essay,1998,(20):35-79
[20]Rodrik.Damocracies Pay Higher Wages[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,(3):56-59
[21]Romero.Labor Standards and Export Processing Zones:Stitution and Pressures for Change [J].Development and Policy Review,1995,(13):247-276
[22]Samy Yiagadeesen and Rodriguez Gabriel.Analysing the Effeets of Labour Standards on US Export Performance A Time Series APProaeh With Structural Change[J].Applied Eeonomics,2003,(5):105-143
[23]Samy Yiagadeesen and Dehejia Vivek.Trade and Labor Standards:theory and new empirical evidence[J].Trade＆Economic Development,2003,13(2):179-198
[24]Srinivasan.International Trade and Labor Standards from an Economic Perspective[J].The World Economy,1996,19(4):219-243
[25]Van Beers,Cees.Labor Standards and Trade Flows of OECD Countries[J].The World Economy,1998,(1):57-73.
[26]安增科,张新国,张霞世界经济中的劳工标准:背景与争议贵州师范大学学报2007,(3):6-7
[27]贾格迪什·巴格沃蒂(海闻译).今日自由贸易[M].北京:中国人民大学山版社,2004.
[28]保罗·克鲁格曼(海闻译).地理和贸易[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.48-50
[29]戴德生.国际贸易体制中的劳工标准问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华尔政法院,2007.110-114
[30]杜晓郁.全球化背景下的国际劳工标准分析[D]:[博士学位论文].大连:东北财经大学,2006.
[31]高振沧,王凤如.劳工标准与国际贸易关系的趋势预测[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,(3):16-17
[32]马丽.论劳工标准与国际贸易的科学挂钩与中国的应对策略[J].法制与社会,2007,(1):335-336
[33]缪剑文.世界贸易组织劳工标准之争及其法律评析[J].国际贸易问题,1998,(12),48
[34]佘云霞.国际劳工标准:争议与演变[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[35]王绍媛,王梅尔.贸易与社会壁垒问题的研究与启示[J].东北财经大学学报,2007,(1):70-74
[36]王晓荣.贸易与劳工标准问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学.2006.31-35
[37]吴刚.贸易与劳工标准挂钩:新的贸易保护主义[J].财经问题研究,2006,(4):87-93
[38]许国庆,邵宏华,夏中.论贸易竞争与劳工标准[J].世界经济,1996,(9):28-36
[39]许尧明.基丁FDI的劳工标准与出口贸易关系的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:东华大学,2003.36-45
[40]袁建新.SA8000对中国外贸的影响和对策[J].世界经济,2004,(12):49-53
[41]杨体仁.全球视角下的劳工标准[J].经济学消息报,2001,(2):20-21
[42]杨青.论世界贸易组织中的社会条款问题[J].国际贸易问题,1997,(10),41-48
[43]藏立.论国际贸易中的劳工标准问题[J].外交学院学报,2002,(4):63-69
[44]张克宁.劳工标准:贸易保护主义的新威胁[J].国际贸易,1995,(5):42-43
[45]周长征.全球化与中国劳动法制问题研究[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2003
[46]周鹏.发展中国家劳工标准的演进路径[J].经济研究,2004,(10):94-102
[47]朱君延.劳工问题多边化:进程、争论与应对[J].当代亚太,2003,(4):16-22