N18锆合金板材加工过程中微观组织及织构演变的定量研究
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摘要
本论文以国产N18新型锆合金为研究对象，主要采用电子通道衬度像（ECC）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术、X射线衍射（XRD）以及透射电子显微镜（TEM）等分析技术，系统研究了锆合金在加工过程（β相淬火、热轧、冷轧及退火）中的微观组织及织构的演变规律。针对两种不同初始取向的样品，采用实验观测以及晶体塑性模拟分析了初始取向对锆合金冷轧变形机制的影响，在此基础上对锆合金冷轧织构的形成机理进行了探讨。通过研究两种冷轧变形量的N18锆合金板材在退火过程中的再结晶行为，分析了锆合金的再结晶机制。
基于晶内取向差转轴（In-Grain misorientation axis，IGMA）方法，分析了晶粒内不同滑移系的开启对IGMA分布的影响，提出了IGMA与Schmid因子相结合的方法可较好地判断锆合金变形时开启的滑移系类型。
系统定量地表征了N18锆合金板材加工过程的显微组织及织构演变，结果表明N18板材加工过程的组织演变规律为：板条魏氏组织（β相淬火）→纤维组织+难变形晶粒（热轧）→不均匀再结晶组织（热轧退火）→不均匀形变组织（两次冷轧）→均匀再结晶组织（最终退火）；N18板材织构演变规律为：β相淬火的随机织构经热轧形成沿横向倾斜的双峰基面织构，随后的加工过程均保留这种织构，轧制板材以<1010>方向平行于轧向（<1010>//RD）的双峰基面织构为主，而退火板材以<1120>方向平行于轧向（<1120>//RD）的双峰基面织构为主。
通过两种初始取向的N18锆合金冷轧过程显微组织及织构的研究，利用IGMA方法确定了N18合金冷轧时开启的滑移系类型，结果表明0°板材主要依靠柱面滑移、{1011}锥面滑移以及基面滑移变形；90°板材变形初期主要依靠柱面滑移和{1012}拉伸孪生变形，变形后期出现了{1011}锥面滑移和基面滑移；随着应变量的增加，两种板材中柱面滑移和{1012}拉伸孪生的开启量减少，{1011}锥面滑移和基面滑移的开启量逐渐增加。
采用松弛约束模型模拟了0°和90°板材在冷轧过程的织构演变，确定了柱面滑移、基面滑移、{1011}锥面滑移和{1012}拉伸孪生的临界剪切应力比值为1:5:9:2；通过对比不同变形方式启动时模拟织构的差异，揭示了锆合金的双峰基面织构是由{1012}拉伸孪生、{1011}锥面滑移和基面滑移共同作用的结果，而<1010>//RD织构是由柱面滑移引起的。
通过对50%、85%两个变形量下N18锆合金冷轧板材初次再结晶行为的研究，结果表明两种冷轧板材的初始织构都是<1010>//RD的双峰基面织构，50%板材初次再结晶后的织构转变为<1120>//RD的双峰基面织构，85%板材初次再结晶后的织构中包含<1120>//RD和<1010>//RD两类织构；通过分析再结晶晶粒的形核和长大，揭示了两种板材的再结晶织构是由<1010>//RD晶粒的择优形核以及<1120>//RD晶粒的择优长大两方面共同控制的。
This thesis reports a quantitative investigation of microstructure and textureevolution during fabrication of N18zirconium alloy sheets, which are used as structuralmaterials in nuclear power reactors. Microstructure evolution was observed by electronchanneling contrast (ECC) images and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)technology in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Local crystallographicorientations were measured by EBSD technology and the macro-texture was examinedby X-ray diffraction technology. Second phase particles were identified usingtransmission electron microscope (TEM). Combining experimental investigations withcrystal plasticity simulation using a relaxed constraint (RC) model, two sheets withdifferent initial orientations were selected to study the effect of the initial orientation onthe deformation mechanism and the texture formation during cold rolling.Recrystallization behavior during primary recrystallization of cold rolled sheets after50%and85%reductions was also presented.
In order to identify activated slip systems in the N18zirconium alloy, a methodcombining in-grain misorientation axes (IGMA) distributions with Schmid factoranalyses was employed, based on detailed studies of the effect of each slip system onthe IGMA distribution.
The microstructure and texture evolution during fabrication of N18alloy sheetshave been quantitatively investigated. It is found that the microstructure evolves from aweave Widmans tten structure of β quenching stage to heterogeneous deformationstructures associated after hot and cold rolling and then to a fully recrystallized structureafter final annealing. The texture evolution can be summarized that a random textureformed by β quenching transforms into a tilt basal texture after hot rolling, which keepsstable during the following fabrications. The texture of the rolling sheets is mainlycharacterized as <1010> direction parallel to rolling direction (<1010>//RD) while thetexture of the annealing sheets is <1120> direction parallel to rolling direction(<1120>//RD).
The effect of the initial orientation on the deformation mechanism during coldrolling has been analyzed. The results show that the0°sheets were deformed mainly byprismatic slip,{1011} pyramidal slip and basal slip. Prismatic slip and {1012}tensile twinning were the dominant deformation mechanisms for the90°sheets at low strain while {1011} pyramidal slip and basal slip were also observed in higherstrained samples. The slip identification results indicate that {1011} pyramidal slip and basal slip were enhanced with increasing deformation strain in both sheets.
Texture evolution of the0°and90°sheets during cold rolling was simulated usinga relaxed consistent model. The ratio of critical resolved shear stress of prismatic slip,{1011} pyramidal slip, basal slip and {1012} tensile twinning was indentifiedas1:5:9:2. The formation of the double tilt basal texture was ascribed to {1012} tensiletwining,{1011} pyramidal slip and basal slip, while the <1010>//RD texturewas interpreted as a result of prismatic slip.
After primary recrystallization, the final texture of the50%cold-rolled sheetschanges into a dominant texture with <1120> direction parallel to the rolling direction(<1120>//RD), while the85%cold-rolled sheets display a mixed texture with<1120>//RD and <1010>//RD. The texture differences of the two materials werediscussed based on the preferred nucleation of <1010>//RD grains and preferredgrowth of <1120>//RD grains.
基于晶内取向差转轴（In-Grain misorientation axis，IGMA）方法，分析了晶粒内不同滑移系的开启对IGMA分布的影响，提出了IGMA与Schmid因子相结合的方法可较好地判断锆合金变形时开启的滑移系类型。
系统定量地表征了N18锆合金板材加工过程的显微组织及织构演变，结果表明N18板材加工过程的组织演变规律为：板条魏氏组织（β相淬火）→纤维组织+难变形晶粒（热轧）→不均匀再结晶组织（热轧退火）→不均匀形变组织（两次冷轧）→均匀再结晶组织（最终退火）；N18板材织构演变规律为：β相淬火的随机织构经热轧形成沿横向倾斜的双峰基面织构，随后的加工过程均保留这种织构，轧制板材以<1010>方向平行于轧向（<1010>//RD）的双峰基面织构为主，而退火板材以<1120>方向平行于轧向（<1120>//RD）的双峰基面织构为主。
通过两种初始取向的N18锆合金冷轧过程显微组织及织构的研究，利用IGMA方法确定了N18合金冷轧时开启的滑移系类型，结果表明0°板材主要依靠柱面滑移、{1011}锥面
采用松弛约束模型模拟了0°和90°板材在冷轧过程的织构演变，确定了柱面滑移、基面滑移、{1011}锥面
通过对50%、85%两个变形量下N18锆合金冷轧板材初次再结晶行为的研究，结果表明两种冷轧板材的初始织构都是<1010>//RD的双峰基面织构，50%板材初次再结晶后的织构转变为<1120>//RD的双峰基面织构，85%板材初次再结晶后的织构中包含<1120>//RD和<1010>//RD两类织构；通过分析再结晶晶粒的形核和长大，揭示了两种板材的再结晶织构是由<1010>//RD晶粒的择优形核以及<1120>//RD晶粒的择优长大两方面共同控制的。
This thesis reports a quantitative investigation of microstructure and textureevolution during fabrication of N18zirconium alloy sheets, which are used as structuralmaterials in nuclear power reactors. Microstructure evolution was observed by electronchanneling contrast (ECC) images and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)technology in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Local crystallographicorientations were measured by EBSD technology and the macro-texture was examinedby X-ray diffraction technology. Second phase particles were identified usingtransmission electron microscope (TEM). Combining experimental investigations withcrystal plasticity simulation using a relaxed constraint (RC) model, two sheets withdifferent initial orientations were selected to study the effect of the initial orientation onthe deformation mechanism and the texture formation during cold rolling.Recrystallization behavior during primary recrystallization of cold rolled sheets after50%and85%reductions was also presented.
In order to identify activated slip systems in the N18zirconium alloy, a methodcombining in-grain misorientation axes (IGMA) distributions with Schmid factoranalyses was employed, based on detailed studies of the effect of each slip system onthe IGMA distribution.
The microstructure and texture evolution during fabrication of N18alloy sheetshave been quantitatively investigated. It is found that the microstructure evolves from aweave Widmans tten structure of β quenching stage to heterogeneous deformationstructures associated after hot and cold rolling and then to a fully recrystallized structureafter final annealing. The texture evolution can be summarized that a random textureformed by β quenching transforms into a tilt basal texture after hot rolling, which keepsstable during the following fabrications. The texture of the rolling sheets is mainlycharacterized as <1010> direction parallel to rolling direction (<1010>//RD) while thetexture of the annealing sheets is <1120> direction parallel to rolling direction(<1120>//RD).
The effect of the initial orientation on the deformation mechanism during coldrolling has been analyzed. The results show that the0°sheets were deformed mainly byprismatic slip,{1011} pyramidal
Texture evolution of the0°and90°sheets during cold rolling was simulated usinga relaxed consistent model. The ratio of critical resolved shear stress of prismatic slip,{1011} pyramidal
After primary recrystallization, the final texture of the50%cold-rolled sheetschanges into a dominant texture with <1120> direction parallel to the rolling direction(<1120>//RD), while the85%cold-rolled sheets display a mixed texture with<1120>//RD and <1010>//RD. The texture differences of the two materials werediscussed based on the preferred nucleation of <1010>//RD grains and preferredgrowth of <1120>//RD grains.
引文
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