甘肃西固热电厂142MW机组负荷控制特性的研究及实现
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摘要
随着电网容量扩大和对电能质量要求的提高，对电力系统自动发电控制（AGC）的要求日益迫切。而圆满解决AGC问题的基础在于机组负荷控制，闻名于世的直接能量平衡（DEB）法协调控制方案，一直是火力发电厂控制领域关注的焦点。
伴随着计算机技术的发展，分散式控制系统（Distributed Control System,简称DCS）在电厂的运行控制中得到广泛应用。
甘肃西固热电厂#9、#10 142MW抽汽母管制供热机组，选用美国西屋公司WESTATION控制系统，设计、应用了DEB协调控制策略，从单纯作为负荷和主蒸汽压力控制协调的基本功能，成功扩展到整个运行范围，即从正常运行工况到异常运行工况及启、停工况。使机组的安全、经济、优化运行达到了一个新的水平。
由于机组的动态特性是一个具有强烈交叉影响的双输入、双输出系统，负荷和主蒸汽压力控制相互依赖、相互制约。本机组利用先进的硬件设备DCS和优化的控制策略DEB，圆满解决了机组协调控制系统中主汽压力稳定性及负荷适应性这一主要矛盾。
主蒸汽压力稳定是机组一切关键参数（包括主蒸汽温度、汽包水位、烟气含氧量等）稳定的基础，DEB系统解决了机组锅炉和汽轮机之间能量平衡，使机组可靠性和经济性大大提高。
本文通过对机组运行机理的深刻分析，在实践经验基础上总结、探索、提出了优化控制策略，提高了西固热电厂#9、#10机组自动化水平，确保了机组的最佳运行工况，经济和社会效益显著。
With the enlargement of capacity of electric network and the increase of quality requirement of electric energy, the requirements of Automatic Generate Control (AGC) of electric power system are increasingly urgent. To resolve AGC problem perfectly, the base is unit burthen control. The famous coordination control scheme-direct energy balance (DEB) method-is still the focus of the thermal power plant control domain.
With the development of computer technology, the Distributed Control System(DCS) are widely used in the power plant running control.
The #9 and #10 142MW heat supply units in GanSu XiGu power plant, the steam extraction main pipe system adopt WESTATION control system of Westing House Company and DEB coordination control policy in design. The coordination control policy successfully expand the whole the running range, from the normal running condition to abnormity running condition and start or stop condition, which simplicity base on burthen and main steam pressure coordination control. And the coordination control policy keeps units health level and safely, economically, optimizing work.
Stability of main steam pressure is the foundation of the key parameter Stability (include the main steam temperature, the vapor pack water level, the oxygen content in the smoke etc.) in the units , DEB system increase the dependability and the economy greatly with the settlement of the energy's equilibrium between the boiler and the steamer .
With deep analysis to mechanism of power set and on the experience the foundation summary and extensive exploring, the text put forward the policy of controlling optimization to the whole unit, increase the automation levels of No.9 set and No.10 power set in Xigu Power Plant, and keep the best movement work, the marked economy and social performance.
伴随着计算机技术的发展，分散式控制系统（Distributed Control System,简称DCS）在电厂的运行控制中得到广泛应用。
甘肃西固热电厂#9、#10 142MW抽汽母管制供热机组，选用美国西屋公司WESTATION控制系统，设计、应用了DEB协调控制策略，从单纯作为负荷和主蒸汽压力控制协调的基本功能，成功扩展到整个运行范围，即从正常运行工况到异常运行工况及启、停工况。使机组的安全、经济、优化运行达到了一个新的水平。
由于机组的动态特性是一个具有强烈交叉影响的双输入、双输出系统，负荷和主蒸汽压力控制相互依赖、相互制约。本机组利用先进的硬件设备DCS和优化的控制策略DEB，圆满解决了机组协调控制系统中主汽压力稳定性及负荷适应性这一主要矛盾。
主蒸汽压力稳定是机组一切关键参数（包括主蒸汽温度、汽包水位、烟气含氧量等）稳定的基础，DEB系统解决了机组锅炉和汽轮机之间能量平衡，使机组可靠性和经济性大大提高。
本文通过对机组运行机理的深刻分析，在实践经验基础上总结、探索、提出了优化控制策略，提高了西固热电厂#9、#10机组自动化水平，确保了机组的最佳运行工况，经济和社会效益显著。
With the enlargement of capacity of electric network and the increase of quality requirement of electric energy, the requirements of Automatic Generate Control (AGC) of electric power system are increasingly urgent. To resolve AGC problem perfectly, the base is unit burthen control. The famous coordination control scheme-direct energy balance (DEB) method-is still the focus of the thermal power plant control domain.
With the development of computer technology, the Distributed Control System(DCS) are widely used in the power plant running control.
The #9 and #10 142MW heat supply units in GanSu XiGu power plant, the steam extraction main pipe system adopt WESTATION control system of Westing House Company and DEB coordination control policy in design. The coordination control policy successfully expand the whole the running range, from the normal running condition to abnormity running condition and start or stop condition, which simplicity base on burthen and main steam pressure coordination control. And the coordination control policy keeps units health level and safely, economically, optimizing work.
Stability of main steam pressure is the foundation of the key parameter Stability (include the main steam temperature, the vapor pack water level, the oxygen content in the smoke etc.) in the units , DEB system increase the dependability and the economy greatly with the settlement of the energy's equilibrium between the boiler and the steamer .
With deep analysis to mechanism of power set and on the experience the foundation summary and extensive exploring, the text put forward the policy of controlling optimization to the whole unit, increase the automation levels of No.9 set and No.10 power set in Xigu Power Plant, and keep the best movement work, the marked economy and social performance.
引文
[1] 贺贤峰.200MW机组DCS系统协调控制的分析.浙江电力.2000.第3期.35-37,63
[2] 王桂平.机炉协调控制方案浅析.华中电力.1998.11(1).53-55
[3] 李子连.火电厂热工自动化的发展、现状和前景.中国电力.1996.20(12).16-19
[4] 卢铭庆,钟新元.DEB协调控制策略及应用.自动化与仪器仪表.2000.第3期.10-13
[5] 张玉铎.热工自动控制系统.北京.水利电力出版社.1985.
[6] 张鑫.计算机分散控制系统.北京.水利电力出版社.1993
[7] 肖大雏.火电厂计算机控制.北京.水利电力出版社.1995
[8] H.C Cery. The Evolution of Coordinated Control [C]. ISA Symposium on Instrumentation im the Power Industry.1988
[9] 高景平.现场总线控制系统的特点及应用.仪器与仪表.1997.第12期.13-18
[10] William R. Hodson. How Fieldbus Will Affect DCS Architecture. Intech.1996.12.50-53
[11] Harry Furness.Digital Communications Provides. Control Eng. 1994.41(1).55-572
[12] Disk Johnson.The Future of Field bus At Milestone. 1995,Control Eng. 1994. 41(13).49-523
[13] Vdo Lutze.Reduce Control System Complexing With Fields Technology. Control Engineering.1995.42(11).87-92
[14] 曾德良,刘吉臻.单元机组智能协调控制系统的发展和应用.电力情报.1998.3.6-10
[15] 程正群，许宝祥，钱积新. 现场总线与DCS控制系统. 化工自动化及仪表. 1999.26(3). 1-3
[16] 杨跃权,高镗年.分散控制系统与现场总线.华北电力大学学报.1997.24(1).89-93
[17] 李希武.直接能量平衡法(DEB)协调控制系统分析.中国电力.2000.33(6).65-69
[18] Ahmet.Control of nonlinear distributed parameter systems using generalized invariants. Automatica.2000.36(5).697-703
[19] K. Ezra Kwok, Michael Chong Ping and Ping Li.A model-based augmented PID algorithm. Journal of Process Control.2000.10(1).9-18
[20] 赵世杰.分散控制系统在老机组热控系统改造中的应用.山东电力技术.1999.5.44-47
[21] T. Rahkonen.Distributed industrial control systems - a critical review regarding openness. Control Engineering Practice.1995.3(8).1155-1162
[22] Dongik Lee, Jeff Allan, Haydn A. Thompson and Stuart Bennett. PID control for a distributed system with a smart actuator. Control Engineering Practice.2001.9(11). 1235-1244
[23] 张炳聪.200MW机组DCS系统改造的调试及改进.华北电力技术.2001.6.28-30
[24] 梁保峰,刘延泉等.MAX1000分散型控制系统及其在电厂中的应用.电力情报.1997.2.26-29
[25] 吕剑虹,陈来九.MAX1000分散控制系统及其逻辑控制块的实现.工业仪表与自动化装置.1995.2.10-14
[26] Cori R, Maffezzoni C. Practical optimal control of a drum boiler power plant. Automatic.1984.20(5)
[27] Doyle J C, Stein G. Multivariable feedback design: Concept for a classical/modern synthesis. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control. 1981.26(3)
[28] 陈厚肇,陈斌.对协调控制系统的品质要求分析.华东电力.2000.10.48-49
[29] 郎澄宇.分散控制系统的特点与发展方向.山东电力技术.1997.2.12-14
[30] 陈广超.PID算法在DCS中的应用.计算机应用.1997.1.71-74
[31] 王运泽,王亚臣,聂成魁.分散控制系统的最新发展状况及其展望.河北电力技术.1998.17(4).26-30
[32] 吴宝光,谢刚,谢克明.直接能量平衡策略的研究及应用分析.太原理工大学学报.1999.30(1).60-62
[33] D.Linkins.TVA's Kingston Unit 9 distributed control system (DCS) retrofit benefit documentation. Fuel and Energy Abstracts.1998.39(3).231
[34] 吴宝光,杨文广,谢刚.采用MAX1000和500MW机组负荷控制系统组态分析.电力学报.1997.12(4).32-35
[35] 喻文标,陈邵.机炉协调协控制系统在国产125MW机组上的应用.湖南电力.1999.19(4).41-44
[36] 胡永康,朱方成等.125MW机组协调控制系统的设计要点.华东电力.1998.4.28-30
[37] 赵琼,支秋林,蔡勇承.125MW机组分散控制系统在杨树浦发电厂中的应用.上海电力学院学报.2000.16(1).66-70
[38] Fernando Tricas and Javier Martínez.Distributed control systems simulation using high level Petri nets. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation.1998. 46(1). 47-55
[39] 黎德成,李俊.分散控制系统在125MW机组热控改造上的应用.广西电力技术.1998.2.20-24
[40] 马海林.200MW单元机组分散控制系统改造合理性探讨.中国电力.1997.30(7).39-42
[41] 苗军.丰城电厂MAX1000协调控制系统的控制策略分析.上海电力学院学报. 2000.16(1).75-82
[42] 谢剑英,贾青.微型计算机控制系统.北京.国防工业出版社.2001.
[43] 阳宪惠.现场总线技术及其应用.北京.清华大学出版社.1998
[44] Joe Brown.Open networks link factory floor devices.Power Transmission Design. 1994.36(7).19-23
Mehrdad N. Khajavi, Mohammad B. Menhaj and Amir A. Suratgar. A neural network
controller for load following operation of nuclear reactors. Annals of Nuclear Energy. 2000.29(6).751-760
[2] 王桂平.机炉协调控制方案浅析.华中电力.1998.11(1).53-55
[3] 李子连.火电厂热工自动化的发展、现状和前景.中国电力.1996.20(12).16-19
[4] 卢铭庆,钟新元.DEB协调控制策略及应用.自动化与仪器仪表.2000.第3期.10-13
[5] 张玉铎.热工自动控制系统.北京.水利电力出版社.1985.
[6] 张鑫.计算机分散控制系统.北京.水利电力出版社.1993
[7] 肖大雏.火电厂计算机控制.北京.水利电力出版社.1995
[8] H.C Cery. The Evolution of Coordinated Control [C]. ISA Symposium on Instrumentation im the Power Industry.1988
[9] 高景平.现场总线控制系统的特点及应用.仪器与仪表.1997.第12期.13-18
[10] William R. Hodson. How Fieldbus Will Affect DCS Architecture. Intech.1996.12.50-53
[11] Harry Furness.Digital Communications Provides. Control Eng. 1994.41(1).55-572
[12] Disk Johnson.The Future of Field bus At Milestone. 1995,Control Eng. 1994. 41(13).49-523
[13] Vdo Lutze.Reduce Control System Complexing With Fields Technology. Control Engineering.1995.42(11).87-92
[14] 曾德良,刘吉臻.单元机组智能协调控制系统的发展和应用.电力情报.1998.3.6-10
[15] 程正群，许宝祥，钱积新. 现场总线与DCS控制系统. 化工自动化及仪表. 1999.26(3). 1-3
[16] 杨跃权,高镗年.分散控制系统与现场总线.华北电力大学学报.1997.24(1).89-93
[17] 李希武.直接能量平衡法(DEB)协调控制系统分析.中国电力.2000.33(6).65-69
[18] Ahmet.Control of nonlinear distributed parameter systems using generalized invariants. Automatica.2000.36(5).697-703
[19] K. Ezra Kwok, Michael Chong Ping and Ping Li.A model-based augmented PID algorithm. Journal of Process Control.2000.10(1).9-18
[20] 赵世杰.分散控制系统在老机组热控系统改造中的应用.山东电力技术.1999.5.44-47
[21] T. Rahkonen.Distributed industrial control systems - a critical review regarding openness. Control Engineering Practice.1995.3(8).1155-1162
[22] Dongik Lee, Jeff Allan, Haydn A. Thompson and Stuart Bennett. PID control for a distributed system with a smart actuator. Control Engineering Practice.2001.9(11). 1235-1244
[23] 张炳聪.200MW机组DCS系统改造的调试及改进.华北电力技术.2001.6.28-30
[24] 梁保峰,刘延泉等.MAX1000分散型控制系统及其在电厂中的应用.电力情报.1997.2.26-29
[25] 吕剑虹,陈来九.MAX1000分散控制系统及其逻辑控制块的实现.工业仪表与自动化装置.1995.2.10-14
[26] Cori R, Maffezzoni C. Practical optimal control of a drum boiler power plant. Automatic.1984.20(5)
[27] Doyle J C, Stein G. Multivariable feedback design: Concept for a classical/modern synthesis. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control. 1981.26(3)
[28] 陈厚肇,陈斌.对协调控制系统的品质要求分析.华东电力.2000.10.48-49
[29] 郎澄宇.分散控制系统的特点与发展方向.山东电力技术.1997.2.12-14
[30] 陈广超.PID算法在DCS中的应用.计算机应用.1997.1.71-74
[31] 王运泽,王亚臣,聂成魁.分散控制系统的最新发展状况及其展望.河北电力技术.1998.17(4).26-30
[32] 吴宝光,谢刚,谢克明.直接能量平衡策略的研究及应用分析.太原理工大学学报.1999.30(1).60-62
[33] D.Linkins.TVA's Kingston Unit 9 distributed control system (DCS) retrofit benefit documentation. Fuel and Energy Abstracts.1998.39(3).231
[34] 吴宝光,杨文广,谢刚.采用MAX1000和500MW机组负荷控制系统组态分析.电力学报.1997.12(4).32-35
[35] 喻文标,陈邵.机炉协调协控制系统在国产125MW机组上的应用.湖南电力.1999.19(4).41-44
[36] 胡永康,朱方成等.125MW机组协调控制系统的设计要点.华东电力.1998.4.28-30
[37] 赵琼,支秋林,蔡勇承.125MW机组分散控制系统在杨树浦发电厂中的应用.上海电力学院学报.2000.16(1).66-70
[38] Fernando Tricas and Javier Martínez.Distributed control systems simulation using high level Petri nets. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation.1998. 46(1). 47-55
[39] 黎德成,李俊.分散控制系统在125MW机组热控改造上的应用.广西电力技术.1998.2.20-24
[40] 马海林.200MW单元机组分散控制系统改造合理性探讨.中国电力.1997.30(7).39-42
[41] 苗军.丰城电厂MAX1000协调控制系统的控制策略分析.上海电力学院学报. 2000.16(1).75-82
[42] 谢剑英,贾青.微型计算机控制系统.北京.国防工业出版社.2001.
[43] 阳宪惠.现场总线技术及其应用.北京.清华大学出版社.1998
[44] Joe Brown.Open networks link factory floor devices.Power Transmission Design. 1994.36(7).19-23
Mehrdad N. Khajavi, Mohammad B. Menhaj and Amir A. Suratgar. A neural network
controller for load following operation of nuclear reactors. Annals of Nuclear Energy. 2000.29(6).751-760