火花点火式多缸发动机缸内压力同时采集系统研究
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摘要
本文详细介绍了“火花点火式多缸发动机缸内压力同时采集系统”的开发、调试过程及其应用于492QC、492WQB发动机上的实验结果。
由通用微机、16通道无相差高速数据采集卡、火花塞式压力传感器、角标信号发生器、电荷放大器、示波器组成的高速数据采集系统，最高总采样频率为1MHz。数据采集卡上有4片采样保持器AD684，最多可以同时采集16通道的数据。
本采集系统的采样频率、通道数及采样数据总量可以由自编的采样程序控制。压力传感器为瑞士Kistler公司的6117A46型火花塞式气缸压力传感器。该传感器与火花塞集成一体，不需要另外钻安装孔，避免了对燃烧室结构的破坏，而且不存在安装通道，避免了通道效应对压力测量结果的影响。
使用本“火花点火式多缸发动机缸内压力同时采集系统”，可以同时连续采集火花点火式多缸发动机任意个工作循环的各缸压力。这对于研究发动机的过渡工况及循环间和缸间的工作差异具有重要意义。本采集系统还具有很好的可扩展性，通过修改采集程序就可以采集-5V——+5V间变动的模拟信号。实验过程中，我们对空燃比信号作了连续的采集。
使用本采集系统我们连续采集了492QC、492WQB发动机倒拖工况的各缸压力。发动机由37KW电动机拖动，使用4档变速器改变发动机转速。对于采集到的至少30个循环各缸压力，使用自编的程序作了平均化处理，并计算了整个循环的压力变动系数。通过比较各缸压力的最大平均值及其变动系数，分析了各缸的进气量差异。
使用本采集系统，还连续采集了492QC发动机燃烧汽油和压缩天然气(CNG)时不同工况的各缸压力。使用各缸最大燃烧压力的平均值和变动系数比较了各缸的工作情况和循环间变动。通过比较各缸最大压力的变动系数，表明燃烧天然气的循环间波动小于燃烧汽油。
The developing and debugging process of 'the simultaneously acquisition system of cylinder pressures for multi-cylinder spark ignition engines' were introduced in detail in this thesis. The experimental results of 492QC and 492WQB engine using this acquisition system were introduced too.
The measurement system consist of computer, 16-channel high speed data acquisition board, spark plug pressure sensor, crank angle signal generator, charge amplifier and oscillograph. The max acquisition frequency of this system is 1MHz. There are 4 chips of AD684 on the data acquisition board. The most permissible input signals are 16-channel simultaneously. The frequency of sampling, the number of signals and the total data quantity can be controlled by the program made for this acquisition system. The pressure sensor is Kistler 6117A46 spark plug piezoelectric pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is integrated with the spark plug so we do not need drilling another hole on the cylinder head and avoid changing the structure of combustion chamber and the effect of connecting channel on the measured cylinder pressure. The all cylinder's pressure for any cycle can be recorded continuously and simultaneously using this system. This is very important for the research of engine's transient working condition and the pressure fluctuation among each cylinders and different cycles of the same cylinder.
This cylinder pressure simultaneously acquisition system can be extended easily. The signals of -5V-- +5V can be measure by modifying the sampling program. The air-fuel ratio was measured continuously as an example.
The cylinder pressures of engines type 492QC, 492WQB were measured continuously and simultaneously under motoring condition. The S.I. engine was motored by a 37kW electric engine and the S.I. engine's revolution was change by a 4-position transmission. At lease 30 cycle's
pressure data of each cylinder were measured. These cycle's pressure of each cylinder were averaged by the program that we made and the fluctuant coefficient of pressure was calculated. The comparison among each cylinder's quantity of inlet air was made using the average value of the max pressure of each cycle.
The combustion pressures of each cylinder were measured continuously and simultaneously of the engine 492QC burning gasoline and CNG. The comparisons of combustion and fluctuant among each cylinder were made using the averaged value of the max pressure and the fluctuant coefficient of the max pressure. And the experimental results indicated that the pressure fluctuant of CNG engine was less than gasoline engine.
由通用微机、16通道无相差高速数据采集卡、火花塞式压力传感器、角标信号发生器、电荷放大器、示波器组成的高速数据采集系统，最高总采样频率为1MHz。数据采集卡上有4片采样保持器AD684，最多可以同时采集16通道的数据。
本采集系统的采样频率、通道数及采样数据总量可以由自编的采样程序控制。压力传感器为瑞士Kistler公司的6117A46型火花塞式气缸压力传感器。该传感器与火花塞集成一体，不需要另外钻安装孔，避免了对燃烧室结构的破坏，而且不存在安装通道，避免了通道效应对压力测量结果的影响。
使用本“火花点火式多缸发动机缸内压力同时采集系统”，可以同时连续采集火花点火式多缸发动机任意个工作循环的各缸压力。这对于研究发动机的过渡工况及循环间和缸间的工作差异具有重要意义。本采集系统还具有很好的可扩展性，通过修改采集程序就可以采集-5V——+5V间变动的模拟信号。实验过程中，我们对空燃比信号作了连续的采集。
使用本采集系统我们连续采集了492QC、492WQB发动机倒拖工况的各缸压力。发动机由37KW电动机拖动，使用4档变速器改变发动机转速。对于采集到的至少30个循环各缸压力，使用自编的程序作了平均化处理，并计算了整个循环的压力变动系数。通过比较各缸压力的最大平均值及其变动系数，分析了各缸的进气量差异。
使用本采集系统，还连续采集了492QC发动机燃烧汽油和压缩天然气(CNG)时不同工况的各缸压力。使用各缸最大燃烧压力的平均值和变动系数比较了各缸的工作情况和循环间变动。通过比较各缸最大压力的变动系数，表明燃烧天然气的循环间波动小于燃烧汽油。
The developing and debugging process of 'the simultaneously acquisition system of cylinder pressures for multi-cylinder spark ignition engines' were introduced in detail in this thesis. The experimental results of 492QC and 492WQB engine using this acquisition system were introduced too.
The measurement system consist of computer, 16-channel high speed data acquisition board, spark plug pressure sensor, crank angle signal generator, charge amplifier and oscillograph. The max acquisition frequency of this system is 1MHz. There are 4 chips of AD684 on the data acquisition board. The most permissible input signals are 16-channel simultaneously. The frequency of sampling, the number of signals and the total data quantity can be controlled by the program made for this acquisition system. The pressure sensor is Kistler 6117A46 spark plug piezoelectric pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is integrated with the spark plug so we do not need drilling another hole on the cylinder head and avoid changing the structure of combustion chamber and the effect of connecting channel on the measured cylinder pressure. The all cylinder's pressure for any cycle can be recorded continuously and simultaneously using this system. This is very important for the research of engine's transient working condition and the pressure fluctuation among each cylinders and different cycles of the same cylinder.
This cylinder pressure simultaneously acquisition system can be extended easily. The signals of -5V-- +5V can be measure by modifying the sampling program. The air-fuel ratio was measured continuously as an example.
The cylinder pressures of engines type 492QC, 492WQB were measured continuously and simultaneously under motoring condition. The S.I. engine was motored by a 37kW electric engine and the S.I. engine's revolution was change by a 4-position transmission. At lease 30 cycle's
pressure data of each cylinder were measured. These cycle's pressure of each cylinder were averaged by the program that we made and the fluctuant coefficient of pressure was calculated. The comparison among each cylinder's quantity of inlet air was made using the average value of the max pressure of each cycle.
The combustion pressures of each cylinder were measured continuously and simultaneously of the engine 492QC burning gasoline and CNG. The comparisons of combustion and fluctuant among each cylinder were made using the averaged value of the max pressure and the fluctuant coefficient of the max pressure. And the experimental results indicated that the pressure fluctuant of CNG engine was less than gasoline engine.
引文
1 吴波．内燃机示功图测量与分析技术的发展．山东内燃机，2000，63(1)：8～13
2 C. Mobley. Non-Intrusive In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement of Internal Combustion Engines. SAE 1999-01-0544
3 程勇．根据飞轮瞬时转速诊断发动机各缸燃烧差异的探讨．内燃机学报，1999，17(1)：82～85
4 董大伟．根据曲轴转动状况量化内燃机各缸作功大小的方法研究．内燃机工程，1998，19(4)：32～40
5 吴锋．用循环内转速波动诊断内燃机故障的研究．内燃机工程，1996，17(3)：52～57
6 Terrence S. Brown, et al. Determination of Engine Cylinder Pressures from Crankshaft Speed Fluctuations. SAE Paper 920463
7 T. H. Jewitt. The Use of Speed Sensing for Monitoring the Condition of Military Vehicle Engines. Proc; Instn Mech Ehgrs, 1986,200(1).
8 ZHANG Li-mei, CHENG Yong, et al. Estimation of Cylinder Compression Using the Transient Rotational Speed of Flywheel[C]. SAE Paper 950005
9 HUANG Yi-liang, et al. An Investigation on Transient Rotational Speed of Internal Combustion Engines[C]. SAE Paper 911821
10 戴利生．CB-366燃烧分析仪的应用及其功能扩展．上海市 内燃机学会首届年会论文。
11 李兴虎，韩泽民，金克成等．多缸汽油机倒拖示功图分析．内燃机学报，1999，17(3)：252～256
12 程勇．内燃机瞬态热力参数采集与分析系统的研究．[学位论文][D]．天津：天津大学，1997
13 Wither, J.G. Effects of Indicator Passage on the Accuracy of Indicator Diagram. The Engineer, 200(1955).12, pp860-863
14 黄宜谅．压力传感器连接通道对内燃机示功图影响的探讨．山东工学院学报，1978(2)
15 D.T. HOUNTALAS, A. ANESTIS. Effect of Pressure Transducer Position on Measured Cylinder Pressure Diagram of High Speed Diesel Engines. Energy Conversion and Management, v 39 n 7 May 1998
16 苏万华．利用双拖示功图标定上止点．内燃机工程，1991，12(2)：1～6
17 SHi Shao-xi. Recent Progress in Combustion Technologies for Automotive Engines. Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, v 7 n 1 Jun 2001
18 William M. Silvis, Gary W. lewis. The control of TP Pressure in Emissions Sampling Systems. SAE Paper 1999-01-0152
19 Sohair F. Rezeka. A Diagonostic Technique for the Identification of Misfiring Cylinders. SAE Paper 870546
20 史绍熙．内燃机燃烧研究的现状和动向．西安交通大学学报，1994，28(5)：31-40
21 孙万臣．柴油机燃烧过程的分析诊断方法．燃烧科学与技术，2001，7(1)：57-59
22 徐甫青等．动态燃烧过程参数测量原理与系统．南京航空航天大学学报，1996，28(3)：357-363
23 刘海荣等．火花点火发动机爆震燃烧测量方法的初步研究．华中理工大学，2000，3：11-13
24 Yuji Ishihara, Michitoshi Takagi. Unsteady Pressure Analysis of Wake Flow Behind a Passenger Car Model. SAE Paper 1999-01-0810
25 G. deBotten, J. Ben-Ari, R. Itzhaki, E. sher. Vibration Signature Analysis as a Fault Detection Method for SI Engines. SAE Paper 980115
26 D.E. Richardson. Comparision of Measured and Theoretical Inter-Ring Gas Pressure on a Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 961909
27 Michael F. J. Brunt; Kieron C. Platts. Calculation of Heat Release in Direct Injection Diesel Engines. SAE Paper 1999-01-0187
28 Gatowski, J.a., et al., Heat Release Analysis of Engine Pressure Data, SAE Paper 841359,1984
29 Homsey, S.C. and Atreya. An Experimental Heat Release Rate Analysis of a Diesel Engine Operating Under Steady State Conditions, SAE Paper 970889,1997
30 Hayes, T.K., Savage, L.D. and Soreson, S.C., Cylinder Pressure Data Acquisition and Heat Release Analysis on a Personal Computer. SAE Paper 860029,1986
31 Brunt, M.F.J., Rai, H. and Emtage, A.L., The Calculation of Heat Release Energy from Engine Cylinder Pressure Data. SAE Paper 981052, 1998
32 Brunt, M.F.J. and Pond, C.R., Evaluation of Techniques for Absolute Cylinder Pressure Correction, SAE Paper 970036, 1997
33 史绍熙，盛宏至．内燃机示功图处理用的三种数字滤波方法．内燃机学报，1986，4(4)：289-303
34 Tessho Yamada, Nobuhiro Hayakawa, Yoshihide Kami, and Takeishi Kawai. Universal Air-Fuel Ratio Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor and Further Applications
35 高青．天然气／柴油双燃料发动机电控喷气技术研究．汽车工程，2000，22(6)：389-392
36 高青．天然气／柴油双燃料发动机燃烧排放规律．汽车工程，2000，22(5)：342-345
37 Wai Y W, et al. Performance and Emissions of a Nature Gas Dual-fueled Indirect Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 911766
38 田文凯．CNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性实验研究．[学位论文]．长春：吉林工业大学，1999
39 Mtui P L, Philip G H. Ignition Delay and Combustion Duration with Natural Gas Fueling of Diesel Engine. SAE 961933
40 Osuka I, et al. Benefits of New Fuel Injection System Technology on Cold Startability of Diesel Engines. SAE Paper 940586
2 C. Mobley. Non-Intrusive In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement of Internal Combustion Engines. SAE 1999-01-0544
3 程勇．根据飞轮瞬时转速诊断发动机各缸燃烧差异的探讨．内燃机学报，1999，17(1)：82～85
4 董大伟．根据曲轴转动状况量化内燃机各缸作功大小的方法研究．内燃机工程，1998，19(4)：32～40
5 吴锋．用循环内转速波动诊断内燃机故障的研究．内燃机工程，1996，17(3)：52～57
6 Terrence S. Brown, et al. Determination of Engine Cylinder Pressures from Crankshaft Speed Fluctuations. SAE Paper 920463
7 T. H. Jewitt. The Use of Speed Sensing for Monitoring the Condition of Military Vehicle Engines. Proc; Instn Mech Ehgrs, 1986,200(1).
8 ZHANG Li-mei, CHENG Yong, et al. Estimation of Cylinder Compression Using the Transient Rotational Speed of Flywheel[C]. SAE Paper 950005
9 HUANG Yi-liang, et al. An Investigation on Transient Rotational Speed of Internal Combustion Engines[C]. SAE Paper 911821
10 戴利生．CB-366燃烧分析仪的应用及其功能扩展．上海市 内燃机学会首届年会论文。
11 李兴虎，韩泽民，金克成等．多缸汽油机倒拖示功图分析．内燃机学报，1999，17(3)：252～256
12 程勇．内燃机瞬态热力参数采集与分析系统的研究．[学位论文][D]．天津：天津大学，1997
13 Wither, J.G. Effects of Indicator Passage on the Accuracy of Indicator Diagram. The Engineer, 200(1955).12, pp860-863
14 黄宜谅．压力传感器连接通道对内燃机示功图影响的探讨．山东工学院学报，1978(2)
15 D.T. HOUNTALAS, A. ANESTIS. Effect of Pressure Transducer Position on Measured Cylinder Pressure Diagram of High Speed Diesel Engines. Energy Conversion and Management, v 39 n 7 May 1998
16 苏万华．利用双拖示功图标定上止点．内燃机工程，1991，12(2)：1～6
17 SHi Shao-xi. Recent Progress in Combustion Technologies for Automotive Engines. Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, v 7 n 1 Jun 2001
18 William M. Silvis, Gary W. lewis. The control of TP Pressure in Emissions Sampling Systems. SAE Paper 1999-01-0152
19 Sohair F. Rezeka. A Diagonostic Technique for the Identification of Misfiring Cylinders. SAE Paper 870546
20 史绍熙．内燃机燃烧研究的现状和动向．西安交通大学学报，1994，28(5)：31-40
21 孙万臣．柴油机燃烧过程的分析诊断方法．燃烧科学与技术，2001，7(1)：57-59
22 徐甫青等．动态燃烧过程参数测量原理与系统．南京航空航天大学学报，1996，28(3)：357-363
23 刘海荣等．火花点火发动机爆震燃烧测量方法的初步研究．华中理工大学，2000，3：11-13
24 Yuji Ishihara, Michitoshi Takagi. Unsteady Pressure Analysis of Wake Flow Behind a Passenger Car Model. SAE Paper 1999-01-0810
25 G. deBotten, J. Ben-Ari, R. Itzhaki, E. sher. Vibration Signature Analysis as a Fault Detection Method for SI Engines. SAE Paper 980115
26 D.E. Richardson. Comparision of Measured and Theoretical Inter-Ring Gas Pressure on a Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 961909
27 Michael F. J. Brunt; Kieron C. Platts. Calculation of Heat Release in Direct Injection Diesel Engines. SAE Paper 1999-01-0187
28 Gatowski, J.a., et al., Heat Release Analysis of Engine Pressure Data, SAE Paper 841359,1984
29 Homsey, S.C. and Atreya. An Experimental Heat Release Rate Analysis of a Diesel Engine Operating Under Steady State Conditions, SAE Paper 970889,1997
30 Hayes, T.K., Savage, L.D. and Soreson, S.C., Cylinder Pressure Data Acquisition and Heat Release Analysis on a Personal Computer. SAE Paper 860029,1986
31 Brunt, M.F.J., Rai, H. and Emtage, A.L., The Calculation of Heat Release Energy from Engine Cylinder Pressure Data. SAE Paper 981052, 1998
32 Brunt, M.F.J. and Pond, C.R., Evaluation of Techniques for Absolute Cylinder Pressure Correction, SAE Paper 970036, 1997
33 史绍熙，盛宏至．内燃机示功图处理用的三种数字滤波方法．内燃机学报，1986，4(4)：289-303
34 Tessho Yamada, Nobuhiro Hayakawa, Yoshihide Kami, and Takeishi Kawai. Universal Air-Fuel Ratio Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor and Further Applications
35 高青．天然气／柴油双燃料发动机电控喷气技术研究．汽车工程，2000，22(6)：389-392
36 高青．天然气／柴油双燃料发动机燃烧排放规律．汽车工程，2000，22(5)：342-345
37 Wai Y W, et al. Performance and Emissions of a Nature Gas Dual-fueled Indirect Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Paper 911766
38 田文凯．CNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性实验研究．[学位论文]．长春：吉林工业大学，1999
39 Mtui P L, Philip G H. Ignition Delay and Combustion Duration with Natural Gas Fueling of Diesel Engine. SAE 961933
40 Osuka I, et al. Benefits of New Fuel Injection System Technology on Cold Startability of Diesel Engines. SAE Paper 940586