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爱德华·阿尔比戏剧研究
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摘要
爱德华阿尔比(Edward Albee1928-)是20世纪后半叶美国荒诞派戏剧的重要代表剧作家、美国最重要的先锋剧作家。他三次获得普利策奖,分别是《微妙的平衡》(A Delicate Balance,1967)、《海景》(Seascape,1975)和《三个高大的女人》(Three Tall Women,1994),以及托尼终身成就奖、终身成就先锋奖等。阿尔比登上美国戏剧舞台正是美国戏剧危机的关键时段,奥尼尔戏剧的辉煌时代已经结束,田纳西威廉斯等人戏剧叙事逐渐陷入僵化模式,阿尔比通过对戏剧叙事形式及内容的革新和实验给美国戏剧舞台注入新鲜血液,使美国戏剧重新繁荣和充满生机。阿尔比擅长以荒诞派戏剧表现艺术手法,通过具有独特美国本土化的严峻凝练、晦涩多义、诙谐滑稽戏剧语言,表现多重、复杂、深刻的美国化戏剧主题。他的戏剧风格多样化、戏剧内容具有深刻复杂性,这些与其对20世纪中期美国传统写实主义戏剧艺术的大胆反叛、广泛实验分不开。
     国内学界对具有多元化、实验性戏剧风格的阿尔比戏剧研究开始较晚,且多集中在阿尔比早期戏剧的部分作品研究方面。目前国内关于阿尔比戏剧的翻译仅有9部作品,作品翻译的滞后导致国内阿尔比戏剧研究发展十分缓慢。此外,国内学界对阿尔比戏剧研究角度单一,研究角度偏狭,且有贴标签的嫌疑。本文通过文本细读、多角度综合理论视野考察阿尔比戏剧与美国传统戏剧、欧洲荒诞派戏剧之间的关联,厘清阿尔比戏剧与美国传统戏剧、欧洲荒诞派戏剧之间的关系;探索阿尔比戏剧艺术表现手法,深入研究阿尔比戏剧在戏剧主题、戏剧人物、戏剧结构,以及戏剧语言等方面的叙述风格、叙述模式,以及创作特色等。
     本文研究阿尔比对美国现当代戏剧艺术从形式到内容的革新与突破,研究其戏剧创作的艺术特色,对国内美国戏剧研究有着重要价值和意义。首先,本文从宏观角度,采用多种理论综合分析研究阿尔比戏剧文本特色,弥补国内阿尔比戏剧研究的不足,纠正国内学界对阿尔比戏剧的研究角度单一,研究角度的偏狭;其次,本文通过探讨阿尔比在美国戏剧危机时刻对美国戏剧形式与内容的实验和变革,给国内相关研究方面的专家学者提供借鉴,对探索拯救国内戏剧危机提供可能性的方法和措施;再次,本文对阿尔比戏剧特色的研究为国内戏剧从创作到舞台表演提供重要参考价值。最后,对阿尔比戏剧的研究将推进国内阿尔比戏剧的翻译和研究深度与广度,加强中美戏剧交流。
     本文通过考察尤金·奥尼尔、阿瑟·米勒、田纳西·威廉斯等美国传统剧作家对阿尔比戏剧的影响,探究阿尔比戏剧在主题和风格上与写实主义戏剧共通之处;通过考察阿尔比戏剧与欧洲荒诞剧共通的写作技巧、哲学基础、悲喜剧风格,探究阿尔比戏剧与欧洲荒诞剧的一脉相承关系。根据阿尔比戏剧的两大创作渊源可以看出,阿尔比是以荒诞派戏剧艺术风格为主,以美国传统写实主义戏剧艺术风格为辅的先锋剧作家。
     阿尔比对美国戏剧的反叛和开拓首先表现在戏剧主题上。阿尔比戏剧比较突出的三类主题为:伦理扭曲的婚姻家庭主题;美国梦破灭的社会主题;世界荒诞、人类异化的哲学主题。阿尔比通过伦理扭曲的家庭主题、美国梦破灭的社会主题,表现人类生活在异己的世界上,人与世界、人与社会、人与人、人与自己都难以和谐相处,人被异化、被隔膜,人所能感觉到的世界荒诞、人生荒诞。阿尔比之前的美国戏剧以写实主义戏剧为主,戏剧主题倾向于家庭伦理剧、社会现实主义问题剧,戏剧基调倾向于乐观主义。美国梦破灭是阿尔比戏剧主题的重要特色,而异化、荒诞的哲理主题是阿尔比对美国梦破灭主题内涵和外延哲理深化和拓展,对20世纪后期美国戏剧主题有重要影响。
     阿尔比反叛传统戏剧人物塑造观念,一方面切断人物与现实的联系,否认人物的可知性;另一方面其戏剧中的人物塑造具有类型化特点,多表现出分裂和异化的非人化特征。如《沙箱》、《美国梦》中的爸爸、妈妈几乎是其戏剧作品中所有中年男性、女性的总体形象代表,都具有异化、分裂的典型特征。阿尔比人物塑造具有符号化、类型化、非人化、边缘化特点,是阿尔比对美国戏剧人物塑造手法的多样化的重要贡献,反映人类生存的荒诞、不合理现状,鞭策、警醒人们认清现实、直面现实。
     阿尔比是较早关注到戏剧危机的剧作家,也是较早进行戏剧形式改革试验的剧作家。在戏剧结构形式上,阿尔比几乎与传统美国叙事剧结构形式全面决裂。阿尔比主要通过仪式化形式与戏中戏结构相结合,复调与锁闭式倒叙相结合,以及通过情节并置达到解构传统戏剧结构的目的,他用反常的戏剧表现手法将生活中的复杂性、荒诞性直接呈现在戏剧舞台上,展现给读者和观众。阿尔比戏剧结构的多层性、立体性结构,突破传统戏剧结构的定式,拓展了戏剧危机下戏剧结构形式的多种可能性。
     阿尔比的戏剧对话质疑并革新传统美国戏剧语言表现方式。他的戏剧语言含混、多义,人物之间对话具有跳跃性、无逻辑性,一方面造成其戏剧对话含义不明、晦涩多义,另一方面阿尔比正是通过这种碎片化对话,在嘲讽、戏谑对话中展示人物的智慧、语言的魅力,通过将语言变化成语言游戏的方式,游走在真实和谎言之间,深化了语言表现的哲理深度。阿尔比戏剧语言以荒诞性戏剧语言为主要表现形式,融合美国戏剧的滑稽、粗俗、直白特色,质疑、拆解传统戏剧语言的基本表意和沟通功能,重建新型戏剧语言形式审美标准,不仅表现戏剧语言的多种可能性,拓展戏剧语言表现的艺术魅力和哲理深度,也为戏剧语言的表现形式到阐释方式提供新方法、新视角。
     阿尔比为美国后世戏剧提供了一套独特戏剧创作的方法,他通过夸张、变形、荒诞的艺术形式,一方面表达剧作家对美国社会、美国现代家庭和婚姻的批判,对美国旧文明的缅怀,另一方面表达剧作家对现实生活荒诞性的主观感受。阿尔比的戏剧作品风格主要以荒诞派戏剧风格为主,美国本土写实主义戏剧风格为辅,风格多样化;他的戏剧语言有时则充满粗俗的谩骂;他所表现的社会则是纯粹美国式的;他所表现的爱、恨、孤独等人类的生存、生活体验则是现代社会人类普遍的生存、生活体验。他将荒诞派戏剧思潮引入美国,革新五、六十年代平庸、刻板的美国戏剧舞台,他打破了美国戏剧传统主题、人物塑造、戏剧结构、戏剧对话的固定化模式,通过拼贴、糅杂、戏仿、解构了传统戏剧创作模式,建立和发展了立体、多重戏剧表现方式;通过反传统、反模式、反深度,用剧场性的直接呈现方式,直接表达人性的异化、社会的失序、世界的荒诞与不合理。此外,他并不满足于美国荒诞派代表剧作家的形象,一直以先锋性、实验性、革新性不断进行戏剧实验,阿尔比对美国戏剧的贡献一方面体现在其戏剧形式到内容的反叛和革新上,更重要是的,他为拯救戏剧危机提供了多种方法和多种可能性,他对戏剧不懈探索的实验精神为后世剧作家树立了重要的榜样,从而使其成为美国剧坛至今屹立不倒的常青树、世界戏剧艺术大师之一。
Edward Albee (Edward Albee1928-) is the most important avant-garde playwright ofUnited States in the second half of the20th century, and an important representative of theabsurdist playwright. He innovates and rebels overall play style of realism in20th centurymedium-term of United States, though absurdist theatre’s performance style, though obscure,ambiguous, the witty comic drama language, multiple, complex and deep United States dramatheme. As America's foremost playwright, he did a great deal to establish the modes of themodern theatre in the United States. Albee has obtained three times Pulitzer award, arerespectively A Delicate Balance (1967), Seascape (1975), and Three Tall Women (1994).Hewon Tony lifelong achievements award, and lifelong achievements Pioneer Award. Theinnovation and experiment in his play, so his plays have multiple styles and complex dramatheme.
     Albee boarded the stage of American drama in20th century, which is the importantperiod of crisis of American drama. Albee innovate theatrical narrative forms and content,injects fresh blood in American drama stage, and renews United States played prosperity andfull of vitality. Many-faceted art appear behind Albee’s dramas. National academic circleresearch began relatively late. The field of research tends to concentrate on the early parts ofthe plays. There are only9books have translated into Chinese. In addition, the domesticacademic research perspectives single and intolerant, and are suspected of label to Albee. Thisarticle uses more angle integrated theory vision research Albee’s plays, find the association inAlbee’s plays and United States traditional plays, European absurdity plays. And this articleresearches Albee’s plays in plays theme, plays figures, plays structure, and plays language, tofind his plays’ aspects of described style, described mode, and creation features.
     In this paper, I study the innovation and breakthrough from form to content in to themodern and contemporary drama, the creation of artistic features in his plays. He has animportant value and significance of research on American drama. First of all, this article uses the macroscopic Angle, comprehensive analysis and research Albee’s plays’ dramaticcharacteristic, make up the lack of domestic research on Albee’s plays. This article correctssingle drama research Angle and intolerance of domestic academic circles on research ofAlbee’s plays. Secondly, this article discusses which methods and measures Albee use tochange American drama stage, and save the crisis of American drama form and content. Again,this article researches the characteristics of Albee’s drama from the writing to the stage toprovide important reference value for domestic drama. Finally, the study of Albee’s dramawill boost domestic American plays’ translation and research in depth and breadth, strengthenexchanges on the drama.
     Albee’s plays have historical reasons and reflect inherent law of dramatic language aswell. This article explores the continuity and superiority between Albee’s drama, theatre ofAbsurd and American traditional drama from three perspectives: the philosophy of drama,theatrical background and the language of drama.
     This article divided the themes in Albee’s drama into three categories: ethical distortionin American family; the broken American dream in American social; and alienation andabsurdity of philosophy theme. American dream is one of the important characteristics ofAlbee drama theme. This article has a detailed analysis of the dominant archetypal symbols tothe theme of broken American dream. Albee deepens and expands connotation and denotationof theme in American drama though philosophical theme of alienation and absurdity hasimportant effect to American plays in the late20th century.
     Albee rebels traditional drama characters concept, on the one hand, cuts characters offreality, deny the truth of characters; On the other hand, the characters have the characteristicsof typing, show dehumanization features of division and alienation. Albee’s characters havethe characteristics of symbolization, typed, dehumanization, marginalized, which is Albee’smain contribution to the diversification of American drama characterization technique,reflects the absurdity of human existence, unreasonable situation, to encourage people torecognize reality and face the reality.
     Albee breaks away from the traditional American narrative drama structure, usesmulti-dimensional form on the technique of expression in drama. He uses the ritualized formwhich combined with the play-within-a-play which is the key polyphonic in his plays. Heachieves the purpose of the deconstruction of traditional drama structure by lock closedflashbacks abnormal drama, which presented expression of complexity, absurdity directly onthe drama stage to the reader and the audience. The drama structure on Albee’s play ismulti-level, three-dimensional, which is inevitable requirement of form development to saves drama crisis.
     Albee play dialogue goes far beyond the traditional United States drama languageexpressions. The main manifestation of Albee’s plays is the absurdity of language drama,which fuses funny or vulgar, absurdity sexual plays language of United States plays, whichare the obvious features in Albee’s plays. He dismantles the traditional basic table of theatricallanguage and communicative functions language, reconstructs new aesthetic languagestandard of American drama. He provides new methods, new perspective in theatricalmanifestation of language and illustrate.
     Albee introduces absurd drama into American theatre, innovates mediocre, rigid inAmerican theatre’s stage. He has broken the immobilization of dramatic dialogue patterns,traditional themes, characters, play structure in American theatre. Albee deconstructs thetraditional mode of theatrical creation by collage, hybrid, parody, and rebuilds and developsthree-dimensional, multiple play presentation. His plays are direct expression of alienation ofhuman nature through anti-traditional style, anti-traditional models, and anti-traditional dramalanguage. His plays’ contribution to American theatre reflects in the rebellion and innovationof the traditional drama. He provides a variety of methods and possibilities to save theAmerican theatre crisis. His Spirit of unremitting exploration and experimentation sets animportant example for later American dramatists. Today, Edward Albee becomes evergreentrees in the history of American theatre, and recognized as one of the best-known dramatic artmaster.
引文
①剧作家在整理出版自己戏剧集时,以《动物园的故事》为自己第一个正式剧本,并抛弃了此前创作的戏剧《法姆和亚姆》(Fam and Yam,1960)、《漫步》(Walking,1983)、《献给洛尔卡》(The Lorca Play,1992);同时声明自己所有剧作以其目前整理后出版的戏剧集为准。参见一、阿尔比戏剧集1、2、3前言部分“阿尔比的自序”TheCollected Plays of Edward Albee,1958-1965,1966-1977,1978-2003,New York: The Overlook Press.二、《在家,在动物园》剧作家的自序(At Home at the Zoo,2011,New York·London:Overlook Duckworth.剧作家计划出版阿尔比戏剧集4,但目前戏剧集4仅包括《在家,在动物园》(At Home at the Zoo,2004)、《我、我自己和我》(Me,Myself&I,2007)。本论文研究以剧作家目前正式整理并亲自认可出版的28个剧本为主要研究内容。
    ②Phyllis T.Dircks: Edward Albee: A Literary Companion, McFarland&Company, Inc.,Publishers,2004,P261-262.
    ①Mel Gussow:Edward Albee:A Singular Journey,Applause Theatre Books,New York,2001,P45.
    ①参见:Mel Gussow:Edward Albee:A Singular Journey, Applause Theatre Books,New York,2001.
    ②Edward Albee,“Preface”,The American Dream and The Zoo Story,New York,1963,P7.
    ③Phyllis T.Dircks:Edward Albee:A Literary Companion,McFarland&Company,Inc.,Publishers,2004,P6.
    ①阿尔比在众多访谈和自己作品集的前言中介绍《动物园的故事》是其第一个剧本。学界也普遍将《动物园的故事》作为剧作家阿尔比的第一个剧本,而将其之前的剧本和一些零散剧本片段作为其前期练习作品。参见《在家,在动物园》(At Home at the Zoo),New York·London:Overlook Duckworth,2011,阿尔比的前言,及其戏剧集1、2、3。因此,本文在论述时,以此剧为阿尔比戏剧生涯的正式开始。
    ②汪义群:当代美国戏剧,上海外语教育出版社,1992年9月第一版,1997年10月第二次印刷,P167.
    ①参见阿尔比戏剧集1、2、3前言部分阿尔比的自序The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,1966-1977,1978-2003,New York,The Overlook Press.2004,2005,2008.
    ②参见Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee,Cambridge University Press,New York,2005,P7.“The1980s marked the beginning of Albee ‘s third career phase”.
    ①Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee,Cambridge University Press,New York,2005,P18.“became a central script in American and world theatre,a canonized text”.笔者简译。
    ②Matin Esslin:The Theatre of the Absurd,New York:Doubleday,1961,P268. Matin Esslin“promising andbrilliant first example of an American contribution to the Theatre of the Absurd.”.
    ①Eward Albee:Stretching My Mind,Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P145.“As Pinter’s debt to Beckettcan be found in much of his work,my own stylistic source for The American Dream and The Sandbox areclearly to be found in Ionesco.”中文为笔者简译。
    ②阿德诺·P·欣奇利夫著,李永辉译:论荒诞派,北京:昆仑出版社,1992,2,P122.
    ①Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee,Cambridge University Press,New York,2005,P17.
    ①Edward Albee:Stretching My Mind,New York:Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P6.“I was deeply offendedbecause I had never heard the term before and I immediately assumed that it applied to the theateruptown-Broadway.”
    ②Edward Albee:Stretching My Mind,New York:Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P10.
    ③阿德诺·P·欣奇利夫著,李永辉译:论荒诞派,北京:昆仑出版社,1992,2,P123,P124.
    ①Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee, Cambridge University Press.P5.“A DelicateBalance won the Pulitzer, there were those who suggested that this was merely in belated recognitionof Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, which had controversially been denied the prize when the awardscheme’s board of trustees had overturned the recommen-dation of their drama panel”.
    2Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee, Cambridge University Press.P5.
    “Others argued, still more cynically, that Albee had created a play that was deliberately similar
    to Virginia Woolf, in a bid to recapture popular and critical attention.”②Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee, Cambridge University Press.P5.“Some of his
    work proved too formalistic or intellectually oriented to be popularly appealing (as with1968’s
    Box-Mao-Box triptych, in which static, disconnected figures talked at cross-purposes)”.
    ①Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee,Cambridge University Press,New York,2005,P7.“The1980s marked the beginning of Albee’s third career phase,during which he had, in effect, tostart again from scratch, gradually rebuilding a life and reputation for himself.”
    ②Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee,Cambridge University Press,New York,2005,“Chronology”ⅹⅷ.
    ①Edward Albee:Stretching My Mind,New York:Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P166-167.“I knew I did notto write a revenge piece-could not honestly do so,for I felt no need for revenge.We had managed tomake each other very unhappy over the years,but I was past all that,thought I think she was not.I harborno ill will toward her;it is true I did not like her much,could not abide her prejudices,her loathings,herparanoias,but I did admire her pride,her sense of self.As she moved toward ninety,began rapidly failingboth physically and mentally,I was touched by the survivor,the figure clinging to the wreckage onlypartly of her own making,refesing to go under.”
    ①Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee,Cambridge University Press,New York,2005,P8.“aptly described by Newsday as ‘an exhilarating,wicked,devasting piece of emotionalterrorism’,depicts the theft and diaappearance of a young couple’s infant as a kind of savagevaudeville routine”.
    ②胡开奇译,山羊:阿尔比戏剧集,北京:新星出版社,2013.5.P65.
    ①Mel Gussow:Edward Albee: A Singular Journey: A Biography,Copyright,2001, P14.“During the interveningyears,we had met often and I had written a number of pieces about him and his work.Recently we hadbegun the conversations that were to lead to this biography.”
    ②同上,P17.“in the1960s there was Albee as innovator,the American agent of the absurd,our homegrownequivalent of Beckett. He is,said Jose Quintero,‘the last great playwright that we have.’By thathe means that Albee is the fourth,after O’Neil Williams,and Miller.”
    ①Rakesh H. Solomon:Albee in Performance,Indiana University Press,2010,P3.“It draws on my personalobservation and exhaustive documentation of the rehearsals of fifiteen Albee-directed productions sincethe late-seventies.It documents Albee’s directorial work,illuminates his dramaturgy,provides insigtsinto the interpretation of his plays,shows how his texts function on stage,and,more broadly,revealsthe way directors make scripts come alive in the myriad constituents of performance.”
    ①廖可兑等著:美国戏剧论辑,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1981年4月,P143/P161.
    ②龚翰熊著:现代西方文学思潮,四川大学出版社,1987年,P279.其中《美国之梦》即《美国梦》、《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》即《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫》.
    ③同上,P281.
    ④龚翰熊著:现代西方文学思潮,四川大学出版社,1987年,P279.其中《美国之梦》、《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》即《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫》同上,P284
    ①智量、熊玉鹏主编,外国现代派文学辞典,上海文艺出版社,1999年,2月P465.
    ②汪义群著:当代美国戏剧,上海外语教育出版社,1992年9月第一版,1997年10月第二次印刷,P165.
    ③周维培著:当代美国戏剧史,南京:南京大学出版社,1999年1月,P111.
    ④The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1966-1977,New York: The Overlook Press.2005,P257-299.
    ⑤周维培著:当代美国戏剧史,P118-119.
    ⑥参见:The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press
    ①郭继德著:当代美国戏剧发展趋势,济南:山东大学出版社,2009.9,P63.
    ②郭继德著:美国戏剧史,天津:南开大学出版社,2011.10,P325.
    ③吾文泉著:跨文化对话与融合:当代美国戏剧在中国,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005.11.P112.
    ①吾文泉著:跨文化对话与融合:当代美国戏剧在中国,P106.
    ①Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee, Cambridge University Press.P1.
    ①丛郁译:“与阿尔比对话”,外国文学动态,2001年第3期,P34.
    ①龙文佩主编:尤金·奥尼尔评论集,上海外语教育出版社,1988年, P362.
    ②尤金·奥尼尔著,荒芜译:奥尼尔剧作选,上海文艺出版社,1982年, P95.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,P90.(舞台提示为笔者翻译)
    ②Don B Wilmeth and Tice L Miller: Cambridge Guide to American Theater, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress,1993.P495.
    ①Don B Wilmeth and Tice L Miller:Cambridge Guide to American Theatre, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress,1985,P204.
    ②萨克文·伯科维奇主编,孙宏主译:剑桥美国文学史,第七卷(修订版),北京:中央编译出版社,2011.10,P019.
    ③萨克文·伯科维奇主编,孙宏主译:剑桥美国文学史,第七卷(修订版),P039.
    ①萨克文·伯科维奇主编,孙宏主译:剑桥美国文学史,第七卷(修订版),P021.
    ②萨克文·伯科维奇主编,孙宏主译:剑桥美国文学史,第七卷(修订版),P021.
    ①Mel Gussow:Edward Albee:A Singular Journey, Applause Theatre Books,New York,2001, P385.
    ②Stephen Bottoms:The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee, Cambridge University Press.P3.
    ③伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译:1945-1972当代美国文学,济南:山东人民出版社,1980,P106.
    ④马丁·埃斯林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003.8,P212.
    ①阿德诺·P·欣奇利夫著,李永辉译:论荒诞派,北京:昆仑出版社,1992,2,P128.
    ②黄晋凯主编,荒诞派戏剧,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P674.
    ③阿尔贝·加缪著,郭宏安译:西绪福斯神话北京:新星出版社,2012.1,P9.
    ④马丁·埃斯林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,P8.
    ①http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd.
    ②马丁·埃斯林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,P1.
    ③马丁·埃斯林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,P8.
    ④黄晋凯主编:荒诞派戏剧,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P670.
    ⑤黄晋凯主编,荒诞派戏剧,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P675.
    ⑥黄晋凯主编,荒诞派戏剧,P674.
    ①黄晋凯主编,荒诞派戏剧,P672-673.
    ②阿尔贝·加缪著,郭宏安译:西绪福斯神话,北京:新星出版社,2012.1,P116
    ③马丁·埃斯林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,P7
    ①尤奈斯库:“戏剧经验谈”,荒诞派戏剧,黄晋凯主编,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P50
    ②朱栋霖、王文英:戏剧美学,江苏文艺出版社,1991年,P136
    ③周宁主编:西方戏剧理论史,厦门:厦门大学出版社,2008.6,P995
    ①尤奈斯库:“戏剧经验谈”,荒诞派戏剧,黄晋凯主编,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P50
    ②黄晋凯主编:荒诞派戏剧,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,序言P7.
    ③郝振益、傅俊、童慎效著:英美荒诞派戏剧研究,译林出版社,1994年12月,P193.
    ①黄晋凯主编:荒诞派戏剧,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P673.
    ②阿尔贝·加缪著,郭宏安译:西绪福斯神话,北京:新星出版社,2012.1,P27.
    ③Esslin,M.The Theatre of the Absurd,New York:AnchorBooks,1961.
    ④Hayman,R.“The Zoo Story”,Edward Albee,New York:Frederick Ungar Publishing Co,1973.
    ①Bigsby,C.W.E:“Confronting Reality”, In C. Kolin&J. M. Davis (Eds):Critical Essays on EdwardAlbee,Boston&Massachusetts:G.K.Hall&Co,1986,P80-87.
    ②Way,B:“Albee and the Absurd:The American Dream and The Zoo Story”, In C. Kolin&J. M. Davis(Eds):Critical Essays on Edward Albee, Boston:G.K.Hall&Co.1986.
    ③Edward Albee: Stretching My Mind,Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P8.
    ④Edward Albee: Stretching My Mind,Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P6.
    ⑤郭继德:当代美国戏剧的发展趋势,济南:山东大学出版社,2009.9, P75
    ⑥爱德华·阿尔比著,袁鹤年译,哪家剧派是荒诞剧派? P50
    ⑦阿诺德·P·欣奇利夫著,李永辉译:论荒诞派,昆仑出版社,1992.2,P122
    ①Edward Albee: Stretching My Mind,Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005, P10
    ②施咸荣等译:荒诞派戏剧集,上海译文出版社,1980年,前言P13
    ①Edward Albee,Stretching My Mind,New York:Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005, P145
    ①Mel Gussow: Edward Albee: A Singlar Journey,New York·London:Applause,2001,P140
    ②黄晋凯主编,荒诞派戏剧,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995,P146
    ①黄晋凯主编,荒诞派戏剧,P83
    ②Mel Gussow: Edward Albee: A Singlar Journey,New York·London:Applause,2001,P17
    ③http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=6070
    ①The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee, edited by Stephen Bottoms, Cambridge University Press. P1-2.
    ①廖可兑等著:美国戏剧论辑,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1981年4月,P161.(括号内容为笔者补充)。
    ①《圣经新约·以弗所书》“丈夫和妻子”。
    ②《圣经新约·以弗所书》“儿女和父母”。
    ③The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P88
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P106中文译文为袁鹤年翻译《美国梦》P34
    ②[美]伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译,当代美国文学(下),济南:山东人民出版社,1980年,P106
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P248,括号内译文参考曹久梅译本P618。
    ②转引自:廖可兑等著:美国戏剧论辑,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1981年4月,P156.
    ③The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P292,括号内翻译参考廖可兑等著的美国戏剧论辑,P159
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004. P246译文参考曹久梅译本《谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙》,P614.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P88.汉语翻译参考郭继德译本。
    ①郭继德著,美国戏剧史,天津:南开大学出版社,2011.10,P330.
    ①此节已发表于2014年2月《名作欣赏》杂志,题目和内容略有改动。
    ②转自:汪义群著,当代美国戏剧,上海外语教育出版社,1992年9月,P173.原文出自:George McCarthy,EdwardAlbee,MacMillan,1987,P142.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1978-2003,New York: The Overlook Press.2008,P192.
    ②爱德华·阿尔比著,胡开奇译:山羊:阿尔比戏剧集,北京:新星出版社,2013.5,P175.
    ③袁鹤年译,美国梦,P47
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1978-2003,New York: The Overlook Press.2008,P547
    ②胡开奇译:山羊:阿尔比戏剧集,P10
    ③胡开奇译:山羊:阿尔比戏剧集,P65
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004. P74,括号内译文为笔者简译。
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004. P278-279,括号内译文为笔者简译。
    ②阿德诺·P·欣奇利夫著,李永辉译:论荒诞派,北京:昆仑出版社,1992,2,P17-18
    ①E·弗洛姆:资本主义下的异化,哲学译丛,1981年第4期,P68
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004. P27.括号内为笔者译,P25.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004. P28.括号内为笔者译。
    ①《马克思恩格斯全集》(第3卷),人民出版社,2002年版,P364.
    ②埃利希·弗洛姆:资本主义下的异化,哲学译丛,1981年第4期,P68
    ①埃利希·弗洛姆:马克思关于人的概念,复旦大学出版社,1983年版,P59.
    ②参考:埃利希·弗洛姆:爱的艺术,北京:工人出版社,1986年。
    ①贝克勒等编著,张念东译,:向死而生,三联书店,1993年,P2.
    ②叔本华:《爱与生的苦恼》,中国和平出版社1986年版,第149页
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004. P127-129.括号内为袁鹤年译,外国文学1981年第1期,P43-44.
    ①施咸荣等译:荒诞派戏剧集,上海译文出版社,1980年12月,P26
    ②叔本华:叔本华美学随笔,上海人民出版社,2004年,P204.
    ③赫伯特·曼纽森:怀疑论美学,辽宁人民出版社,1990年,P222.
    ①曾艳兵:西方后现代主义文学研究,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.8,P136.
    ②曾艳兵:西方后现代主义文学研究,P136.
    ①加缪:西绪福斯神话,引自文艺理论译丛卷三,中国文联出版公司,1985年,P311
    ②柳鸣九:荒诞概说,外国文学评论,1993年第1期
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P702
    ①《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫》的多重主题分析已发表于《名作欣赏》杂志,2013年5月,P47.
    ②马丁·艾斯林:《荒诞派戏剧》,华明译,河北教育出版社2003年版,P212.
    ①笔者注:爱德华·阿尔比在其剧本《美国梦》中嘲讽美国的自大狂妄,认为美国试图做世界霸主,自以为美国有着异常旺盛的生命力不过是一场虚幻的“美国梦”,事实上,所谓的美国自由、民主、文明具有欺骗和虚伪性。
    ①George,McCarthy,Edward Albee,MacMillan,1987,p66
    ②施咸荣等译:荒诞派戏剧集,上海译文出版社1980年版,朱虹序言,P21.
    ①当代美国戏剧,P78
    ①参见:亚里士多德:诗学,第15章
    ②朗格诺斯:论崇高,第二篇,第二十七章,转引自许鹏:欧洲古代戏剧人物理论初探,中国人民大学学报,1987,12,27,P103.
    ③李渔:闲情偶寄,转引自许鹏:欧洲古代戏剧人物理论初探,中国人民大学学报,1987,12,27,P104.
    ④J·L·斯泰恩著,刘国彬等译:现代戏剧理论与实践第l卷,北京:中国戏剧出版社,2002.1,作者序言,P1.
    ①J·L·斯泰恩著,刘国彬等译:现代戏剧理论与实践第2卷,第34章荒诞派戏剧,中国戏剧出版社,2002.1,P434.
    ②施咸荣等译:荒诞派戏剧集,上海译文出版社,1980,12,前言P28.
    ①意识形态幻象的批判与超越:二战后美国另种戏剧研究,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.4,P78.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,2004. P118.括号内为袁鹤年译P40.
    ③赵宪章:二十世纪外国美学文艺学精义,南京:江苏文艺出版社,1987年,P184.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press.2004.P88.
    ②伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译:当代美国文学1945-1972(下),济南:山东人民出版社,P108.
    ③伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译:当代美国文学1945-1972(下),P108.
    ④伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译:当代美国文学1945-1972(下),P106.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,2004,P625.
    ②王岳川著:后现代主义文化研究,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年6月第1版,P385.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,2004,P273-274.括号内为笔者简译.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P277.括号内为笔者简译.
    ③[美]伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译,当代美国文学1945-1972(下),济南:山东人民出版社,P110.
    ①此节已发表于2013年8月的《世界文学评论》,题目不同,内容略有改动。
    ②朱立元:当代西方文艺理论,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005.
    ①朱迪斯·巴特勒著,郭劼译:消解性别,上海:上海三联书店,2009.11,P191.
    ①朱迪斯·巴特勒,李钧鹏译:身体之重:论“性别的话语界限”,上海:上海三联书店,2011.8,P61.
    ①朱迪斯·巴特勒,郭劼译:消解性别,上海:上海三联书店,2009.11,P53.
    ②奇格蒙·鲍曼:从朝圣者到观光客——身份简史,摘自:[英]斯图亚特·霍尔,保罗·杜盖伊编著;庞璃译:文化身份问题研究,开封:河南大学出版社,2010.6,P23.
    ①http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/alb1int-1.
    ①范煜辉著:意识形态幻象的批判与超越:二战后美国另种戏剧研究,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.4,北京大学出版社,1992年9月,P78.
    ②Edward Albee: Stretching My Mind,Carroll&Graf Publishers,2005,P280.
    ③阿·尼柯尔著,徐士瑚译:西欧戏剧伦理,中国戏剧出版社,1987年3月第二次印刷,P141.
    ④阿·尼柯尔著,徐士瑚译:西欧戏剧伦理,中国戏剧出版社,P142.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,2004. P108(括号内为袁鹤年译)
    ②爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,中国人大出版社,1996年,P568.
    ③爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P588.
    ④爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P587.
    ①爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P559-560.
    ②爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P567.
    ③爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P585.
    ④爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P556.
    ⑤爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P572.
    ⑥爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P573.
    ⑦爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P561.
    ⑧爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P601.
    ⑨爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P577.
    ⑩爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P579.
    ①爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译,谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P604.
    ②爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译:谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P647.
    ①爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译:谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P658.
    ②爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译:谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,P658.
    ①袁鹤年译:美国之梦,外国文学,1981年第一期,P45.
    ②袁鹤年译:美国之梦,外国文学,1981年第一期,P47.
    ③爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译:谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,中国人大出版社,1996年,P644.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,2004.P323.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P341.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P414.
    ②菲利普·汤姆森著,孙乃修译:论怪诞,昆仑出版社,1992年2月, P62.
    ③The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P561.
    ④The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P577.
    ①赵宪章主编:20世纪外国美学文艺学名著精义(增订版)北京大学出版社,2008.3,P207.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,New York: The Overlook Press,2004.P170.译文为曹久梅译,选自荒诞派戏剧,中国人大出版社,1996年,P567.
    ②龚翰雄:20世纪西方文学思潮,河北人民出版社,2002年1月第一版P59.
    ①施咸荣等译:荒诞派戏剧集,上海译文出版社,1980,12,前言P28.
    ①彼得·斯从狄著,王建译:现代戏剧理论,北京:北京大学出版社,2006.3,前言P14-15.
    ②Matthew C. Roudané: Understanding Edward Albee, University of South Carolina Press,1987,P13.
    ③Phyllis T.Dircks:Edward Albee:A Literary Companion, McFarland&Company,Inc,2004,P261-262.
    ①威廉·阿契尔著,聂文杞等译:剧作法,北京:中国戏剧出版社,2004.1,P164.
    ②孙惠柱著:第四堵墙:戏剧的结构与解构,2版,上海:上海书店出版社,2011.9,P113.
    ③霍洛道夫著,李明琨等译:戏剧结构,华东师范大学出版社,1981.7第一版,P26.
    ④霍洛道夫著,李明琨等译:戏剧结构,P41.
    ⑤孙惠柱著:第四堵墙:戏剧的结构与解构,2版,P022-032.
    ⑥威廉·阿契尔著,聂文杞等译:剧作法,北京:中国戏剧出版社,2004.1,P114.
    ①playingwrights on playing,1977,P146.
    ②彼得·斯从狄(Szondi,P)著,王建译:现代戏剧理论(1880-1950),北京:北京大学出版社,2006.3,P72-73.
    ③特伦斯·萑克斯,瞿铁鹏译:结构主义和符号学,上海:上海译文出版社,1987,9.
    ①论剧本的情节结构,选自戏剧艺术,1978年第2期,P84.
    ②麻国钧:古典戏剧结构的重要特征,中华戏曲,2003,6,P226.
    ③孙惠柱:第四堵墙--戏剧的结构与解构,2版,上海:上海书店出版社,2011.9,P038.
    ④孙惠柱:第四堵墙--戏剧的结构与解构,2版,P051.
    ⑤亢西民、李家宝主编:20世纪后现代主义文学概述,北京:高等教育出版社,2010.8,P147.
    ①孙惠柱:第四堵墙——戏剧的结构与解构,2版,上海:上海书店出版社,2011.9,P121.
    ②此节已发表,题目和内容略有修改和补充。
    ③马丁·艾斯林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧;石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003.8.P213.
    ④马丁·艾斯林著,罗婉华译:戏剧剖析;北京:中国戏剧出版社,1981.12.P20.
    ①爱德华·阿尔比著,曹久梅译:谁害怕维吉尼亚·吴尔芙,选自荒诞派戏剧,中国人大出版社,1996年,P657—658.
    ②[秘鲁]巴尔加斯·略萨,赵德明译:中国套盒——致一位青年小说家,天津:百花文艺出版社,2000,1.
    ①M·巴赫金(1875-1975)苏联著名文艺理论家,重要作品有:陀思妥耶夫斯基的创作问题1929、弗洛伊德述评1927、文艺学中的形式方法1928、马克思主义和语言哲学1929、拉伯雷的创作和中世纪与文艺复兴时期的民间文化1965、文学和美学问题1975、语言创作美学1979等。重要术语有:复调、多声部、对话、未完成性、狂欢等。
    ②王岳川著:后现代主义文化研究,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年6月第1版,P260.
    ①George McCarthy:Edward Albee,MacMillan,1987,P66.
    ②伊哈布·哈桑著,陆凡译:当代美国文学1945-1972(下),济南:山东人民出版社,P108-109.哈桑(Ihab Hassan):美国后现代主义文艺美学家。重要作品:后现代转折1987等。
    ①阿诺德·P·欣契利夫著,樊高月译:荒诞派,哈尔滨:北方文艺出版社,1988年.
    ②叙述者指的是“叙事文中的陈述行为主体,或称声音或讲话者,它与视角一起构成了叙述。”参见胡亚敏著,叙事学,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2004.11,P36.注意:本文的叙述者角色指的是作为剧中人出场的叙述者角色,是与叙述者不同的概念。
    ③胡亚敏著:叙事学,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2004.11,P52.
    ①巴赫金全集,第五卷,“诗学与访谈“,白春仁等译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998,P5.
    ②冉东平:突破西方传统戏剧的叙事范式——从叙事范式转变看西方现代派戏剧生成,广东社会科学,2009年第6期,P132.
    ①林克欢:叙述者——戏剧的叙述结构,剧本,1988,第8期.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965, P317.中文为笔者译.
    ③The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965, P318.中文为笔者译.
    ④The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965, P318.中文为笔者译.
    ⑤The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P319.中文为笔者译.
    ①马丁·华莱士:当代叙事学,北京大学出版社,1990年版,P160.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P325.中文为笔者译.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P334-335.中文为笔者译.
    ②林克欢:叙述者——戏剧的叙事结构之剧本,剧本,1988,第7期,P25.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P348.中文为笔者译.
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P317.中文为笔者译.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P416.中文为笔者译.
    ①Lawrence Sacharow:Directing Three Tall Women,Edward Albee:A Casebook,Edited by Bruce J.Mann,Pushedin2003by Routledge,P125.括号内为笔者简译.
    ②王岳川:后现代主义文化研究,北京大学出版社,1992年6月第一版.
    ①于海阔译:三个高个子女人,戏剧之家上半月刊,2010年12月,P103.括号内为笔者加注。
    ①于海阔译:三个高个子女人,戏剧之家上半月刊,2010年12月,P107.括号内为笔者加注。
    ②马丁·艾思林:戏剧剖析,中国戏剧出版社,1981年,P61.
    ①于海阔译:三个高个子女人,戏剧之家上半月刊,2010年12月,P112.
    ②Lawrence Sacharow:Directing Three Tall Women,Edward Albee:A Casebook,Edited by Bruce J.Mann,2003byRoutledge,P126-127.括号内为笔者简译。
    ①王岳川:后现代主义文化研究,北京大学出版社,1992年6月第一版,P322.
    ①亚里士多德著,陈中梅译注:诗学,北京:商务印书馆,1997.P63.
    ②郭继德著:美国戏剧史,天津:南开大学出版社,2011.5,P548.
    ①费尔德南·索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussure,1857-1913),出生于瑞士,著名语言学家,现代语言学的奠基者,结构主义的开创者,符号学的创始人,著名作品《普通语言学教程》,里面包含着结构主义的哲学原则和基本概念,是结构主义哲学和方法论的基本理论背景。
    ②索绪尔:普通语言学教程,高名凯译,北京:商务印书馆,1999.P102.
    ③索绪尔:普通语言学教程,高名凯译,P37.
    ④索绪尔:普通语言学教程,高名凯译,P44.
    ⑤王岳川著:后现代主义文化研究,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年,P42.
    ①王岳川著:后现代主义文化研究,P181.
    ②笔者注:本文和文本的英文都是text。一般可以混用,指的是作家创作出来尚未被读者接受的文字符号,即抛弃了作家、读者等独立存在的符号系统。本文或文本与通常所说的“作品”意义不同。作品指的是作家创出来经过读者阅读接受后的文本。此外,本文和文本有时也有细微区别。本文更强调当下阅读的那个“文本”,即“原文文本”;“文本”则是泛称。
    ③王岳川著:后现代主义文化研究,北京:北京大学出版社,1992年6月第1版,P43.
    ④亢西民等主编:20世纪西方文学,北京:高等教育出版社,2010.8,P147.
    ①欣奇利夫:荒诞说——从存在主义到荒诞派,刘国彬译,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1992,P5.
    ①马丁·艾斯林,华明译:欧洲现当代戏剧的理论与实践,P15-16.
    ②马丁·艾斯林,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003.P9-10.
    ①郑自吟译:动物园的故事,选自欧美现代派作品选,云南人民出版社,1982,P295.笔者注:杰瑞在郑自吟译作中为杰利,笔者为保持论文中前后人名翻译一致性,统一改为杰瑞。
    ②马丁艾思林著,华明译:荒诞派戏剧,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003.P212.
    ①郭继德著:美国戏剧史,天津:南开大学出版社,2011.5,P551.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P47-48.笔者译。
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P57-58.笔者译。
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P74.笔者译。
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P61.笔者译。
    ③The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P56.笔者译。
    ①赵敦华:现代西方哲学新编,北京:北京大学出版社,2001.2,P309.
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P60.笔者译。
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1958-1965,P59.笔者译。
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1979-2003,New York: The Overlook Press.2005,P468.笔者译。
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1979-2003,P461.笔者译。
    ①The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1979-2003,P466-467.笔者译。
    ②The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1979-2003,P496.笔者译。
    ③The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1979-2003,P509.笔者译。
    ④The Collected Plays of Edward Albee1979-2003,P534.笔者译。
    ①赵毅衡:符号学,南京:南京大学出版社,2012.10,P259.
    【1】廖可兑:《西欧戏剧史》第3版,北京:中国戏剧出版社,2001.9
    【2】郭继德:《美国戏剧史》,天津:南开出版社,2011.10
    【3】郭继德:《当代美国戏剧发展趋势》,济南:山东大学出版社,2009.9
    【4】周维培:《当代美国戏剧史(1950-1995)》,南京:南京大学出版社,1999.1
    【5】[美]丹尼尔霍夫曼主编:《美国当代文学》,北京:中国文联出版公司,1984.7
    【6】[美]伊哈布哈桑著,陆凡译:《当代美国文学》,济南:山东人民出版社,1980
    【7】[美]凯瑟琳休斯著,谢榕津译:《当代美国剧作家》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1982.7
    【8】[美]苏珊C W阿博森(Abbotson,S C W):《20世纪美国戏剧名著》影印本,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007
    【9】[英]阿诺德P欣契利夫著,樊高月译:《荒诞派》,哈尔滨:北方文艺出版社,1988
    【10】[英]阿诺德欣契利夫著,刘国斌译:《荒诞说—从存在主义到荒诞派》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1992.4
    【11】[英]马丁艾斯林著,华明译:《荒诞派戏剧》,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2003.8
    【12】[爱尔兰]塞缪尔贝克特等著,施咸荣、梅绍武等译:《荒诞派戏剧集》,上海译文出版社,1980.12
    【13】汪义群主编:《西方现代戏剧流派作品选(五)—荒诞派戏剧及其他》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,2005.10
    【14】亢西民主编:《新编外国文学教程》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2013.9
    【15】亢西民主编:《20世纪西方文学》,北京:高等教育出版社,2011.
    【16】谭霈生:《戏剧本体论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2009.10
    【17】[德]斯丛狄(Szondi,P)著,王建译:《现代戏剧理论(1880-1950)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006.3
    【18】[美]凯瑟琳乔治著,张全全译:《戏剧节奏》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1992.4(2006.7重印)
    【19】[英]詹姆斯L史密斯著,武文译:《情节剧》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1992.5(2006.7重印)
    【20】[法]安托南阿尔托著,桂裕芳译:《残酷戏剧:戏剧及其重影》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1993.1(2006.7重印)
    【21】孟昭毅等著:《印象:东方戏剧叙事》,北京:昆仑出版社,2006
    【22】孟昭毅著:《外国戏剧经典文化诗学阐释》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2011.12
    【23】刘彦君、廖奔著:《中外戏剧史》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005.2(2011.8重印)
    【24】饶芃子等著:《中西比较文艺学》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999.9
    【25】蓝凡:《中西戏剧比较论》,上海:学林出版社,2008.12
    【26】[英]伊格尔顿著,伍晓明译:《二十世纪西方文学理论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
    【27】[美]勒内韦勒克等著,刘象愚等译:《文学理论》,北京:文化艺术出版社,2010.5
    【28】刘象愚等主编:《从现代主义到后现代主义》,北京:高等教育出版社,(2008重印)
    【29】曾艳冰主编:《西方现代主义文学概论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006.9
    【30】曾艳冰:《西方后现代主义文学研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006
    【31】朱立元主编:《当代西方文艺理论》第2版(增补版),上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005.4
    【32】[美]凯尔纳等著,张志斌译:《后现代理论:批判性的质疑》,北京:中央编译出版社,2011.10
    【33】[英]安德森(Anderson,P.)著,紫辰等译:《后现代性的起源》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008.7
    【34】[法]让-弗朗索瓦利奥塔尔著,车槿山译:《后现代状态:关于知识的报告》,南京:南京大学出版社,2011.9
    【35】[美]马泰卡林内斯库著,顾爱斌等译:《现代性的五副面孔》,北京:商务印书馆,2002
    【36】彼得布鲁克:《空的空间》,北京:中国戏剧出版社,1988.
    【37】曹路生:《国外后现代戏剧》,南京:江苏美术出版社,2002.
    【38】程孟辉:《西方悲剧学说史》,北京:商务印书馆国际有限公司,2009.4
    【39】朱光潜:《悲剧心理学》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2009.5
    【40】[德]弗里德里希尼采(Nietzsche,F.)著,周国平译:《悲剧的诞生》南京:译林出版社,2011.8
    【41】朱栋霖、王文英:《戏剧美学》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,1991
    【42】刘强:《荒诞派戏剧艺术论》,合肥:安徽文艺出版社,1997.12
    【43】吾文泉:《跨文化对话与融会:当代美国戏剧在中国》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005.11
    【44】谢群,陈立华主编:《当代美国戏剧研究:第14届全国美国戏剧研讨会论文集》,北京:北京理工大学出版社,2010.7
    【1】“Which Theatre is the Absurd One.” New York Times Magazine, February25,1962.Reprintedin Horst Frenz (ed.), American Playwrights on Drama (New York: Hill and Wang,1965), pp.168–174.
    【2】“Some Notes on Non-Conformity.” Harper’s Bazaar, August1962, p.104.
    【3】“Carson McCullers: The Case of the Curious Magician.” Harper’s Bazaar, January1963,p.98.
    【4】“Who’s Afraid of the Truth?” New York Times, August18,1963, Arts, p1
    【5】“Who is James Purdy?” New York Times, January9,1966, Arts, pp.1,3.
    【6】“The Future Belongs to Youth.” New York Times, November26,1967, Arts, p.
    【7】“Foreword” to James Purdy’s Malcolm. Harmondsworth: Penguin,1980, pp. vii–ix.
    【1】Bhasin, Kamil.“Women, Identity, and Sexuality.”Journal of American Drama and Theatre7.2(1995), pp.18–40.
    【2】Cuomo, Joe.“A Conversation with Edward Albee.” Dramatist3.6(2001),pp.4–15.
    【3】Goldman, Jeffrey.“An Interview with Edward Albee.” Studies in American Drama,1945–Present6.1(1991), pp.59–69. Reprinted in Philip C.
    【4】 Kolin and Colby H. Kullman (eds.), Speaking on Stage: Interviews with ContemporaryAmerican Playwrights. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1996, pp.89–97.
    【5】Gussow, Mel.“Albee All Over, Or a Wealth of One.” New York Times, February17,2002.Arts, pp.5,43.
    【6】Kolin, Philip C.(Ed.). Conversations with Edward Albee. Jackson and London: UniversityPress of Mississippi,1988.
    【7】Rand, Harry.“Context is All.” In Albee et al., From Idea to Matter: Nine Sculptors.Seattle: University of Washington Press,2000, pp.9–29.
    【8】Rosen, Carol.“Writers and their Work: Edward Albee.” Dramatists Guild Quarterly33.3(1996), pp.27–39.
    【9】Roadman′e, Matthew.“An Interview with Edward Albee.” Southern Humanities Review16(1982), pp.29–44.
    【10】Samuels, Steven.“Yes is Better Than No.” American Theatre, September1994, p.38.
    【1】Amacher, Richard E. and Margaret Rule. Edward Albee at Home and Abroad: A Bibliography.New York: AMS Press,1973.
    【2】Bigsby, C. W. E. Edward Albee: Bibliography, Biography, Playography (Theatre Checklist22). London: TQ Publications,1980.
    【3】Giantvalley, Scott. Edward Albee: A Reference Guide. Boston: G. K. Hall,1987.
    【4】Green, Charles Lee. Edward Albee: An Annotated Bibliography,1968–1977. New York:AMS Press,1980.
    【5】Tyce, Richard. Edward Albee: A Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow,1986.
    【6】Amacher, Richard E. Edward Albee. New York: Twayne,1969.152
    【7】Bigsby, C. W. E. Albee. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,1969.
    【8】Bottoms, Stephen J. Albee: Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,2000.
    【9】Cohn, Ruby. Edward Albee. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1969.
    【10】Debusscher, Gilbert. Edward Albee: Tradition and Renewal. Brussels: Center forAmerican Studies,1969.
    【11】Gussow, Mel. Edward Albee: A Singular Journey. New York: Simon and Schuster,1999.
    【12】Hayman, Ronald. Edward Albee. London: Heinemann,1971.
    【13】Hirsch, Foster. Who’s Afraid of Edward Albee? Berkeley: Creative ArtsBooks,1978.
    【14】Bigsby, C. W. E.(Ed.). Edward Albee: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall,1975.
    【15】Bloom, Harold (ed.). Edward Albee: Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House,1987.
    【16】De La Fuentes, Patricia, et al.(Eds.). Edward Albee: Planned Wilderness: Interview,Essays, and Bibliography. Edinburgh, TX: Pan American University,1980.
    【17】Jenckes, Norma (ed.). American Drama2.2(Spring1993). Special edition of journaldedicated to essays on Albee.
    【18】Kolin, Philip C. And J. Madison Davis (Eds.). Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Boston:G. K. Hall,1986.
    【19】Mann, Bruce J.(Ed.). Edward Albee: A Casebook. New York: Routledge,2003.
    【20】Paolucci, Anne (ed.). PSA: The Official Publication of the Pirandello Society ofAmerica8(1992). Special edition of journal dedicated to essays linking Albee andPirandello.
    【21】Wasserman, Julian N., Et al.(Eds.). Edward Albee: An Interview and Essays. Houston:University of St. Thomas,1983.

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