京郊农村地区生物质固体燃料开发潜力与项目推广模式研究
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摘要
在我国,生物质能源是仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气的第四位能源资源,在能源系统中占有重要地位。生物质能源资源丰富,有巨大的开发潜力。我国生物质能源的发展一直以农林生物质能源开发为主,主要致力于改善农村居民的生活用能,是农村发展长期战略的重要组成部分。目前,我国在生物质能源产业领域也已经迈出了新的发展步伐,大力发展生物质能源的各种条件已经基本成熟。在国家政策的引导下,诸多企业单位和研究机构正在进行全方位的科学研究和实践探索。根据我国“十二五”发展规划目标,到2015年,可再生能源年利用量达到4.78亿吨标准煤,其中生物质能利用量5000万吨标准煤。
近年来,改革农村传统用能方式,利用现代创新技术开发清洁能源,进行农村生活用能替代,在很多地区得到重视。另外,农村是我国经济和社会发展最薄弱的地区,生物质能资源主要来源于农业和林业,开发利用生物质能资源对于促进新农村建设,带动农业发展和增加农村人口就业具有重要的作用。生物质固体燃料的发展有利于农林业资源利用方式的转变,有利于资源节约型和环境友好型农林业的建立,完全符合可持续发展的根本要求。这为北京地区在农业生物质资源有限的情况下发展生物质能源化利用提供了一条新的资源保障渠道。
现代农林生物质能源开发作为改善农村居民生活用能质量的重要途径之一,已经迈出了新的发展步伐。在固体燃料生产技术和燃烧设备方面,通过国内科技攻关和国外先进技术设备的引进,研制出适合我国国情的各种机型,使得大力发展该产业的技术条件已经基本成熟。在国家相关能源环境法律和政策的促进下,京郊农村地区也全面开展了生物质能源的开发和建设,尤其在大兴区和延庆县项目实践建设取得了突出的成绩。纵观过去二十多年,我国生物质能源产业的发展历史,仍然在技术设备、产业发展和政策引导方面存在较多问题亟待解决。
本文通过对京郊农村地区生物质固体燃料开发中存在的若干问题进行深度剖析,主要围绕以下问题展开研究：揭示生物质固体成型燃料项目开发和产业形成的基本规律,对京郊农村地区的农林生物质能源资源潜力和供应系统进行研究,评价项目开发的综合效益,进行项目开发模式和市场推广模式的设计研究,并基于不同区域的社会经济和资源分布条件,进行京郊各区县的生物质固体燃料产业布局和开发优先度研究,最后综合以上方面的研究结果,对京郊农林生物质固体燃料开发进行了政策促进研究。
研究主要得出以下结论：(1)我国已经基本具备了发展生物质固体燃料产业的技术、经济、资源和市场等基础条件,同时国外发达国家的成功经验为我国的发展提供了重要的借鉴依据。(2)京郊农村地区生物质资源丰富,成为发展生物质能源的重要资源基础,文中通过自下而上的分析方法,得出京郊十区县农业生物质资源量约202万吨,林业生物质资源量约117.5万吨,区县间资源分布不均。(3)文中对农林生物质能源资源的收集模式、组织管理模式和收购模式展开研究,构建了科学合理的原料供应体系；同时对原料生产流程进行作业分解,进行风险事件分析和风险要素罗列,提出了主要应对方案和措施。(4)从文中项目效益评估的结果来看,项目具有较强的经济可行性；从资源循环利用的角度,项目具有明显的社会效益和生态效益,而且生物质固体燃料的使用将大大减少污染物的排放,净化空气环境。(5)京郊生物质固体燃料的潜在市场需求是非常可观的,然而现阶段,企业目标市场的选择不仅取决于消费者对产品的满意程度,还受到生产能力及供应规模的限制；目标市场的选择和推广模式的设计随着产业的不同发展时期呈现出不同的阶段性特点。(6)生物质固体燃料生产和使用的社会环境效益符合CDM机制的理念,项目实践也适用于CDM的准则框架,因此在该类项目中引入CDM机制,为其提供了新的筹融资方式和技术引入模式。(7)文中对京郊地区生物质固体燃料开发的区域布局进行指标体系构建和优先选择分析,基于已有数据资料,利用熵权法对京郊的10个区县进行遴选,结果表明,顺义区、房山区、大兴区和昌平区4个区域更适合生物质固体燃料的发展。(8)我国农林生物质固体燃料产业的发展离不开国家政策支持,国外发达国家的相关产业政策制定与实施对我国具有重要的借鉴意义：结合我国及京郊地区发展现状,需从资源、生产、技术、投资及消费等方面对已有政策进行细化完善,添加缺少的具体规定。
Domestically, biomass energy,lis the forth energy resources inferior to coal, oil and natural gas, which plays an important role in the energy system. It is so rich as to possess considerable development potential. The local development of biomass energy in China mainly relies on agriculture and forestry biomass energy, which is one of the key components of long-term strategy for rural development to improve household energy consumption of rural residents. At present, China has made new progress in the field of biomass energy industry, which provide a roughly mature conditions for biomass energy development. By the guidance of various national policies, lots of enterprises and institutions participate in a full range of scientific research and practical exploration. According to the objective of Twelfth Five-year Development Plan, the usage amount of renewable energy will reach478million tons of standard coal by the year of2015, in which biomass energy reach50million tons of standard coal.
Recently, it has been highly valued in many areas to improve the traditional ways of energy using, to develop clean energy with modern technologies to take the place of rural energy for daily life. Furthermore, given that rural areas are less developed in economy and community, it can dramatically contribute to rural development and employment to develop and use biomass energy which mainly comes from agriculture and forestry. The progress of biomass solid-fuel can help the transformation of resource using and the establishment of resource saving and environmentally friendly mode in agriculture and forestry, and it can perfectly meet the fundamental requirement of Sustainable Development. Considering that there are only limited agriculture biomass resources in Beijing, this provides a new resources protection channel of biomass energy using.
As one of the most important approach to improve household energy consumption of rural residents, development of modem agriculture and forestry biomass energy has made new progress. In terms of solid-fuel production technologies and combustion equipment, a variety of models suitable for our national conditions are developed, depending on domestic science and technology research and the introduction of foreign advanced technology and equipment, which provide a roughly mature technical conditions for the industry. Promoted by the relevant national environmental laws and policies, biomass energy is launched and developed in Beijing rural areas. Especially in Da Xing District and Yan Qing County, projects of biomass energy construction have made outstanding achievements. Throughout the development history of biomass energy industry in China in the past20years, however, there still exists many problems in the aspect of technology equipment, industrial development and the guiding policies which need to be solved urgently.
Issues existed in the development of biomass solid-fuel are analyzed in the paper, which mainly focused on following issues:revealing basic rule of the project development and industry forming of biomass solid-fuel; studying agriculture and forestry biomass energy resource potential and supply system in Beijing rural areas; evaluating the comprehensive benefit of project development; researching on design of the project-developing and marketing mode; and analyzing the layout and development priority of biomass solid-fuel industry in each district and county of Beijing suburbs, based on different social economy and resources distribution condition in different regions.
Following conclusions have been drawn in the research:(1) Development of domestic industry of biomass solid-fuel has basically met the technology, economy, resources and markets requirement, with aid of the successful experience in foreign developed countries.(2) There are abundant biomass resources in Beijing rural areas, which become an important resource base of biomass energy development. It is calculated using the bottom-up approach in the paper that agricultural biomass resource in ten counties of Beijing reaches about2.02million tons; forestry biomass resource reaches about1.18million tons, with uneven distribution between different districts.(3) This paper studied the collection, management and acquisition of agriculture and forestry biomass energy resources, and introduced a scientifically reasonable raw material supply system; it decomposed raw material production process, analyzed risks, listed risk factors and introduced the main actions respectively.(4) It is clear from the benefit assessment in the paper that the project is greatly economically feasible; in terms of cyclic utilization, the project clearly benefits community and ecosystem, and biomass solid fuel can also help improve the environment by decreasing the pollution.(5) There are considerable potential requirements for biomass solid fuel in suburban areas of Beijing. At present, however, the target market of enterprises is limited by the capability of production and supply, as well as the satisfaction of consumers; the design of selection and promotion for target market comes with different features in different stages of the industrial development.(6) The social environmental benefits of producing and consuming biomass solid-fuel is in accordance with the CDM concept. The relevant projects can also be applied to the CDM framework. Therefore, it is able to provide new financing approaches and technology introducing mode by introduce CDM into this kind of projects.(7) Index system building and preference analysis for the area-layout of biomass solid-fuel development in Beijing rural areas are discussed in the paper, based on existing data, using Entropy Method to select among10districts and counties in Beijing suburbs. It is indicated that four District including Shun Yi, Fang Shan, Da Xing and Chang Ping are more suitable for the development of biomass solid-fuel.(8) Policy is necessary for the development of biomass solid fuel and relevant suggest on policy setting and support pattern has been discussed in the paper.
近年来,改革农村传统用能方式,利用现代创新技术开发清洁能源,进行农村生活用能替代,在很多地区得到重视。另外,农村是我国经济和社会发展最薄弱的地区,生物质能资源主要来源于农业和林业,开发利用生物质能资源对于促进新农村建设,带动农业发展和增加农村人口就业具有重要的作用。生物质固体燃料的发展有利于农林业资源利用方式的转变,有利于资源节约型和环境友好型农林业的建立,完全符合可持续发展的根本要求。这为北京地区在农业生物质资源有限的情况下发展生物质能源化利用提供了一条新的资源保障渠道。
现代农林生物质能源开发作为改善农村居民生活用能质量的重要途径之一,已经迈出了新的发展步伐。在固体燃料生产技术和燃烧设备方面,通过国内科技攻关和国外先进技术设备的引进,研制出适合我国国情的各种机型,使得大力发展该产业的技术条件已经基本成熟。在国家相关能源环境法律和政策的促进下,京郊农村地区也全面开展了生物质能源的开发和建设,尤其在大兴区和延庆县项目实践建设取得了突出的成绩。纵观过去二十多年,我国生物质能源产业的发展历史,仍然在技术设备、产业发展和政策引导方面存在较多问题亟待解决。
本文通过对京郊农村地区生物质固体燃料开发中存在的若干问题进行深度剖析,主要围绕以下问题展开研究：揭示生物质固体成型燃料项目开发和产业形成的基本规律,对京郊农村地区的农林生物质能源资源潜力和供应系统进行研究,评价项目开发的综合效益,进行项目开发模式和市场推广模式的设计研究,并基于不同区域的社会经济和资源分布条件,进行京郊各区县的生物质固体燃料产业布局和开发优先度研究,最后综合以上方面的研究结果,对京郊农林生物质固体燃料开发进行了政策促进研究。
研究主要得出以下结论：(1)我国已经基本具备了发展生物质固体燃料产业的技术、经济、资源和市场等基础条件,同时国外发达国家的成功经验为我国的发展提供了重要的借鉴依据。(2)京郊农村地区生物质资源丰富,成为发展生物质能源的重要资源基础,文中通过自下而上的分析方法,得出京郊十区县农业生物质资源量约202万吨,林业生物质资源量约117.5万吨,区县间资源分布不均。(3)文中对农林生物质能源资源的收集模式、组织管理模式和收购模式展开研究,构建了科学合理的原料供应体系；同时对原料生产流程进行作业分解,进行风险事件分析和风险要素罗列,提出了主要应对方案和措施。(4)从文中项目效益评估的结果来看,项目具有较强的经济可行性；从资源循环利用的角度,项目具有明显的社会效益和生态效益,而且生物质固体燃料的使用将大大减少污染物的排放,净化空气环境。(5)京郊生物质固体燃料的潜在市场需求是非常可观的,然而现阶段,企业目标市场的选择不仅取决于消费者对产品的满意程度,还受到生产能力及供应规模的限制；目标市场的选择和推广模式的设计随着产业的不同发展时期呈现出不同的阶段性特点。(6)生物质固体燃料生产和使用的社会环境效益符合CDM机制的理念,项目实践也适用于CDM的准则框架,因此在该类项目中引入CDM机制,为其提供了新的筹融资方式和技术引入模式。(7)文中对京郊地区生物质固体燃料开发的区域布局进行指标体系构建和优先选择分析,基于已有数据资料,利用熵权法对京郊的10个区县进行遴选,结果表明,顺义区、房山区、大兴区和昌平区4个区域更适合生物质固体燃料的发展。(8)我国农林生物质固体燃料产业的发展离不开国家政策支持,国外发达国家的相关产业政策制定与实施对我国具有重要的借鉴意义：结合我国及京郊地区发展现状,需从资源、生产、技术、投资及消费等方面对已有政策进行细化完善,添加缺少的具体规定。
Domestically, biomass energy,lis the forth energy resources inferior to coal, oil and natural gas, which plays an important role in the energy system. It is so rich as to possess considerable development potential. The local development of biomass energy in China mainly relies on agriculture and forestry biomass energy, which is one of the key components of long-term strategy for rural development to improve household energy consumption of rural residents. At present, China has made new progress in the field of biomass energy industry, which provide a roughly mature conditions for biomass energy development. By the guidance of various national policies, lots of enterprises and institutions participate in a full range of scientific research and practical exploration. According to the objective of Twelfth Five-year Development Plan, the usage amount of renewable energy will reach478million tons of standard coal by the year of2015, in which biomass energy reach50million tons of standard coal.
Recently, it has been highly valued in many areas to improve the traditional ways of energy using, to develop clean energy with modern technologies to take the place of rural energy for daily life. Furthermore, given that rural areas are less developed in economy and community, it can dramatically contribute to rural development and employment to develop and use biomass energy which mainly comes from agriculture and forestry. The progress of biomass solid-fuel can help the transformation of resource using and the establishment of resource saving and environmentally friendly mode in agriculture and forestry, and it can perfectly meet the fundamental requirement of Sustainable Development. Considering that there are only limited agriculture biomass resources in Beijing, this provides a new resources protection channel of biomass energy using.
As one of the most important approach to improve household energy consumption of rural residents, development of modem agriculture and forestry biomass energy has made new progress. In terms of solid-fuel production technologies and combustion equipment, a variety of models suitable for our national conditions are developed, depending on domestic science and technology research and the introduction of foreign advanced technology and equipment, which provide a roughly mature technical conditions for the industry. Promoted by the relevant national environmental laws and policies, biomass energy is launched and developed in Beijing rural areas. Especially in Da Xing District and Yan Qing County, projects of biomass energy construction have made outstanding achievements. Throughout the development history of biomass energy industry in China in the past20years, however, there still exists many problems in the aspect of technology equipment, industrial development and the guiding policies which need to be solved urgently.
Issues existed in the development of biomass solid-fuel are analyzed in the paper, which mainly focused on following issues:revealing basic rule of the project development and industry forming of biomass solid-fuel; studying agriculture and forestry biomass energy resource potential and supply system in Beijing rural areas; evaluating the comprehensive benefit of project development; researching on design of the project-developing and marketing mode; and analyzing the layout and development priority of biomass solid-fuel industry in each district and county of Beijing suburbs, based on different social economy and resources distribution condition in different regions.
Following conclusions have been drawn in the research:(1) Development of domestic industry of biomass solid-fuel has basically met the technology, economy, resources and markets requirement, with aid of the successful experience in foreign developed countries.(2) There are abundant biomass resources in Beijing rural areas, which become an important resource base of biomass energy development. It is calculated using the bottom-up approach in the paper that agricultural biomass resource in ten counties of Beijing reaches about2.02million tons; forestry biomass resource reaches about1.18million tons, with uneven distribution between different districts.(3) This paper studied the collection, management and acquisition of agriculture and forestry biomass energy resources, and introduced a scientifically reasonable raw material supply system; it decomposed raw material production process, analyzed risks, listed risk factors and introduced the main actions respectively.(4) It is clear from the benefit assessment in the paper that the project is greatly economically feasible; in terms of cyclic utilization, the project clearly benefits community and ecosystem, and biomass solid fuel can also help improve the environment by decreasing the pollution.(5) There are considerable potential requirements for biomass solid fuel in suburban areas of Beijing. At present, however, the target market of enterprises is limited by the capability of production and supply, as well as the satisfaction of consumers; the design of selection and promotion for target market comes with different features in different stages of the industrial development.(6) The social environmental benefits of producing and consuming biomass solid-fuel is in accordance with the CDM concept. The relevant projects can also be applied to the CDM framework. Therefore, it is able to provide new financing approaches and technology introducing mode by introduce CDM into this kind of projects.(7) Index system building and preference analysis for the area-layout of biomass solid-fuel development in Beijing rural areas are discussed in the paper, based on existing data, using Entropy Method to select among10districts and counties in Beijing suburbs. It is indicated that four District including Shun Yi, Fang Shan, Da Xing and Chang Ping are more suitable for the development of biomass solid-fuel.(8) Policy is necessary for the development of biomass solid fuel and relevant suggest on policy setting and support pattern has been discussed in the paper.
引文
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