碳化钨/钢基表层复合材料基体组织改性及其界面连续性研究
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摘要
近年来,碳化钨/钢基表层复合材料得到了较好的发展,有望在激冷激热工况下的冶金、机械等领域获得应用。但鉴于该类复合材料组织结构上的复杂性,欲解决以上应用问题,复合材料的组织、界面改性及其与热疲劳性能间的关联机制等基础理论研究将成为重中之重。论文通过在预制层中添加镍、钼、钴等合金粉末,对复合材料的组织、界面和性能进行改性,重点研究了合金粉末对复合材料组织、性能及界面连续性的影响机制,获得了一些有价值的结论,为丰富碳化钨颗粒/钢基表层复合材料的界面理论和扩大其应用范围奠定了基础。
采用真空实型负压(V-EPC)铸渗工艺,成功制备了含不同种类、数量合金粉末的碳化钨/钢基表层复合材料,研究了工艺参数对组织和性能的影响,结果表明：(1)复合层表面均较平整,过渡层过渡平缓,颗粒与基体间界面呈冶金结合；(2)随着预制层中镍粉质量分数的增加,复合层组织越发均匀,缺陷减少,碳化物含量逐渐增加,其形态从网状变为独立的块状和杆状,复合层硬度呈增大趋势；(3)随着预制层中钼粉质量分数的增加,复合层组织中缺陷逐渐减少,共晶碳化物及含钨初生碳化物含量逐渐增加,复合层硬度呈增大趋势；(4)随着预制层中钴粉质量分数的增加,碳化钨颗粒的棱角更加分明,基体中珠光体组织和白色碳化物C03W3C增加,灰色(Cr,Fe)7C3碳化物的数量减少,而复合层硬度呈递增趋势。
对含不同种类、数量合金粉末表层复合材料的界面连续性进行了研究,结果表明：(1)通过分区域EDS面扫描测试方法,建立了复合层与基材间宏观界面的连续性考察标准,研究发现,合金粉末的添加均能够改变宏观界面成分与性能的连续性,其中镍粉效果最佳；(2)建立了基体与增强体间微观界面的连续性考察标准：,通过该标准,获得了不同合金粉末添加后微观界面的过渡作用指数(Enon=19.0919；ENi=18.1604；EMo=19.8705；Eco=20.3745),其中镍粉具有最好的过渡作用；(3)获得了微观界面反应区的形成机制：碳化钨颗粒分解产生的W、C元素汇集在颗粒周围,并与基体中的Fe元素结合形成Fe3W3C,另外,由颗粒本身固有的W2C和通过颗粒内部相变生成的W2C直接与基体中的Fe发生反应(3Fe+3/2W2C→Fe3W3C+1/2C)生成Fe3W3C,两种方式产生的Fe3W3C相存在于颗粒与基体间的界面反应区中。
通过热震实验及热疲劳裂纹观察,研究了组织改性与抗热疲劳性能间的关联性,结果表明：(1)复合材料的界面连续性越好,其抗热疲劳性能越高；(2)随着热震次数的增加,预制层中添加钴粉和钼粉的复合材料的裂纹扩展速度较快,而添加镍粉后,扩展速度显著降低,对于添加钴粉、钼粉的复合材料,宏观界面处裂纹贯穿整个复合层表面需要的热震次数分别为5次和3次,而在60次热震后,添加镍粉的复合材料的裂纹仍未贯穿复合层表面。
Recently, tungsten carbide particles reinforced steel substrate surface composite is developed greatly, and it is expected to be applied in many industries, such as metallurgy, machinery and so on. Because of its complex microstructure, the study on the relationship between microstructure, interface and thermal fatigue property is important for realizing practical application. In this paper, the microstructure and interface of the composite are adjusted through alloying, e.g. alloying element powders such as nickle powder, molybdenum powder and so on were added into the performs, respectively. The influences of alloying powder addition on the microstructure and properties of matrix, interface, interface continuity are studies. Some valuable research conclusions are obtained. The research could enrich the interface theories of tungsten carbide particles reinforced steel substrate surface composite and support its widely practical application.
Vacuum expendable pattern casting infiltration is used to fabricate the cast tungsten carbide particle reinforced steel substrate surface composites with different kind and quantity alloying powders. The influence of process parameters on microstructure and properties are studied. The results show that:(1) the surface of the composite is smooth relatively, the interface between the surface composite and the substrate has a transition area, the interface between the particle and matrix in the composite have a metallurgical bonding;(2) With the increasing of nickle powder in the composite, the microstructure of composite becomes flawless, and the quantity of carbide in the matrix increases;(3) With the increasing of molybdenum powder, the thickness of the composite increases, the microstructure becomes flawless and harder, and the quantity of eutectic carbide in composite increases;(4) With the increasing of cobalt powder, the quantity of Co3W3C phase increases, and the quantity of (Cr, Fe)7C3decreases, and the tungsten carbide becomes sharply in shape. the hardness of the composite increases.
The interface continuities of the composites with different process parameters are studied. The results show that:(1) a standard is proposed for the interface continuity measurement for the macroscopic interface between the surface composite and the substrate, and the interface continuity of the macroscopic interface could be influenced by adding alloying powder, in which the nickle powder addition could improve the interface continuity of macroscopic interface;(2) the interface continuity measurement of the microscopic interface between the particle and matrix, is also proposed, the interface tradition effect index of the composite without alloying powder, with nickel, molybdenum, cobalt powder are19.0919,18.1604,19.8705,20.3745, respectively, the microscopic interface continuity of the composite with nickel powder has the best tradition effect.(3) the formation mechanism for the microscopic interface has been revealed. The decomposition of the tungsten carbide particles offers W and C atoms to the matrix, then they react with Fe to produce Fe3W3C. Besides, the original W2C in WC particles and the W2C formed by phase transformation in WC particles react with Fe to produce Fe3W3C. The Fe3W3C from the two reactions form the microscopic interface reaction zone.
The connection between the microstructure variation and the thermal fatigue property of composite is investigated by thermal shock test and observation on the crack. The results that:(1) the thermal fatigue property of the composite is in proportion to the interface continuity;(2) the crack propagation speeds for the composites with molybdenum and cobalt powder addition are higher, and that for the composite with nickle powder addition is lower. The cracks in composites with molybdenum and cobalt powder addition propagate through the surface of composite after5and3thermal shock cycles. However, after36thermal shock cycles, the crack does not propagate through the surface of composite with nickle powder addition.
采用真空实型负压(V-EPC)铸渗工艺,成功制备了含不同种类、数量合金粉末的碳化钨/钢基表层复合材料,研究了工艺参数对组织和性能的影响,结果表明：(1)复合层表面均较平整,过渡层过渡平缓,颗粒与基体间界面呈冶金结合；(2)随着预制层中镍粉质量分数的增加,复合层组织越发均匀,缺陷减少,碳化物含量逐渐增加,其形态从网状变为独立的块状和杆状,复合层硬度呈增大趋势；(3)随着预制层中钼粉质量分数的增加,复合层组织中缺陷逐渐减少,共晶碳化物及含钨初生碳化物含量逐渐增加,复合层硬度呈增大趋势；(4)随着预制层中钴粉质量分数的增加,碳化钨颗粒的棱角更加分明,基体中珠光体组织和白色碳化物C03W3C增加,灰色(Cr,Fe)7C3碳化物的数量减少,而复合层硬度呈递增趋势。
对含不同种类、数量合金粉末表层复合材料的界面连续性进行了研究,结果表明：(1)通过分区域EDS面扫描测试方法,建立了复合层与基材间宏观界面的连续性考察标准,研究发现,合金粉末的添加均能够改变宏观界面成分与性能的连续性,其中镍粉效果最佳；(2)建立了基体与增强体间微观界面的连续性考察标准：,通过该标准,获得了不同合金粉末添加后微观界面的过渡作用指数(Enon=19.0919；ENi=18.1604；EMo=19.8705；Eco=20.3745),其中镍粉具有最好的过渡作用；(3)获得了微观界面反应区的形成机制：碳化钨颗粒分解产生的W、C元素汇集在颗粒周围,并与基体中的Fe元素结合形成Fe3W3C,另外,由颗粒本身固有的W2C和通过颗粒内部相变生成的W2C直接与基体中的Fe发生反应(3Fe+3/2W2C→Fe3W3C+1/2C)生成Fe3W3C,两种方式产生的Fe3W3C相存在于颗粒与基体间的界面反应区中。
通过热震实验及热疲劳裂纹观察,研究了组织改性与抗热疲劳性能间的关联性,结果表明：(1)复合材料的界面连续性越好,其抗热疲劳性能越高；(2)随着热震次数的增加,预制层中添加钴粉和钼粉的复合材料的裂纹扩展速度较快,而添加镍粉后,扩展速度显著降低,对于添加钴粉、钼粉的复合材料,宏观界面处裂纹贯穿整个复合层表面需要的热震次数分别为5次和3次,而在60次热震后,添加镍粉的复合材料的裂纹仍未贯穿复合层表面。
Recently, tungsten carbide particles reinforced steel substrate surface composite is developed greatly, and it is expected to be applied in many industries, such as metallurgy, machinery and so on. Because of its complex microstructure, the study on the relationship between microstructure, interface and thermal fatigue property is important for realizing practical application. In this paper, the microstructure and interface of the composite are adjusted through alloying, e.g. alloying element powders such as nickle powder, molybdenum powder and so on were added into the performs, respectively. The influences of alloying powder addition on the microstructure and properties of matrix, interface, interface continuity are studies. Some valuable research conclusions are obtained. The research could enrich the interface theories of tungsten carbide particles reinforced steel substrate surface composite and support its widely practical application.
Vacuum expendable pattern casting infiltration is used to fabricate the cast tungsten carbide particle reinforced steel substrate surface composites with different kind and quantity alloying powders. The influence of process parameters on microstructure and properties are studied. The results show that:(1) the surface of the composite is smooth relatively, the interface between the surface composite and the substrate has a transition area, the interface between the particle and matrix in the composite have a metallurgical bonding;(2) With the increasing of nickle powder in the composite, the microstructure of composite becomes flawless, and the quantity of carbide in the matrix increases;(3) With the increasing of molybdenum powder, the thickness of the composite increases, the microstructure becomes flawless and harder, and the quantity of eutectic carbide in composite increases;(4) With the increasing of cobalt powder, the quantity of Co3W3C phase increases, and the quantity of (Cr, Fe)7C3decreases, and the tungsten carbide becomes sharply in shape. the hardness of the composite increases.
The interface continuities of the composites with different process parameters are studied. The results show that:(1) a standard is proposed for the interface continuity measurement for the macroscopic interface between the surface composite and the substrate, and the interface continuity of the macroscopic interface could be influenced by adding alloying powder, in which the nickle powder addition could improve the interface continuity of macroscopic interface;(2) the interface continuity measurement of the microscopic interface between the particle and matrix, is also proposed, the interface tradition effect index of the composite without alloying powder, with nickel, molybdenum, cobalt powder are19.0919,18.1604,19.8705,20.3745, respectively, the microscopic interface continuity of the composite with nickel powder has the best tradition effect.(3) the formation mechanism for the microscopic interface has been revealed. The decomposition of the tungsten carbide particles offers W and C atoms to the matrix, then they react with Fe to produce Fe3W3C. Besides, the original W2C in WC particles and the W2C formed by phase transformation in WC particles react with Fe to produce Fe3W3C. The Fe3W3C from the two reactions form the microscopic interface reaction zone.
The connection between the microstructure variation and the thermal fatigue property of composite is investigated by thermal shock test and observation on the crack. The results that:(1) the thermal fatigue property of the composite is in proportion to the interface continuity;(2) the crack propagation speeds for the composites with molybdenum and cobalt powder addition are higher, and that for the composite with nickle powder addition is lower. The cracks in composites with molybdenum and cobalt powder addition propagate through the surface of composite after5and3thermal shock cycles. However, after36thermal shock cycles, the crack does not propagate through the surface of composite with nickle powder addition.
引文
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