论母语在初中英语教学中的作用
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摘要
当今教学法提倡教师在45分钟内全部用英语进行授课，以此为学生创造“全英语”的课堂氛围。但在实际教学实践中，该方法费时多，且易使部分学生产生畏难情绪，甚至反感。那么，能不能借助母语来提高英语的教、学效率呢?有不少学者及教师在大学和小学的教学实践中，将母语对第二语言习得的正面影响与教学策略相结合，肯定了母语的积极作用。但这些实践经验的研究对象大多数是大学生或儿童。因此，难以直接应用于中学教育。而一些中学教学法，如传统的语法翻译法，自觉对比法等，虽然在很大程度上借助于母语传授语言知识，但又存在着忽视语言实际运用能力的缺陷。故对于母语在中学教学中的作用，学界仍缺乏直接而系统的研究。有鉴于此，本文以初中英语教育为对象，探讨其正面，积极的机制，使学生能“借用”母语来提高对英语的兴趣，加深对英语的理解；同时在表达上拓展他们的思路，使其不受有限的英语知识的束缚，在英语学习过程中受益于原有的母语知识。基于对初一学生进行的相关教学和实验，本文以为：英语程度中等的学生(这类学生数量最多)可获得较大幅度的提高；不过对于程度极高或极低的学生，教学技巧的变动影响不大。这一结果对全面认识母语在初中英语教学中的作用有一定的启示意义。
In order to provide English surroundings in classes, junior high school English teachers are often encouraged to teach only in English during the 45-minute class. In fact, it's time consuming without much actual effect in return. As time goes on, some students will feel difficult and reluctant to continue. So, whether we can use the native language to improve the learning and teaching efficiency is very important. Some scholars and teachers affirm the native language's positive role and apply it to the daily teaching. However, the emphasis of those studies has been placed on the college teaching and the elementary school English teaching, and no much attention is given to the high school English teaching. Some traditional teaching methods (i.e., the grammar-translation method, conscious contrast method, and so on) have some defects in cultivating the performance competence, although they rely heavily on the native language to pass on the language knowledge. Therefore, this article attempts to explore whether
the use of the native language results in the positive consequence in the junior high school English teaching., The aim is to interest students in English by "borrowing" the native language and understand English deeply. Therefore, beyond the bounds of limited English knowledge, they can broaden their thought when expressing and finally, benefit from the native language during studying. Relevant experiments have been done in two Junior I classes. The result shows that the students of moderate competence (usually, most of the students in a class belong to this group.) benefit greatly from the help of Chinese explanation. Choosing different teaching techniques has little influence on the most competent students and those need help most. This result sheds some light on a new understanding of the role the native language plays in junior high school English teaching.
In order to provide English surroundings in classes, junior high school English teachers are often encouraged to teach only in English during the 45-minute class. In fact, it's time consuming without much actual effect in return. As time goes on, some students will feel difficult and reluctant to continue. So, whether we can use the native language to improve the learning and teaching efficiency is very important. Some scholars and teachers affirm the native language's positive role and apply it to the daily teaching. However, the emphasis of those studies has been placed on the college teaching and the elementary school English teaching, and no much attention is given to the high school English teaching. Some traditional teaching methods (i.e., the grammar-translation method, conscious contrast method, and so on) have some defects in cultivating the performance competence, although they rely heavily on the native language to pass on the language knowledge. Therefore, this article attempts to explore whether
the use of the native language results in the positive consequence in the junior high school English teaching., The aim is to interest students in English by "borrowing" the native language and understand English deeply. Therefore, beyond the bounds of limited English knowledge, they can broaden their thought when expressing and finally, benefit from the native language during studying. Relevant experiments have been done in two Junior I classes. The result shows that the students of moderate competence (usually, most of the students in a class belong to this group.) benefit greatly from the help of Chinese explanation. Choosing different teaching techniques has little influence on the most competent students and those need help most. This result sheds some light on a new understanding of the role the native language plays in junior high school English teaching.
引文
Baker, Mona, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Brooks, N., Language and Language Learning: Theory and Practice, (2nd ed), New York: Harcourt Brace, 1964.
Chomsky, Selected Readings, London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Cook, Vivian, Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Dulay, H. C. & Butt, M.K., "Should we teach children syntax?" Language learning, 1973, No. 2.
Ellis, Rod, Second Language Acquisition, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Ellis, Rod, The Study of Second Language Acquisition, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2003.
Guiora, Alexander (ed.), Language Learning---A Journal of Research in Language Studies, The University of Michigan Copyright, 1993. Vol.43
Halliday, M. A. K., "Language Structure and Language Function", In J. Lyons (ed.), New Horizons in Linguistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
Krashen, Stephen, Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
Krashen, Stephen, Principles & Practice in Second Language Acquisition, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.
Lado, R., Linguistics Across Cultures, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.
Lay, N., "The comforts of the first language in learning to write", Kaleidoscope, vol.4,1988.
Lightbown, Patsy M. & Spada, Nina, How Language are Learned, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
Littlewood, William, Foreign and Second Language Learning, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Beijing: Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press, 1997.
Nunan, David, The Learner-Centred Curriculum: A Study in Second Language Teaching, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Odlin, Terence, Language Transfer---Cross-linguistic Influence in Language Learning, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Pinkham, Joan, The Translator's Guide to Chinglish, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Richards, J., Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, London: Longman Group Ltd, 1985.
Rivers, W. M., The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
Ur, Penny, A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Yalden, Janice, Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
CHEN，Dingan(陈定安)，“The Comparison Between English and Chinese with a Focus on Translation”(《英汉比较与翻译》)，Beiiing：Chinese Translation & Publishing Corporation(中国对外翻译出版公司)，1998．
CHEN，Ying(陈莹)，“The Classroom Training of Translation and Thinking in English”(“英语课堂教学中的翻译和思维训练”)，English Teaching in Primary Schools and High Schools(《中小学外语教学》)，2002．No．8．
Chinese Ministry of Education(中华人民共和国教育部)，English Course Standard(《英语课程标准》)，Beijing：Beijing Normal University Press (北京师范大学出版社)，2001．
FAN，Changrong(樊长荣)，“Eclecticism in Second/Foreign Language Teaching”(“外语教学中的折衷主义”)，Foreign Language Teaching and Research(《外语教学与研究》)，1999，No．2．
FAN，Wanjun(范万军)，“Correct Views on the Traditional Method of Foreign Language Teaching”(“应正确认识传统教学法”)，Foreign Language Education．(《外语教学》)2000，No．2．
GUI，Shichun(桂诗春)，Psychological Linguistics(《心理语言学》)，Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(上海外语教育出版社)，1985．
GUO，Minghua(郭铭华)，“Positive Effects of Mother Tongue on Teaching Foreign Languages”(“论母语在外语课上的作用”)，Foreign Language and Their Teaching(《外语与外语教学》)，2002，No．4．
HE，Zhaoxiong & MEI，Deming(何兆熊、梅德明)，Modern Linguistics(《现代语言学》)，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press(外语教学与研究出版社)，1999．
JI，Yuhua & XU，Qichao(纪玉华、许其潮)，“The Application of the Mother Language in Foreign Language Teaching for Children”(“母语在儿童外语教学中的应用”)，Primary and Middle School Foreign Language Teaching(《中小学外语教学》)，2002，No．9．
Junior English for China—Students' Book 1A(《九年义务教育三年制初级中学教科书》，英语第一册(上))，Beijing：People Education Press(人民教育出版社)，2002．
LIU，Donghong(刘东虹)，“Freshmen's L1 Strategies and L1 Transfer in Writing”(“大一学生写作中的母语策略与母语迁移”)，Foreign Language Education(《外语教学》)，2002，No．4．
LIU，Gefeng(刘戈锋)，English Colloquial Language Skills：A Breakthrough(《英语口语超常突击技巧》)，Shenzhen：Haitian Press(海天出版社)，2002．
LIU，Jinkaif刘津开)，“A Study of L1 Strategy Transfer in L2 Acquisition"(“第二语言习得中的学习策略迁移”)，Modern Foreign Languages(《现代外语》)，2002．No．3．
LIU，Zhuohuan(刘作焕)，“Mother Language—the Neglected Resource of Foreign Language Teaching”(“母语——外语教学中被忽视的资源”)，Middle South Nationality College(《中南民族学院》)，Social Science Edition(哲社版)，1996．No．5．
LU，Xiaoyong(陆效用)，“The Positive Role of First Language in Second Language Acquisition”(“试论母语对二语习得的正面影响”)，Foreign Language World(《外语界》)，2002．No．4．
Research Group for the English Course Standard (英语课程标准研制组编)，English Course Standard Explanation(《英语课程标准解读》)，Beijing：Beijing Normal Universit)，Press(北京师范大学出版社)，2002．
RUAN，Yihui(阮亦慧)，“Walking Out of the Marshland of the CLT”(“走出交际法的误区”)，Journal of Sichuan International Studies University(《四川外语学院学报》)，2002．No．6．
SHENG，Yan(盛炎)，Principles of Language Teaching(《语言教学原理》)，Chongqing：Chongqing Press(重庆出版社)，1990．
SUN，Mianzhi(孙勉志)，Learning English in the Chinese Context(《汉语环境与英语学习》)，Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(上海外语教育出版社)，2001．
SUN，Xiaoqing(孙晓青)，“The Way of Thinking in Foreign Language and in Native Language”(“外语思维和母语思维”)，Foreign Language World(《外语界》)，2002．NO．4．
WANG，Lifei(王立非)，A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning & Teaching(《现代外语教学论》)，Shanghai：Shanghai Education Press (上海教育出版社)，2000．
WANG，Wenyu(王文宇)，“L1 Thinking and L2 Acquisition：Review and Reflection”(“母语思维与二语习得：回顾与思考”)，Foreign Language
World(《外语界》)，2002．No．4．
WANG，Wenyu & WEN，Qiufang(王文宇、文秋芳)，“L1 Thinking and L2 Writing”(“母语思维与二语写作”)，Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages(《解放军外国语学院学报》)，2002．No．4．
WANG，Yuehong(王跃洪)，“The Role of Mother Tongue in Second Language Acquisition”(“母语在第二语言习得中的作用”)，Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages(《解放军外国语学院学报》)，2000，No．6．
WU，Qianlong(吴潜龙)，“Some Issues in SLA from the Perspective of Language-and-Thought Relation”(“从语言和思维的关系看第二语言习得中的几个问题”)，Foreign Language Teaching(《外语教学》)，2002，No．1．
XIONG，Wenhua(熊文华)，Practical Comparison between Chinese and English：the Essentials(《汉英应用对比概论》)，Beijing：Beijing Language Culture University Press(北京语言文化大学出版社)，1997．
ZHANG，Zhengdong(张正东)，Foreign Language Teaching Methodology in China：Theories and Schools(《中国外语教学法理论与流派》)，Beijing：Science Press(科学出版社)，2000．
ZHAO，Xiuying(赵秀英)，“The Application of Contrast in Short-term Training”(“对比在短期强化教学中的应用”)，Foreign Languages and Their Teaching(《外语与外语教学》)，2000．No．3．
ZHOU，Ping & ZHANG，Jisheng(周平、张吉生)，“On the Interaction Relationship Between SLA Research and Foreign Language Teaching”(“论二语习得研究与外语教学的互动关系”)，Foreign Languages and Their Teaching(《外语与外语教学》)，2003，No2．
ZHU，Zhongdu(朱中都)，“Negative Transfer of Chinese in English Writing”(“英语写作中的汉语负迁移”)，Journal of PLA Foreign Languages University(《解放军外国语学院学报》)，1999，No．2．
Brooks, N., Language and Language Learning: Theory and Practice, (2nd ed), New York: Harcourt Brace, 1964.
Chomsky, Selected Readings, London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Cook, Vivian, Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Dulay, H. C. & Butt, M.K., "Should we teach children syntax?" Language learning, 1973, No. 2.
Ellis, Rod, Second Language Acquisition, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Ellis, Rod, The Study of Second Language Acquisition, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2003.
Guiora, Alexander (ed.), Language Learning---A Journal of Research in Language Studies, The University of Michigan Copyright, 1993. Vol.43
Halliday, M. A. K., "Language Structure and Language Function", In J. Lyons (ed.), New Horizons in Linguistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
Krashen, Stephen, Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
Krashen, Stephen, Principles & Practice in Second Language Acquisition, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.
Lado, R., Linguistics Across Cultures, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.
Lay, N., "The comforts of the first language in learning to write", Kaleidoscope, vol.4,1988.
Lightbown, Patsy M. & Spada, Nina, How Language are Learned, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
Littlewood, William, Foreign and Second Language Learning, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Beijing: Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press, 1997.
Nunan, David, The Learner-Centred Curriculum: A Study in Second Language Teaching, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Odlin, Terence, Language Transfer---Cross-linguistic Influence in Language Learning, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Pinkham, Joan, The Translator's Guide to Chinglish, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Richards, J., Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, London: Longman Group Ltd, 1985.
Rivers, W. M., The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
Ur, Penny, A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Yalden, Janice, Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
CHEN，Dingan(陈定安)，“The Comparison Between English and Chinese with a Focus on Translation”(《英汉比较与翻译》)，Beiiing：Chinese Translation & Publishing Corporation(中国对外翻译出版公司)，1998．
CHEN，Ying(陈莹)，“The Classroom Training of Translation and Thinking in English”(“英语课堂教学中的翻译和思维训练”)，English Teaching in Primary Schools and High Schools(《中小学外语教学》)，2002．No．8．
Chinese Ministry of Education(中华人民共和国教育部)，English Course Standard(《英语课程标准》)，Beijing：Beijing Normal University Press (北京师范大学出版社)，2001．
FAN，Changrong(樊长荣)，“Eclecticism in Second/Foreign Language Teaching”(“外语教学中的折衷主义”)，Foreign Language Teaching and Research(《外语教学与研究》)，1999，No．2．
FAN，Wanjun(范万军)，“Correct Views on the Traditional Method of Foreign Language Teaching”(“应正确认识传统教学法”)，Foreign Language Education．(《外语教学》)2000，No．2．
GUI，Shichun(桂诗春)，Psychological Linguistics(《心理语言学》)，Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(上海外语教育出版社)，1985．
GUO，Minghua(郭铭华)，“Positive Effects of Mother Tongue on Teaching Foreign Languages”(“论母语在外语课上的作用”)，Foreign Language and Their Teaching(《外语与外语教学》)，2002，No．4．
HE，Zhaoxiong & MEI，Deming(何兆熊、梅德明)，Modern Linguistics(《现代语言学》)，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press(外语教学与研究出版社)，1999．
JI，Yuhua & XU，Qichao(纪玉华、许其潮)，“The Application of the Mother Language in Foreign Language Teaching for Children”(“母语在儿童外语教学中的应用”)，Primary and Middle School Foreign Language Teaching(《中小学外语教学》)，2002，No．9．
Junior English for China—Students' Book 1A(《九年义务教育三年制初级中学教科书》，英语第一册(上))，Beijing：People Education Press(人民教育出版社)，2002．
LIU，Donghong(刘东虹)，“Freshmen's L1 Strategies and L1 Transfer in Writing”(“大一学生写作中的母语策略与母语迁移”)，Foreign Language Education(《外语教学》)，2002，No．4．
LIU，Gefeng(刘戈锋)，English Colloquial Language Skills：A Breakthrough(《英语口语超常突击技巧》)，Shenzhen：Haitian Press(海天出版社)，2002．
LIU，Jinkaif刘津开)，“A Study of L1 Strategy Transfer in L2 Acquisition"(“第二语言习得中的学习策略迁移”)，Modern Foreign Languages(《现代外语》)，2002．No．3．
LIU，Zhuohuan(刘作焕)，“Mother Language—the Neglected Resource of Foreign Language Teaching”(“母语——外语教学中被忽视的资源”)，Middle South Nationality College(《中南民族学院》)，Social Science Edition(哲社版)，1996．No．5．
LU，Xiaoyong(陆效用)，“The Positive Role of First Language in Second Language Acquisition”(“试论母语对二语习得的正面影响”)，Foreign Language World(《外语界》)，2002．No．4．
Research Group for the English Course Standard (英语课程标准研制组编)，English Course Standard Explanation(《英语课程标准解读》)，Beijing：Beijing Normal Universit)，Press(北京师范大学出版社)，2002．
RUAN，Yihui(阮亦慧)，“Walking Out of the Marshland of the CLT”(“走出交际法的误区”)，Journal of Sichuan International Studies University(《四川外语学院学报》)，2002．No．6．
SHENG，Yan(盛炎)，Principles of Language Teaching(《语言教学原理》)，Chongqing：Chongqing Press(重庆出版社)，1990．
SUN，Mianzhi(孙勉志)，Learning English in the Chinese Context(《汉语环境与英语学习》)，Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(上海外语教育出版社)，2001．
SUN，Xiaoqing(孙晓青)，“The Way of Thinking in Foreign Language and in Native Language”(“外语思维和母语思维”)，Foreign Language World(《外语界》)，2002．NO．4．
WANG，Lifei(王立非)，A Survey of Modern Second Language Learning & Teaching(《现代外语教学论》)，Shanghai：Shanghai Education Press (上海教育出版社)，2000．
WANG，Wenyu(王文宇)，“L1 Thinking and L2 Acquisition：Review and Reflection”(“母语思维与二语习得：回顾与思考”)，Foreign Language
World(《外语界》)，2002．No．4．
WANG，Wenyu & WEN，Qiufang(王文宇、文秋芳)，“L1 Thinking and L2 Writing”(“母语思维与二语写作”)，Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages(《解放军外国语学院学报》)，2002．No．4．
WANG，Yuehong(王跃洪)，“The Role of Mother Tongue in Second Language Acquisition”(“母语在第二语言习得中的作用”)，Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages(《解放军外国语学院学报》)，2000，No．6．
WU，Qianlong(吴潜龙)，“Some Issues in SLA from the Perspective of Language-and-Thought Relation”(“从语言和思维的关系看第二语言习得中的几个问题”)，Foreign Language Teaching(《外语教学》)，2002，No．1．
XIONG，Wenhua(熊文华)，Practical Comparison between Chinese and English：the Essentials(《汉英应用对比概论》)，Beijing：Beijing Language Culture University Press(北京语言文化大学出版社)，1997．
ZHANG，Zhengdong(张正东)，Foreign Language Teaching Methodology in China：Theories and Schools(《中国外语教学法理论与流派》)，Beijing：Science Press(科学出版社)，2000．
ZHAO，Xiuying(赵秀英)，“The Application of Contrast in Short-term Training”(“对比在短期强化教学中的应用”)，Foreign Languages and Their Teaching(《外语与外语教学》)，2000．No．3．
ZHOU，Ping & ZHANG，Jisheng(周平、张吉生)，“On the Interaction Relationship Between SLA Research and Foreign Language Teaching”(“论二语习得研究与外语教学的互动关系”)，Foreign Languages and Their Teaching(《外语与外语教学》)，2003，No2．
ZHU，Zhongdu(朱中都)，“Negative Transfer of Chinese in English Writing”(“英语写作中的汉语负迁移”)，Journal of PLA Foreign Languages University(《解放军外国语学院学报》)，1999，No．2．