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西安市城市雨水利用可行性与技术方案研究
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摘要
当今世界许多城市面临水资源短缺和水环境污染的问题,雨水作为自然界水循环系统中的重要环节,对调节、补充地区水资源和生态环境起着极为关键的作用。城市雨水综合利用是改善城市生态环境的重要组成部分,也是实现水资源的可持续发展重要途径之一。
     本论文主要研究了西安市城市雨水利用的可行性与雨水利用技术方案,为西安市城市雨水利用提供依据和技术支持。
     在查阅大量国内外文献及应用实例的基础上,首先系统分析并比较了各类城市雨水利用技术,归纳了城市雨水利用的途径,提出了在西安的适用区域。继而对西安市水资源情况、降雨量特点和雨水利用前景进行了分析,研究了西安市城市雨水利用的可行性。对不同区域的城市雨水管网出水口进行了水质测定,研究了雨水径流的污染状况和水质特性。
     在上述研究的基础上,深入研究了西安市小区、城市园林绿地雨水利用与城市雨水调蓄可行方案。
     本论文主要研究结果包括:(1)根据西安市降雨特点可在每年5-10月开展城市雨水利用。(2)对西安市总体规划(2004-2020)主城区建设用地定量分析,主城区年雨水资源量约为2.79亿m~3。(3)在频繁降雨条件下,降雨中后期,西安市雨水径流中主要污染物是SS、COD、含油类,氨氮、总氮、总磷均低于未处理的生活污水;COD低于并接近于未处理的生活污水;色度值均高于《污水综合排放标准》1、2级标准;pH值、氨氮在径流过程变化不大;SS、含油指标总体上是随着径流时间而下降。不同采样点污染指标的变化范围和规律,不完全相同。(4)对某小区雨水收集回用方案的研究表明:工艺上采用初沉-初滤-MBR过滤和人工植被土壤过滤净化处理,运行成本都低于西安现行水价,MBR法深度处理方案最优。(5)城市绿地雨水应以渗流蓄水为主。对于城市街头绿地广场,不透水面积占到总面积70%以上,就有收集利用雨水的可能。提出了某城市广场的雨水渗流蓄水方案。(6)提出了西安市城市雨水调蓄方案。
Along with the rapid development of urbanization, many cities around the world encounter lack of water resources and water pollution. Rainwater is not only the most economical way of saving natural water resources but also an important part of water circulation system. Besides, rainwater is playing a crucial role in adjusting and saving limited water resources, as well as maintaining the ecological balance. The use of rainwater is essential to improve urban ecological environment, and is one of main approaches to achieve sustainable water resources.
     This paper presents the availability and the different technical approaches in using rainwater resources in Xi'an. The project is aiming to build up a strong technical backstopping in terms of further development of rainwater utilization.
     Based on other research papers from mainland and abroad as well as cases of rainwater application, this paper compared the different types of rainwater utilization technology and explored the way of recycling rainwater. In addition, it suggested the available region in rainwater recycle implementation in Xi'an. This paper also analyzed the water resources, rainfall and further rainwater technology development, and feasibility of rainwater utilization. We had measured the quality of outflow from rain pipe network in various regions, and summarized the pollution status and quality of rainwater runoff.
     This project thoroughly studied the feasibility in transferring urban rainwater to districts, parks and gardens ,and rainwater storage measures in Xi'an. The main findings of study are as follows: (1). According to the characteristic of rainfall in Xi'an, rainwater utilization can be carried out from May to October yearly. (2). In regards with Xi'an overall plan (2004-2020), it is anticipated that there would be approximately 279 million m3 rainwater resources available from urban construction area. (3). Under the condition of having frequent rainfall, the main pollutants in the rain runoff are SS, COD, oil, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus during the mid-late raining period, which are lower than level of domestic sewage. Besides, COD is close to domestic sewage level. Chromaticity color value is comparatively higher than I and II levels, according to the "Standard Of Sewage Synthesis Drainage". The changes of PH and the ammonia nitrogen level during the runoff process are insignificant In addition, SS, oil level are showing decreasing trend over the period. Furthermore, the range of the pollution index variation from the different samplings is not always the same. (4). The experiment of collection and recycle of rainwater in some communities indicated that the technology adopt the process of initial precipitation - initial filter - MBR filter, and filter purification on the artificial vegetation. The operation costs are lower than the water price in Xi'an. Overall, the method of MBR purification is the best one. (5). If the waterproof area occupies 70% and above of the total area, it is possible to collect and use the rainwater. Therefore, it is suitable to implement the rainwater infiltration in green space of street comer and some square spaces. (6). This study also brings forward the regulation on rainwater storage in Xi'an city.
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