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大坝动力系统的安全监控非线性分析模型研究
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摘要
本文将大坝和边坡视作一个动力系统,研究其安全监控中尚未完善的建模理论和方
    法等问题,将混沌理论、分形理论、神经网络、小波分析等非线性科学应用到大坝安全
    监控领域中,提出了大坝、边坡的安全监控非线性分析模型及方法,主要内容如下:
     (1)根据混沌理论,研究了大坝系统及大坝观测时间序列的混沌性。对大坝观测时
    间序列进行了相空间重构,计算其混沌特征量,即吸引子维数(关联维数)、Lyapunov
    指数和Kolmogorov熵。上述研究初步表明,大坝观测时间序列中存在着混沌成分。
     (2)研究了混沌预测中零阶近似、一阶近似等相空间预测模型。在此基础上,提出
    了逐步回归—自回归、逐步回归—局域线性回归等大坝观测序列相空间模型,为大坝安
    全监控模型的建立与预测提供了新的思路与方法。
     (3)在总结分析时间序列预测中的几种有代表性的神经网络的基础上,将混沌理论
    和神经网络相结合,提出了几种基于神经网络的大坝观测时间序列相空间预测和监控模
    型,经工程实例验证,预测和监控效果较好;同时,提出了确定分量占效应量比例的神
    经网络方法。
     (4)将小波分析理论及方法引入大坝安全监测资料分析中,提出了利用小波分析检
    测异常值、提取趋势分量、降低噪声、检测缺失值的方法,通过实例验证了小波分析方
    法的有效性。
     (5)基于变分原理,研究建立了能量形式的失稳准则,并说明坝体、岩基的材料具
    有应变软化的性质,是大坝失稳的必要条件;并利用大坝的裂缝实测资料,建立了相应
    的灰色尖点突变模型,由此判断裂缝的稳定性;根据某水电站库区滑坡体的变形实测资
    料,反演其非线性动力学模型,进而计算Lyapunov指数谱、Lyapunov信息维来判定边
    坡的稳定性及稳定程度。
In consideration of the imperfection in dam safety monitoring, the dam and slope are regarded as a dynamic system, the nonlinear science such as chaos theory, neural network and wavelet analysis is introduced to dam safety monitoring, and related models and methods are proposed hi this dissertation. The main contents are as follows.
    (1)According to chaos theory, the phase space reconstruction of time series is performed. The chaotic invariants of measured time series of dams such as correlation dimension, the Lyapunov exponent and the Kolmogorov entropy, are calculated. The results show that the dam observation data is a chaotic time series.
    (2) Based on the phase space model of the zeroth and first order approximation, a regression-autoregression model and a regression-local linear regression model are proposed, which provided new method for dam safety monitoring.
    (3) Based on the study of several kinds of neural network, several phase space models of dam observation time series using neural network are established. The validity of the models is proved by an example. A neural network method for determining the component percentage is given.
    (4) The theory and methods of wavelet analysis are introduced to the observation data analysis for dam safety, and the methods for detecting outliers, abstracting trend component, and denoising and detecting missing data by use of wavelet is developed. Examples show that the methods are effective.
    (5) Based on the variation principle, the energy criterion of instability is established. The strain softening of dam body and foundation is the necessary condition for dam instability. According to observation data of dam cracks, a gray cusp catastrophe model is established to judge the stability of the crack. According to the slope observation data of a certain hydropower plant, a nonlinear dynamic model is developed by means of reversion and the Lyapunov exponent spectrum, and the Lyapunov information dimension are calculated for judgement of the stability of the slope.
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