基于景观生态学的城市空间格局演变规律分析与生态安全格局构建
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摘要
城市化是人类文明发展的趋势,改革开放以来,中国的城市化进入飞速发展的阶段。由于人口高度集中,以及工业与交通的集聚发展,城市化往往对区域生态环境带来一系列不利影响,表现为污染物排放总量增加,环境质量下降；森林、农田、水面被侵占,地表覆盖的组成和空间结构被显著改变,生物多样性保持受到挑战。因此研究城市化过程的景观格局演变规律及其生态效应具有科学意义,对城市发展规划能起到一定的指导作用。
首先讨论了景观生态学和城市景观生态学的发展历程和理论基础,并综述了近年来城市景观生态学重要发展方向,提出了论文研究的主要目的和内容。根据研究目的与内容确定了研究采用和方法和使用的基础数据。
研究的主要工作内容和成果包括：
(1)长沙市城市扩张与景观格局演替规律。以长沙市域和中心城区为研究对象,分别建立近三十年城市扩张数据库。并以此为基础,对城市扩张的过程进行分析,探讨景观格局指数随城市化推进过程的演变规律。同时将中心城区作为重点区域,分析近三十年土地利用类型的流转趋势,城市空间的扩展方向。研究发现,长沙市城市化过程主要占用了农田和林地,由于城市单核扩张,在中心城区形成了典型的环状城市结构,景观格局指数也表现出相应的梯度规律。长沙市中心城区主要是向东扩展,近年来,随着长株潭一体化以及长沙市大河西先导区的开发进程,城市又出现了向南向西的扩展趋势。城市化过程导致景观破碎化现象明显,中心城区逐渐形成了连通度和蔓延度较大的城市景观为主导的格局体系。
(2)城市化过程景观格局时空变化特征。以长沙市大河西先导区规划范围为研究对象,分析了城市化过程中不同景观格局指数之间的响应关系。研究结果显不,PLAND_u指数与SHDI指数呈现明显的二次曲线关系,曲线的拐点在PLAND_u指数取40%时取得,而SHDI指数与CONTAG指数、LPI指数均呈线性关系,随着SHDI增加,这两项指数均减小。城市化与SHDI指数具有明显的空间相关性,城市化初期的区域SHDI指数增加,景观格局复杂,成熟城市化区域SHDI指数降低,景观格局逐渐简单化和单一化。
(3)城市景观格局分析中的尺度问题。以长沙市中心城区为研究对象,研究了尺度选择对景观格局分析的影响,并使用小波分析和地统计学分析的方法,对景观系统的特征尺度进行识别。研究显示景观格局指数随分析的幅度和粒度变化而变化的规律大体上分为六类,不同的指数之间体现出截然不同的规律,因此选择合适的分析尺度(幅度与粒度)对景观格局分析结果十分重要。对研究区域的特征尺度识别显示城镇、农田和林地样区均具有120m的特征尺度,且小波分析与地统计学方法的尺度识别结果具有一定的重现性。
(4)基于不确定性理论的生态廊道识别。主要分析了生态廊道的结构功能特征,以此为基础提出了基于不确定性的生态廊道构建方法,并在模拟景观中进行了计算,最后将该方法应用于长沙市大河西先导区,进行生态廊道的提取识别。研究显示该方法识别出的廊道具有一定的宽度和冗余性,部分地区甚至存在廊道分岔。同时,廊道上也存在一些明显的瓶颈地带,瓶颈区域是物种运行面临风险较大的区域,同时也是生态恢复的关键区域。
(5)基于连通性的区域景观安全格局构建与优化。以长沙市市域范围为研究对象,构建了区域景观安全格局。分别提取了生态安全格局的五个组成部分：源地、缓冲区、廊道、辐射通道、节点,明确了研究区域生态保护的重点区域。同时研究发现,由于长沙市东西长南北短的形状特征,南部和北部的生态屏障需要与周边地市联合构建,尤其是在南部的长株潭城市群融城区域,需要参考长株潭绿心规划等相关内容,在城市之间留出一定的生态保育带,确保区域生态安全。
论文研究的基本思路是首先对区域城市发展与扩张进行回顾分析,探讨城市扩张与区域景观格局演变的内在联系,并对影响研究结论的尺度问题进行了专题讨论。然后研究了生态廊道的提取与识别方法,使用模拟景观对廊道识别方法进行测试,并对大河西先导区廊道识别进行实证研究。最后将前面的研究的理论与方法用于实践,构建了长沙市景观安全格局体系,为城市规划提供支撑与建议。
Urbanization is the development trend of human civilization. Chinese urbanization has entered into a phase of high-speed development since the reform and opening-up. With concentration of population and fast development of industry and transportation, urbanization often brings negative impacts to regional eco-environment, such as increasing pollutant emissions, decline in environmental quality and forest, farmland and water coverage. The composition and spatial structure of landform coverage is considerably changed, challenging the maintainence of biological diversity. Therefore, research on the evolution of landscape pattern during the process of urbanization has scientific significance, and will serve as a guide on urban development and planning.
This paper begins with the discussion on the development course and basic theories of landscape ecology and urban landscape ecology, and proceeds to review the important development direction of urban landscape ecology. Based on the basic theories and research content, the methods and basic data are defined.
The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows.
1The urban expansion and landscape pattern succession. This section takes Changsha and its central city as the study area. The study begins with the establishment of landscape geo-database of the past three decades. The process of urban expansion is studied by analyzing the change of landscape pattern indices. The land use transferences trends are analyzed to identify the direction of urban space expansion. The study finds out that the urbanization of Changsha occupied farmlands and woodlands. Due to the single-core urban expansion mode in Changsha, a typical cyclic city structure was formed in the central city, and the landscape pattern indices also showed a corresponding gradient trend. The central city of Changsha was expanding eastward in recent years. With the integration of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City, and the development process of Hexi Pilot Area, the central city of Changsha moved in the south and west direction on the expansion trend. The urbanization process led to landscape fragmentation, but at the same time, the central city of Changsha gradually formed a pattern system which is dominated by urban landscape of high connectivity and contagion.
2The spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization. This section takes the Hexi Pilot Area of Changsha as an example. In the process of urbanization, human activities in urban regions usually have influence on landscape patterns and landscape spatial patterns have profound impact on ecological systems. The landscape diversity index was often used to describe landscape spatial patterns. The correlation between different landscape metrics has been discussed in this section. The results show that:First, the study area to promote rapid urbanization process, urban built-up areas for nearly20years expanded3times, the main erosion of urbanization were forest and farmland landscapes. Second, in the early process of urbanization, landscape diversity index increased rapidly, a serious landscape fragmentation and ecological systems are strongly influenced by urbanization, and landscape diversity index decreased later, the formation of simple urban landscape. Third, the landscape diversity index and the Percentage of Landscape (urban) index follow quadratic function relation, the landscape diversity index between Largest Patch Index and Contagion index showed significant negative correlation.
3The scaling issues of landscape pattern analysis. Based on the methods of wavelet analysis and geo-statistics analysis, this section analyzes the impact of landscape pattern by the characteristic scale and identifies the characteristic scale of the landscape system of Changsha City. The landscape pattern indices show six types of different features when the range and grain change. Therefore selecting the appropriate scales (the range and grain) on the landscape pattern analysis is very important. The farmland and woodland of the study area show a characteristic scale of120m, and the urban shows multiple characteristic scales of120m,3840m and7680m. The characteristic scales which are identified by wavelet analysis is basically the same as the geostatistical methods.
4Identifying ecological corridors using shortest path algorithm based on raster data. Ecological corridor, which plays an important role in biodiversity protection, is defined as a stretch of nature mosaic that facilitates the migration of animals. Many GIS software packages use raster cost surface to identify the path of least resistance between source and destination. Limitation of those methods is that only a single path can be identified. However, ecological corridors should be more complicate and more redundant. Many alternative paths with relatively less cost might exist in fact, for animals may not choose the optimum path when moving between different habitats. In this paper, a new approach based on Spatial Analyst Tools of ArcGIS using raster data is proposed to identify the redundant routes. Firstly, the resistance cost surface moving from source to adjacent raster is defined. Secondly, the accumulated least-cost raster from both source and destination habitat to any other raster on the cost surface is evaluated. Two accumulated least-cost rasters are added by raster calculation module. The value of the added raster is the accumulated least-cost which passes the current raster. Thirdly, the corridor is obtained by extracting the added raster with a certain value. Corridors of six simulated landscape patterns with different spatial autocorrelation are used to assessment this procedure. The results show that the corridors obtained by the procedure not only include the optimum path, but also contains some sub-optimum paths. The corridor is redundant and fit for describing the migration behavior of animals. Lastly, the identification of the ecological corridors in West Bank Pilot Planning Area of Changsha is used as an example. The results show that eleven key habitats existed in study area. Corridors of twenty adjacent habitat pairs are analyzed. The results show that all the corridors are of certain width and some of the corridors have furcation or even bypath. However, there are some bottlenecks in some corridors, which become the key zone for the ecological restoration.
5The construction and optimization of regional landscape security pattern based on the connectivity. This paper builds the regional landscape security pattern, which regards urban region of Changsha as the research object. It extracts respectively five components of the ecological security pattern, which includes source, buffer, corridor, radiation and node, and it clears the key areas which need ecological protection in research region. At the same time, the research shows that, because of the characteristic shape of Changsha-the distance from the east to the west is longer than the south to the north, the ecological barriers from the south to the north should be jointly constructed with surrounding cities, especially, the areas of city fusion of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration in the southern, and it needs to refer to the green heart planning of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan to leave a ecological conservation belt between cites to ensure regional ecological security.
The basic ideas of the paper includes three points; firstly, this paper reviews and analyzes the regional urban development and expansion, and discusses the inner link between city expansion and regional landscape pattern evolution, and makes topic discussion on the scale problems which make an influence on study conclusion. Then, it makes researches on the extraction and recognition methods of ecological corridor, and makes tests on corridor identification method by using simulation landscape, and makes empirical research on the corridor recognition of Big Hexi pilot area. Finally, previous theories and methods are used in practice to construct the landscape security pattern system of Changsha, which provides support and advice for urban planning.
首先讨论了景观生态学和城市景观生态学的发展历程和理论基础,并综述了近年来城市景观生态学重要发展方向,提出了论文研究的主要目的和内容。根据研究目的与内容确定了研究采用和方法和使用的基础数据。
研究的主要工作内容和成果包括：
(1)长沙市城市扩张与景观格局演替规律。以长沙市域和中心城区为研究对象,分别建立近三十年城市扩张数据库。并以此为基础,对城市扩张的过程进行分析,探讨景观格局指数随城市化推进过程的演变规律。同时将中心城区作为重点区域,分析近三十年土地利用类型的流转趋势,城市空间的扩展方向。研究发现,长沙市城市化过程主要占用了农田和林地,由于城市单核扩张,在中心城区形成了典型的环状城市结构,景观格局指数也表现出相应的梯度规律。长沙市中心城区主要是向东扩展,近年来,随着长株潭一体化以及长沙市大河西先导区的开发进程,城市又出现了向南向西的扩展趋势。城市化过程导致景观破碎化现象明显,中心城区逐渐形成了连通度和蔓延度较大的城市景观为主导的格局体系。
(2)城市化过程景观格局时空变化特征。以长沙市大河西先导区规划范围为研究对象,分析了城市化过程中不同景观格局指数之间的响应关系。研究结果显不,PLAND_u指数与SHDI指数呈现明显的二次曲线关系,曲线的拐点在PLAND_u指数取40%时取得,而SHDI指数与CONTAG指数、LPI指数均呈线性关系,随着SHDI增加,这两项指数均减小。城市化与SHDI指数具有明显的空间相关性,城市化初期的区域SHDI指数增加,景观格局复杂,成熟城市化区域SHDI指数降低,景观格局逐渐简单化和单一化。
(3)城市景观格局分析中的尺度问题。以长沙市中心城区为研究对象,研究了尺度选择对景观格局分析的影响,并使用小波分析和地统计学分析的方法,对景观系统的特征尺度进行识别。研究显示景观格局指数随分析的幅度和粒度变化而变化的规律大体上分为六类,不同的指数之间体现出截然不同的规律,因此选择合适的分析尺度(幅度与粒度)对景观格局分析结果十分重要。对研究区域的特征尺度识别显示城镇、农田和林地样区均具有120m的特征尺度,且小波分析与地统计学方法的尺度识别结果具有一定的重现性。
(4)基于不确定性理论的生态廊道识别。主要分析了生态廊道的结构功能特征,以此为基础提出了基于不确定性的生态廊道构建方法,并在模拟景观中进行了计算,最后将该方法应用于长沙市大河西先导区,进行生态廊道的提取识别。研究显示该方法识别出的廊道具有一定的宽度和冗余性,部分地区甚至存在廊道分岔。同时,廊道上也存在一些明显的瓶颈地带,瓶颈区域是物种运行面临风险较大的区域,同时也是生态恢复的关键区域。
(5)基于连通性的区域景观安全格局构建与优化。以长沙市市域范围为研究对象,构建了区域景观安全格局。分别提取了生态安全格局的五个组成部分：源地、缓冲区、廊道、辐射通道、节点,明确了研究区域生态保护的重点区域。同时研究发现,由于长沙市东西长南北短的形状特征,南部和北部的生态屏障需要与周边地市联合构建,尤其是在南部的长株潭城市群融城区域,需要参考长株潭绿心规划等相关内容,在城市之间留出一定的生态保育带,确保区域生态安全。
论文研究的基本思路是首先对区域城市发展与扩张进行回顾分析,探讨城市扩张与区域景观格局演变的内在联系,并对影响研究结论的尺度问题进行了专题讨论。然后研究了生态廊道的提取与识别方法,使用模拟景观对廊道识别方法进行测试,并对大河西先导区廊道识别进行实证研究。最后将前面的研究的理论与方法用于实践,构建了长沙市景观安全格局体系,为城市规划提供支撑与建议。
Urbanization is the development trend of human civilization. Chinese urbanization has entered into a phase of high-speed development since the reform and opening-up. With concentration of population and fast development of industry and transportation, urbanization often brings negative impacts to regional eco-environment, such as increasing pollutant emissions, decline in environmental quality and forest, farmland and water coverage. The composition and spatial structure of landform coverage is considerably changed, challenging the maintainence of biological diversity. Therefore, research on the evolution of landscape pattern during the process of urbanization has scientific significance, and will serve as a guide on urban development and planning.
This paper begins with the discussion on the development course and basic theories of landscape ecology and urban landscape ecology, and proceeds to review the important development direction of urban landscape ecology. Based on the basic theories and research content, the methods and basic data are defined.
The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows.
1The urban expansion and landscape pattern succession. This section takes Changsha and its central city as the study area. The study begins with the establishment of landscape geo-database of the past three decades. The process of urban expansion is studied by analyzing the change of landscape pattern indices. The land use transferences trends are analyzed to identify the direction of urban space expansion. The study finds out that the urbanization of Changsha occupied farmlands and woodlands. Due to the single-core urban expansion mode in Changsha, a typical cyclic city structure was formed in the central city, and the landscape pattern indices also showed a corresponding gradient trend. The central city of Changsha was expanding eastward in recent years. With the integration of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City, and the development process of Hexi Pilot Area, the central city of Changsha moved in the south and west direction on the expansion trend. The urbanization process led to landscape fragmentation, but at the same time, the central city of Changsha gradually formed a pattern system which is dominated by urban landscape of high connectivity and contagion.
2The spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization. This section takes the Hexi Pilot Area of Changsha as an example. In the process of urbanization, human activities in urban regions usually have influence on landscape patterns and landscape spatial patterns have profound impact on ecological systems. The landscape diversity index was often used to describe landscape spatial patterns. The correlation between different landscape metrics has been discussed in this section. The results show that:First, the study area to promote rapid urbanization process, urban built-up areas for nearly20years expanded3times, the main erosion of urbanization were forest and farmland landscapes. Second, in the early process of urbanization, landscape diversity index increased rapidly, a serious landscape fragmentation and ecological systems are strongly influenced by urbanization, and landscape diversity index decreased later, the formation of simple urban landscape. Third, the landscape diversity index and the Percentage of Landscape (urban) index follow quadratic function relation, the landscape diversity index between Largest Patch Index and Contagion index showed significant negative correlation.
3The scaling issues of landscape pattern analysis. Based on the methods of wavelet analysis and geo-statistics analysis, this section analyzes the impact of landscape pattern by the characteristic scale and identifies the characteristic scale of the landscape system of Changsha City. The landscape pattern indices show six types of different features when the range and grain change. Therefore selecting the appropriate scales (the range and grain) on the landscape pattern analysis is very important. The farmland and woodland of the study area show a characteristic scale of120m, and the urban shows multiple characteristic scales of120m,3840m and7680m. The characteristic scales which are identified by wavelet analysis is basically the same as the geostatistical methods.
4Identifying ecological corridors using shortest path algorithm based on raster data. Ecological corridor, which plays an important role in biodiversity protection, is defined as a stretch of nature mosaic that facilitates the migration of animals. Many GIS software packages use raster cost surface to identify the path of least resistance between source and destination. Limitation of those methods is that only a single path can be identified. However, ecological corridors should be more complicate and more redundant. Many alternative paths with relatively less cost might exist in fact, for animals may not choose the optimum path when moving between different habitats. In this paper, a new approach based on Spatial Analyst Tools of ArcGIS using raster data is proposed to identify the redundant routes. Firstly, the resistance cost surface moving from source to adjacent raster is defined. Secondly, the accumulated least-cost raster from both source and destination habitat to any other raster on the cost surface is evaluated. Two accumulated least-cost rasters are added by raster calculation module. The value of the added raster is the accumulated least-cost which passes the current raster. Thirdly, the corridor is obtained by extracting the added raster with a certain value. Corridors of six simulated landscape patterns with different spatial autocorrelation are used to assessment this procedure. The results show that the corridors obtained by the procedure not only include the optimum path, but also contains some sub-optimum paths. The corridor is redundant and fit for describing the migration behavior of animals. Lastly, the identification of the ecological corridors in West Bank Pilot Planning Area of Changsha is used as an example. The results show that eleven key habitats existed in study area. Corridors of twenty adjacent habitat pairs are analyzed. The results show that all the corridors are of certain width and some of the corridors have furcation or even bypath. However, there are some bottlenecks in some corridors, which become the key zone for the ecological restoration.
5The construction and optimization of regional landscape security pattern based on the connectivity. This paper builds the regional landscape security pattern, which regards urban region of Changsha as the research object. It extracts respectively five components of the ecological security pattern, which includes source, buffer, corridor, radiation and node, and it clears the key areas which need ecological protection in research region. At the same time, the research shows that, because of the characteristic shape of Changsha-the distance from the east to the west is longer than the south to the north, the ecological barriers from the south to the north should be jointly constructed with surrounding cities, especially, the areas of city fusion of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration in the southern, and it needs to refer to the green heart planning of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan to leave a ecological conservation belt between cites to ensure regional ecological security.
The basic ideas of the paper includes three points; firstly, this paper reviews and analyzes the regional urban development and expansion, and discusses the inner link between city expansion and regional landscape pattern evolution, and makes topic discussion on the scale problems which make an influence on study conclusion. Then, it makes researches on the extraction and recognition methods of ecological corridor, and makes tests on corridor identification method by using simulation landscape, and makes empirical research on the corridor recognition of Big Hexi pilot area. Finally, previous theories and methods are used in practice to construct the landscape security pattern system of Changsha, which provides support and advice for urban planning.
引文
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