农田排水沟渠对氮磷的去除效应及管理措施
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摘要
化肥、农药大量施用引起的农业面源污染是目前农业生产过程中关注的热点。农田排水沟渠具有线性湿地的特性，在截留净化农业面源污染物过程中发挥着重要作用。农田排水沟渠不仅能够调节农田生态系统水分和改变区域水文情势，还可通过排水沟渠内底泥/土壤吸附、植物拦截与吸收、微生物降解等作用截留净化农田排水中的污染物。本文以三江平原为例，通过野外试验和小区模拟试验，研究了氮磷在排水沟渠水体、底泥以及植物中的迁移转化特征，揭示了植草沟渠对氮磷的截留，探讨了影响排水沟渠截留能力的主要因素，构建了基于面源污染截留的三江平原生态沟渠设计方案。通过研究得出以下主要结论：
(1)充分利用农田排水沟渠蓄积农田排水，既可以提高地下水的利用率，还可以增加对地下水的补给，减少灌溉对地下水的抽取量。
(2)水田施肥、人工排水、暴雨径流、侧渗均可导致排水沟渠水质的突变。三江平原水田集中区排水沟渠水质长期处于V类水，其中铵态氮（NH_4-N）浓度为0.21-6.91mg/L，硝态氮（NO_3-N）浓度为1-4mg/L，磷酸盐磷（PO_4-P）浓度为0.04-0.45mg/L。目前三江平原水稻生产过程中的排水，尤其是生长阶段的排水中的营养物质对下游受纳水体具有潜在的影响，有必要对三江平原农田排水水质加以调控。
(3)排水沟渠截留净化面源污染物氮磷的主要途径是通过沟渠底泥和土壤吸附、植物吸收利用以及微生物代谢。在现有农田排水管理条件下，三江平原农田排水沟渠对农田退水中氮磷具有截留净化能力。
(4)对排水沟渠水流速、干湿变化、水位、污染物浓度等对排水沟渠截留能力的研究结果表明，低流速延长了水力停留时间，有利于沟壁土壤和沟底底泥对流水中NH_4-N和PO_4-P的吸附截留，有利于沟底植物幼苗的保育，同时减缓对沟壁冲刷；沟渠短期（约8天）干涸再淹水，有利于沟渠底泥对氮的去除，表明排水沟渠因降雨径流出现的干湿交替过程有利于沟渠底泥对水中氮的去除。排水沟渠高水位可减少沟渠植物生物量、降低孔隙水中营养物质浓度、加速沟壁滑塌，使排水沟渠出现水质分层，但高水位对底泥中TN、TP和Corg的影响较小。水田排水中N、P浓度较低时，排水沟渠对NH_4-N和PO_4-P的去除率在70%以上；水田排水中N、P浓度较高时，排水沟渠对污染物的去除率降低，但去除速率加快。沟渠上覆水中氮磷浓度影响底泥孔隙水中的氮磷浓度。植物在不同生长阶段截留净化排水沟渠上覆水中氮磷的能力不同，但对孔隙水中氮磷浓度的影响不大。
(5)在充分利用沟壁土壤颗粒吸附能力的前提下，为防止过高水位诱发沟壁滑塌，建议排水沟渠中水位不易高于沟渠深度的2/3；在不影响农田正常排水条件下，利用闸阀调控排水沟渠流速与水位，有利于对排水沟渠水中污染物的去除。
(6)沟渠建基质坝、植芦苇（Phragmites communis）可增加对水中NH_4-N、NO_3-N、PO_4-P的截留。与对照沟渠相比，植草沟渠对NH_4-N、NO_3-N、PO_4-P的去除率提高7%~10%。植草沟渠中构筑的基质坝可延长水力停留时间，也能吸附水中的氮磷，其中基质坝基质平均截留氮、磷0.40g/kg、0.23g/kg。沟壁、沟底植物分别可吸收氮139.3kg/hm~2、123.3kg/hm~2，可吸收磷29.4kg/hm~2、25.7kg/hm~2。植物生长期末，芦苇、稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）径叶中的营养物质会向根部转移，为了防止植株吸收的营养物质分解时再释放到沟渠系统，建议适时收割沟渠植物。
(7)沟渠底泥中总有机碳（Corg）和TN表现出明显的分层现象，0~10cm土层含量高于10~20cm土层；在整个生长季，沟渠底泥中Corg和TN含量较稳定，而底泥中TP含量有所减少，说明排水沟渠过水或积水对底泥中Corg和TN影响不大，但促进了底泥中磷的释放。因此，沟渠适时清淤能减小沟渠底泥内源磷的释放，建议的清淤频次为每3-5年一次。
(8)在现有耕作模式和农田排水管理条件下，推广应用生态沟渠，既能削减面源污染物的浓度峰值，又能增加对水田面源污染物的阻断作用，减少面源污染物的输出负荷；同时，生态沟渠作为一种生态廊道，也有利于区域生物多样性的恢复与保育。
Agricultural nonpoint source pollution caused by massive use ofchemical fertilizers and pesticides in the process of agriculturalproduction has attracted much interest and concern presently. The linearwetland characteristic of agricultural drainage ditches makes it importantin mitigation and interception of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants.Agricultural drainage ditches function as not only the moisture adjuster offarmland ecosystems, but also hydrological regime changer in the area.Meanwhile, drainage ditches intercept and purify pollutants in ditch watervia sediment and soil adsorption, plant uptake, microbial activities etc.The Sanjiang Plain was chosen as the study area. The plot experimentcombined with the field monitoring experiment were employed, theregular monitoring methods was used in this study. The migration andtransformation mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus in water,sediments and plants within natural drainage ditches in Sanjiang Plainwas studies; the mitigation capacities of planted drainage ditches andinfluencing factors were revealed; the influence of water environment byagricultural drainage was forecasted; ecological drainage ditches whichwere fit for farmland managements of Sangjiang Plain were designed.The main conclusions were shown as follows:
(1) Intercepting and accumulating drainage water in drainage ditchesis in favour of increasing the utilization rate of groundwater andgroundwater recharge, and reducing the extraction of groundwater in theSanjiang Plain.
(2) Farmland fertilization, artificial drainage, and storm runoff canlead to mutation of water quality in drainage ditches. At present, waterquality of drainage ditches in paddy fields of Sanjiang Plain belongs tocategory V of surface water during the long-term period:ammonia-nitrogen (NH_4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO_3-N) andphosphate-phosphorus (PO_4-P) concentrations are0.21-6.91mg/L,1-4mg/L, and0.04-0.45mg/L, respectively. The results show thatnutrients which drainage water carries in the process of agriculturalproduction, especially in crop growth periods, have the potential pollutionrisk for downstream receiving waters. Hence, it is necessary regulate andcontrol of farmland drainage in Sanjiang Plain.
(3) Drainage ditches for the mitigation of non-point-source nitrogenand phosphorus pollutants is mainly by ditch sediment/soil adsorption,plant uptake, and microbial metabolism. Under the existing agriculturalditch management condition, drainage ditches have ability to interceptand purify nitrogen and phosphorus in water.
(4) Low flow rate can extend the hydraulic retention time, enhancethe adsorbing NH_4-N and PO_4-P capacity of ditch sediments and soil,increase the survival rate of plant seedlings, and weaken the ditchsidewall scour as well as decreasing water and soil loss. It was useful todry ditch sediments for the short-term drying (8days) and rewetting forthe N removal, which indirectly shows that drying and wetting changescuasing by rainfall runoff is helpful to remove N from ditch water inSanjing Plain. Water level also affects the nutrient removal of drainageditches. High water level decrease the biomass of ditch plants and thenutrient concentrations in pore water, accelerate the landslide of ditchsidewall soil, and lead to the stratification of water quality, however,water level has little influence on variation of TN, TP and Corg contents of ditch sediments. Meanwhile, initial influent concentrations may affectthe N and P removal. Under low initial influent concentrations, theremoval efficiencies of NH_4-N, NO_3-N and PO_4-P were enhanced, andwere about70%, however, their removal rates were increased under highinitial influent concentrations; and N and P concentrations of overlyingwater affect the concentrations of pore water. Besides, the nitrogen andphosphorus removal capacities of drainage ditches were different atdifferent growth stages of plants, and nitrogen and phosphorusconcentrations in pore water were similar at different growth stages ofplants.
(5) For avoiding massive landslides of ditch sidewall soil andmaking full use of the adsorption capacity of ditch soil, it is suggestedthat the water level of drainage ditches is no higher than2/3of ditchdepth, and inlet flow velocity of drainage ditches is adjusted by sluicevalves without effect on normal farmland drainage. Without affectingnormal agricultural drainage, it is in favour of pollutant removal to adjustthe flow velocity and water level by sluice valves.
(6) Laying matrix dams and planting Phragmites communis canefficiently enhance the removal capacities of NH_4-N, NO_3-N and PO_4-Pin ditch water. Compared with the natural ditch, the removal efficienciesof planted ditches were increased about7-10%. Matrix dams in theplanted ditch can extend the hydraulic retention time, and the matrix ofmatrix dams can adsorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from water. Theadsorbing amounts of N and P by the matrix were30.26g and17.81grespectively in the planted ditch. The absorbing amounts of N by plants inditch sidewalls and bottom were139.3kg/hm~2and123.3kg/hm~2,respectively, and the absorbing amounts of P were29.4kg/hm~2and25.7kg/hm~2, respectively. Because nutrients of Phragmites communis and Echinochloa crusgalli can migrate from aboveground part to roots at theend of plant growth, ditch plants should be harvested at the first andmiddle decade of September for preventing N and P of the plantsreleasing into ditch systems due to plant decomposition in order toprevent plant nutrients releasing to ditch systems.
(7) There were obvious stratifications of total organic carbon (Corg)and total nitrogen (TN) contents of ditch sediments, and Corg and TNcontents in the0-10cm layer were significantly higher than that in the10-20cm layer. On the whole, Corg and TN contents did not decrease orincrease during the whole experiment, but total phosphorus (TP) contentsdecrease. The results show that running water, stagnant water, anddrying-wetting changes maybe not affect Corg and TN contents of ditchsediments, but the release of TP contents. Hence, the release ofendogenous phosphorus will be decreased by sediment dredging, and wesuggest that dredging frequency of ditches is once every3-5years.
(8) Under the current cultivation mode and farmland management,the extension of ecological ditches can subtracte the peak of pollutantconcentrations, increase the mitigation capacity of nonpoint sourcepollutants from paddy fields, and reduce the output load of non-pointsource pollutants; as an ecological channel, the ecological ditch isbeneficial to the restoration and conservation of regional biodiversity.
(1)充分利用农田排水沟渠蓄积农田排水，既可以提高地下水的利用率，还可以增加对地下水的补给，减少灌溉对地下水的抽取量。
(2)水田施肥、人工排水、暴雨径流、侧渗均可导致排水沟渠水质的突变。三江平原水田集中区排水沟渠水质长期处于V类水，其中铵态氮（NH_4-N）浓度为0.21-6.91mg/L，硝态氮（NO_3-N）浓度为1-4mg/L，磷酸盐磷（PO_4-P）浓度为0.04-0.45mg/L。目前三江平原水稻生产过程中的排水，尤其是生长阶段的排水中的营养物质对下游受纳水体具有潜在的影响，有必要对三江平原农田排水水质加以调控。
(3)排水沟渠截留净化面源污染物氮磷的主要途径是通过沟渠底泥和土壤吸附、植物吸收利用以及微生物代谢。在现有农田排水管理条件下，三江平原农田排水沟渠对农田退水中氮磷具有截留净化能力。
(4)对排水沟渠水流速、干湿变化、水位、污染物浓度等对排水沟渠截留能力的研究结果表明，低流速延长了水力停留时间，有利于沟壁土壤和沟底底泥对流水中NH_4-N和PO_4-P的吸附截留，有利于沟底植物幼苗的保育，同时减缓对沟壁冲刷；沟渠短期（约8天）干涸再淹水，有利于沟渠底泥对氮的去除，表明排水沟渠因降雨径流出现的干湿交替过程有利于沟渠底泥对水中氮的去除。排水沟渠高水位可减少沟渠植物生物量、降低孔隙水中营养物质浓度、加速沟壁滑塌，使排水沟渠出现水质分层，但高水位对底泥中TN、TP和Corg的影响较小。水田排水中N、P浓度较低时，排水沟渠对NH_4-N和PO_4-P的去除率在70%以上；水田排水中N、P浓度较高时，排水沟渠对污染物的去除率降低，但去除速率加快。沟渠上覆水中氮磷浓度影响底泥孔隙水中的氮磷浓度。植物在不同生长阶段截留净化排水沟渠上覆水中氮磷的能力不同，但对孔隙水中氮磷浓度的影响不大。
(5)在充分利用沟壁土壤颗粒吸附能力的前提下，为防止过高水位诱发沟壁滑塌，建议排水沟渠中水位不易高于沟渠深度的2/3；在不影响农田正常排水条件下，利用闸阀调控排水沟渠流速与水位，有利于对排水沟渠水中污染物的去除。
(6)沟渠建基质坝、植芦苇（Phragmites communis）可增加对水中NH_4-N、NO_3-N、PO_4-P的截留。与对照沟渠相比，植草沟渠对NH_4-N、NO_3-N、PO_4-P的去除率提高7%~10%。植草沟渠中构筑的基质坝可延长水力停留时间，也能吸附水中的氮磷，其中基质坝基质平均截留氮、磷0.40g/kg、0.23g/kg。沟壁、沟底植物分别可吸收氮139.3kg/hm~2、123.3kg/hm~2，可吸收磷29.4kg/hm~2、25.7kg/hm~2。植物生长期末，芦苇、稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）径叶中的营养物质会向根部转移，为了防止植株吸收的营养物质分解时再释放到沟渠系统，建议适时收割沟渠植物。
(7)沟渠底泥中总有机碳（Corg）和TN表现出明显的分层现象，0~10cm土层含量高于10~20cm土层；在整个生长季，沟渠底泥中Corg和TN含量较稳定，而底泥中TP含量有所减少，说明排水沟渠过水或积水对底泥中Corg和TN影响不大，但促进了底泥中磷的释放。因此，沟渠适时清淤能减小沟渠底泥内源磷的释放，建议的清淤频次为每3-5年一次。
(8)在现有耕作模式和农田排水管理条件下，推广应用生态沟渠，既能削减面源污染物的浓度峰值，又能增加对水田面源污染物的阻断作用，减少面源污染物的输出负荷；同时，生态沟渠作为一种生态廊道，也有利于区域生物多样性的恢复与保育。
Agricultural nonpoint source pollution caused by massive use ofchemical fertilizers and pesticides in the process of agriculturalproduction has attracted much interest and concern presently. The linearwetland characteristic of agricultural drainage ditches makes it importantin mitigation and interception of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants.Agricultural drainage ditches function as not only the moisture adjuster offarmland ecosystems, but also hydrological regime changer in the area.Meanwhile, drainage ditches intercept and purify pollutants in ditch watervia sediment and soil adsorption, plant uptake, microbial activities etc.The Sanjiang Plain was chosen as the study area. The plot experimentcombined with the field monitoring experiment were employed, theregular monitoring methods was used in this study. The migration andtransformation mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus in water,sediments and plants within natural drainage ditches in Sanjiang Plainwas studies; the mitigation capacities of planted drainage ditches andinfluencing factors were revealed; the influence of water environment byagricultural drainage was forecasted; ecological drainage ditches whichwere fit for farmland managements of Sangjiang Plain were designed.The main conclusions were shown as follows:
(1) Intercepting and accumulating drainage water in drainage ditchesis in favour of increasing the utilization rate of groundwater andgroundwater recharge, and reducing the extraction of groundwater in theSanjiang Plain.
(2) Farmland fertilization, artificial drainage, and storm runoff canlead to mutation of water quality in drainage ditches. At present, waterquality of drainage ditches in paddy fields of Sanjiang Plain belongs tocategory V of surface water during the long-term period:ammonia-nitrogen (NH_4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO_3-N) andphosphate-phosphorus (PO_4-P) concentrations are0.21-6.91mg/L,1-4mg/L, and0.04-0.45mg/L, respectively. The results show thatnutrients which drainage water carries in the process of agriculturalproduction, especially in crop growth periods, have the potential pollutionrisk for downstream receiving waters. Hence, it is necessary regulate andcontrol of farmland drainage in Sanjiang Plain.
(3) Drainage ditches for the mitigation of non-point-source nitrogenand phosphorus pollutants is mainly by ditch sediment/soil adsorption,plant uptake, and microbial metabolism. Under the existing agriculturalditch management condition, drainage ditches have ability to interceptand purify nitrogen and phosphorus in water.
(4) Low flow rate can extend the hydraulic retention time, enhancethe adsorbing NH_4-N and PO_4-P capacity of ditch sediments and soil,increase the survival rate of plant seedlings, and weaken the ditchsidewall scour as well as decreasing water and soil loss. It was useful todry ditch sediments for the short-term drying (8days) and rewetting forthe N removal, which indirectly shows that drying and wetting changescuasing by rainfall runoff is helpful to remove N from ditch water inSanjing Plain. Water level also affects the nutrient removal of drainageditches. High water level decrease the biomass of ditch plants and thenutrient concentrations in pore water, accelerate the landslide of ditchsidewall soil, and lead to the stratification of water quality, however,water level has little influence on variation of TN, TP and Corg contents of ditch sediments. Meanwhile, initial influent concentrations may affectthe N and P removal. Under low initial influent concentrations, theremoval efficiencies of NH_4-N, NO_3-N and PO_4-P were enhanced, andwere about70%, however, their removal rates were increased under highinitial influent concentrations; and N and P concentrations of overlyingwater affect the concentrations of pore water. Besides, the nitrogen andphosphorus removal capacities of drainage ditches were different atdifferent growth stages of plants, and nitrogen and phosphorusconcentrations in pore water were similar at different growth stages ofplants.
(5) For avoiding massive landslides of ditch sidewall soil andmaking full use of the adsorption capacity of ditch soil, it is suggestedthat the water level of drainage ditches is no higher than2/3of ditchdepth, and inlet flow velocity of drainage ditches is adjusted by sluicevalves without effect on normal farmland drainage. Without affectingnormal agricultural drainage, it is in favour of pollutant removal to adjustthe flow velocity and water level by sluice valves.
(6) Laying matrix dams and planting Phragmites communis canefficiently enhance the removal capacities of NH_4-N, NO_3-N and PO_4-Pin ditch water. Compared with the natural ditch, the removal efficienciesof planted ditches were increased about7-10%. Matrix dams in theplanted ditch can extend the hydraulic retention time, and the matrix ofmatrix dams can adsorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from water. Theadsorbing amounts of N and P by the matrix were30.26g and17.81grespectively in the planted ditch. The absorbing amounts of N by plants inditch sidewalls and bottom were139.3kg/hm~2and123.3kg/hm~2,respectively, and the absorbing amounts of P were29.4kg/hm~2and25.7kg/hm~2, respectively. Because nutrients of Phragmites communis and Echinochloa crusgalli can migrate from aboveground part to roots at theend of plant growth, ditch plants should be harvested at the first andmiddle decade of September for preventing N and P of the plantsreleasing into ditch systems due to plant decomposition in order toprevent plant nutrients releasing to ditch systems.
(7) There were obvious stratifications of total organic carbon (Corg)and total nitrogen (TN) contents of ditch sediments, and Corg and TNcontents in the0-10cm layer were significantly higher than that in the10-20cm layer. On the whole, Corg and TN contents did not decrease orincrease during the whole experiment, but total phosphorus (TP) contentsdecrease. The results show that running water, stagnant water, anddrying-wetting changes maybe not affect Corg and TN contents of ditchsediments, but the release of TP contents. Hence, the release ofendogenous phosphorus will be decreased by sediment dredging, and wesuggest that dredging frequency of ditches is once every3-5years.
(8) Under the current cultivation mode and farmland management,the extension of ecological ditches can subtracte the peak of pollutantconcentrations, increase the mitigation capacity of nonpoint sourcepollutants from paddy fields, and reduce the output load of non-pointsource pollutants; as an ecological channel, the ecological ditch isbeneficial to the restoration and conservation of regional biodiversity.
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