新型样品前处理方法在食品分析中的应用
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摘要
食品中有机物的分析测定是食品分析的一个重要分支。由于食品种类多，基质复杂，有必要采用适当的样品前处理方法对其进行净化、分离和富集。样品前处理的目的在于降低样品基质干扰、增大萃取效率、提高灵敏度。传统的样品前处理方法包括索氏提取，液-液萃取等，这些萃取方法操作都比较繁琐费时，并且在萃取过程中需要使用大量的有机溶剂，对环境造成一定的污染。为了克服这些缺点，近年来发展了许多新型的样品前处理方法，主要包括固相萃取、固相微萃取、聚合物整体柱微萃取等。其中，固相萃取由于具备操作简便、省时、高效、有机试剂消耗少等优点而被广泛应用于食品分析中。固相微萃取是基于固相萃取技术发展起来的一种样品前处理技术，因其具有萃取速度快、效率高、溶剂使用量少、易于实现自动化等优点而备受关注。对固相萃取而言，吸附剂的制备是影响萃取效率的主要因素；而对于固相微萃取，新型涂层材料的选择是萃取成功与否的关键。基于此，本文建立了一系列关于固相萃取和固相微萃取的新型分析方法，用于食品中有机物含量的检测。具体的工作内容如下：
1.镧掺杂二氧化钛/沸石吸附剂微柱在线预富集-分光光度法测定蛋清、蜂蜜及红酒中溶菌酶的含量。本文以La3+-TiO2/沸石吸附剂微柱为萃取装置，建立了溶菌酶的紫外可见分光光度法检测体系。在最佳实验条件下，该方法的检出限为0.079mg L1，日内、日间精密度分别为2.1%和2.8%。将该方法应用于检测溶菌酶的含量，得到的加标回收率均高于90%。实验结果表明，该方法具有快速、简单、灵敏等优点，适合于蛋清、蜂蜜及红酒中溶菌酶含量的测定。
2. Fe3O4@TiO2/氧化石墨烯磁性微球的制备及其用于磁性固相萃取的吸附剂，将其与微流控芯片联用，用来检测牛奶和奶粉中雌激素的含量。本文合成了一种新型的磁性吸附剂，Fe3O4@TiO2/氧化石墨烯(Fe3O4@TiO2/GO)复合物。将其载入微流控芯片的流路中，与高效液相色谱联用，考察了该磁性材料对牛奶和奶粉中雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)的吸附性能。实验优化了样品体积、样品流速、样品pH值和解析液流速等条件。该方法对三种雌激素的检出限为4.37.5ng mL1，加标回收率在70.6%94.5%范围内，日内、日间精密度分别小于2.5%和3.2%。本实验建立了奶制品中雌激素含量的快速检测方法。
3.柱芳烃功能化的磁性Fe3O4杂化材料(Fe3O4/CP[5]A)的合成，并将其用作磁性固相萃取的吸附剂，用于分离富集红酒和饮料中的7种农药(甲霜灵、烯酰吗啉、醚菌酯、氟硅唑、嘧菌环胺、嘧霉胺、氟菌唑)含量的检测。由于吸附剂所含柱芳烃的柱状及大环结构，使得Fe3O4/CP[5]A材料对目标分析物具有较强的吸附能力。实验对合成的Fe3O4/CP[5]A材料进行了一系列的表征，包括扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TGA)和磁强度分析(VSM)，结果表明，柱芳烃(CP[5]A)成功的包覆在Fe3O4的表面。本文中详细考察并优化了吸附剂用量、萃取时间、洗脱剂的选择、离子强度及溶液pH值对实验结果的影响。在最优化的条件下，该方法对所选7种农药的检出限范围为5.011.3ng mL1，日内、日间精密度分别低于7.2%和8.0%。该方法对于红酒和饮料中农药残留的检测，加标回收率为70.6106.8%。
4.离子液体-杯芳烃固相微萃取涂层的制备及其用来检测蔬菜水果中的三嗪类除草剂。本方法采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了一种新型的离子液体-杯芳烃固相微萃取纤维涂层，并与气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)联用，用来富集并检测蔬菜水果中的三嗪类除草剂的含量。本方法对四种三嗪类除草剂(莠去津、西玛津、莠灭净、氰草津)的检出限分别为3.3、4.4、8.8和13.0μg kg1，日内、日间精密度分别小于7.2%和9.9%，加标回收率为71.596.9%，结果令人满意。
Nowadays, the determination of organic components in food samples has beenthe focus on the food analysis. These components are commonly at very lowconcentration with complex matrices. Therefore, in order to improve the selectivityand sensitivity, an appropriate pretreatment method is required before the analysis oforganic components in food samples. Sample pretreatment technology has attractedconsiderable attention in analytical chemistry, especially in the analysis of traceanalytes in real samples. It has been widely applied in the areas of foodstuff, medicine,biochemistry and environment, etc. Generally, in order to achieve a sensitivedetermination of the analytes, a sample preparation step is often needed to separateand enrich the target analytes before instrumental analysis. Traditionalpreconcentration menthods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and soxhletextraction are often tedious, time-consuming, and require large amounts of organicsolvents those are potentially toxic. In order to overcome these disadvantages,extensive efforts have been made to the development of some novel samplepretreatment techniques which can save time, labor, and solvent consumption. Inrecent years, various new preconcentration methods such as solid-phase extraction(SPE), solid-phase microextraction (MSPE), and polymer monolith microextraction(PMME) are commonly used techniques for the preconcentration of the compoundsfrom various samples. The important research focus on sample preconcentration is thedevelopment of new extraction materials. The aim of the present paper is to designand synthesize new extraction materials for the determination of organic compoundsin food samples. The following four sections are included.
1. A spectrophotometric method for the detection of lysozyme has beendeveloped based on the on-line preconcentration by a La3+-TiO2-zeolite microcolumn. The obtained method has been used for the determination of lysozyme in egg white,honey, and wine samples. The intraday and interday relative standard deviations(RSDs) have been determined as2.1%and2.8%, respectively. The limit of detection(LOD) for lysozyme is0.079mg L1and the recoveries are higher than90%. Themethod combining UV detection with on-line preconcentration usingLa3+-TiO2-zeolite as the adsorbent is simple, rapid, sensitive, and can be applied to thedetermination of lysozyme in egg white, honey, and wine samples.
2. Preparation of Fe3O4@TiO2/graphene oxide (Fe3O4@TiO2/GO) magneticmicrospheres for microchip-based pretreatment of estrogens in milk and milk powdersamples. In the current work, we have reported new magnetic microspheres as theadsorbent of estrogens. They have been prepared by coating Fe3O4particles with acomposite made from TiO2and GO. The beads have been loaded into a microfluidicchip and used to adsorb estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). The estrogenshave been then eluted from the beads with methanol and submitted to highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination. The LODs for estrogensare in the range of4.37.5ng mL1, and recoveries range from70.6%to94.5%.Intra-day and inter-day RSDs are less than2.5%and3.2%, respectively. The resultsindicate that the method has been successfully applied to the determination ofestrogens in milk and milk powder samples.
3. Pillararene modified Fe3O4nanoparticles as magnetic solid-phase extraction(MSPE) adsorbent for pesticide residue analysis in beverage samples. Hybridmaterials based on magnetic Fe3O4and synthetic macrocyclic receptor,carboxylatopillar[5]arene (CP[5]A), have been successfully prepared as an MSPEadsorbent for the determination of trace pesticides in beverage samples coupled withHPLC. The obtained Fe3O4/CP[5]A adsorbents have been characterized via SEM,TEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and VSM. Effects of the amount of adsorbents, extractionand desorption times, desorption solvent, ionic strength, and sample pH have beenoptimized. Under the optimum conditions, the LODs for seven pesticides are in therange of5.011.3ng mL1. Intra-day and inter-day RSDs are less than7.2%and8.0%,and recoveries range from70.6%to106.8%. The newly obtained MSPE-HPLC method has been successfully employed to determine pesticide residues in beveragesamples.
4. Preparation and evaluation of ionic liquid-calixarene solid-phasemicroextraction (SPME) fibres for the detection of triazines in fruit and vegetablesamples. A new ionic liquid (IL)-calixarene coated SPME fibre has been prepared onthe surface of quartz fibre by the sol-gel method. The coated fibre has been coupledwith gas chromatography (GC) for the determination of triazines in fruit andvegetable samples. Under the optimum conditions, the LODs of atrazine, simazine,ametryn, and cyanazine based on three times of standard deviations of blank by sevenreplications are3.3,4.4,8.8, and13.0μg kg1, respectively. The intra-day andinter-day RSDs are less than7.2%and9.9%. The proposed method has beensuccessfully applied to the determination of the four triazines in fruit and vegetablesamples and the accuracy is assessed through recovery experiments.
1.镧掺杂二氧化钛/沸石吸附剂微柱在线预富集-分光光度法测定蛋清、蜂蜜及红酒中溶菌酶的含量。本文以La3+-TiO2/沸石吸附剂微柱为萃取装置，建立了溶菌酶的紫外可见分光光度法检测体系。在最佳实验条件下，该方法的检出限为0.079mg L1，日内、日间精密度分别为2.1%和2.8%。将该方法应用于检测溶菌酶的含量，得到的加标回收率均高于90%。实验结果表明，该方法具有快速、简单、灵敏等优点，适合于蛋清、蜂蜜及红酒中溶菌酶含量的测定。
2. Fe3O4@TiO2/氧化石墨烯磁性微球的制备及其用于磁性固相萃取的吸附剂，将其与微流控芯片联用，用来检测牛奶和奶粉中雌激素的含量。本文合成了一种新型的磁性吸附剂，Fe3O4@TiO2/氧化石墨烯(Fe3O4@TiO2/GO)复合物。将其载入微流控芯片的流路中，与高效液相色谱联用，考察了该磁性材料对牛奶和奶粉中雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)的吸附性能。实验优化了样品体积、样品流速、样品pH值和解析液流速等条件。该方法对三种雌激素的检出限为4.37.5ng mL1，加标回收率在70.6%94.5%范围内，日内、日间精密度分别小于2.5%和3.2%。本实验建立了奶制品中雌激素含量的快速检测方法。
3.柱芳烃功能化的磁性Fe3O4杂化材料(Fe3O4/CP[5]A)的合成，并将其用作磁性固相萃取的吸附剂，用于分离富集红酒和饮料中的7种农药(甲霜灵、烯酰吗啉、醚菌酯、氟硅唑、嘧菌环胺、嘧霉胺、氟菌唑)含量的检测。由于吸附剂所含柱芳烃的柱状及大环结构，使得Fe3O4/CP[5]A材料对目标分析物具有较强的吸附能力。实验对合成的Fe3O4/CP[5]A材料进行了一系列的表征，包括扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TGA)和磁强度分析(VSM)，结果表明，柱芳烃(CP[5]A)成功的包覆在Fe3O4的表面。本文中详细考察并优化了吸附剂用量、萃取时间、洗脱剂的选择、离子强度及溶液pH值对实验结果的影响。在最优化的条件下，该方法对所选7种农药的检出限范围为5.011.3ng mL1，日内、日间精密度分别低于7.2%和8.0%。该方法对于红酒和饮料中农药残留的检测，加标回收率为70.6106.8%。
4.离子液体-杯芳烃固相微萃取涂层的制备及其用来检测蔬菜水果中的三嗪类除草剂。本方法采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了一种新型的离子液体-杯芳烃固相微萃取纤维涂层，并与气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)联用，用来富集并检测蔬菜水果中的三嗪类除草剂的含量。本方法对四种三嗪类除草剂(莠去津、西玛津、莠灭净、氰草津)的检出限分别为3.3、4.4、8.8和13.0μg kg1，日内、日间精密度分别小于7.2%和9.9%，加标回收率为71.596.9%，结果令人满意。
Nowadays, the determination of organic components in food samples has beenthe focus on the food analysis. These components are commonly at very lowconcentration with complex matrices. Therefore, in order to improve the selectivityand sensitivity, an appropriate pretreatment method is required before the analysis oforganic components in food samples. Sample pretreatment technology has attractedconsiderable attention in analytical chemistry, especially in the analysis of traceanalytes in real samples. It has been widely applied in the areas of foodstuff, medicine,biochemistry and environment, etc. Generally, in order to achieve a sensitivedetermination of the analytes, a sample preparation step is often needed to separateand enrich the target analytes before instrumental analysis. Traditionalpreconcentration menthods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and soxhletextraction are often tedious, time-consuming, and require large amounts of organicsolvents those are potentially toxic. In order to overcome these disadvantages,extensive efforts have been made to the development of some novel samplepretreatment techniques which can save time, labor, and solvent consumption. Inrecent years, various new preconcentration methods such as solid-phase extraction(SPE), solid-phase microextraction (MSPE), and polymer monolith microextraction(PMME) are commonly used techniques for the preconcentration of the compoundsfrom various samples. The important research focus on sample preconcentration is thedevelopment of new extraction materials. The aim of the present paper is to designand synthesize new extraction materials for the determination of organic compoundsin food samples. The following four sections are included.
1. A spectrophotometric method for the detection of lysozyme has beendeveloped based on the on-line preconcentration by a La3+-TiO2-zeolite microcolumn. The obtained method has been used for the determination of lysozyme in egg white,honey, and wine samples. The intraday and interday relative standard deviations(RSDs) have been determined as2.1%and2.8%, respectively. The limit of detection(LOD) for lysozyme is0.079mg L1and the recoveries are higher than90%. Themethod combining UV detection with on-line preconcentration usingLa3+-TiO2-zeolite as the adsorbent is simple, rapid, sensitive, and can be applied to thedetermination of lysozyme in egg white, honey, and wine samples.
2. Preparation of Fe3O4@TiO2/graphene oxide (Fe3O4@TiO2/GO) magneticmicrospheres for microchip-based pretreatment of estrogens in milk and milk powdersamples. In the current work, we have reported new magnetic microspheres as theadsorbent of estrogens. They have been prepared by coating Fe3O4particles with acomposite made from TiO2and GO. The beads have been loaded into a microfluidicchip and used to adsorb estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). The estrogenshave been then eluted from the beads with methanol and submitted to highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination. The LODs for estrogensare in the range of4.37.5ng mL1, and recoveries range from70.6%to94.5%.Intra-day and inter-day RSDs are less than2.5%and3.2%, respectively. The resultsindicate that the method has been successfully applied to the determination ofestrogens in milk and milk powder samples.
3. Pillararene modified Fe3O4nanoparticles as magnetic solid-phase extraction(MSPE) adsorbent for pesticide residue analysis in beverage samples. Hybridmaterials based on magnetic Fe3O4and synthetic macrocyclic receptor,carboxylatopillar[5]arene (CP[5]A), have been successfully prepared as an MSPEadsorbent for the determination of trace pesticides in beverage samples coupled withHPLC. The obtained Fe3O4/CP[5]A adsorbents have been characterized via SEM,TEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and VSM. Effects of the amount of adsorbents, extractionand desorption times, desorption solvent, ionic strength, and sample pH have beenoptimized. Under the optimum conditions, the LODs for seven pesticides are in therange of5.011.3ng mL1. Intra-day and inter-day RSDs are less than7.2%and8.0%,and recoveries range from70.6%to106.8%. The newly obtained MSPE-HPLC method has been successfully employed to determine pesticide residues in beveragesamples.
4. Preparation and evaluation of ionic liquid-calixarene solid-phasemicroextraction (SPME) fibres for the detection of triazines in fruit and vegetablesamples. A new ionic liquid (IL)-calixarene coated SPME fibre has been prepared onthe surface of quartz fibre by the sol-gel method. The coated fibre has been coupledwith gas chromatography (GC) for the determination of triazines in fruit andvegetable samples. Under the optimum conditions, the LODs of atrazine, simazine,ametryn, and cyanazine based on three times of standard deviations of blank by sevenreplications are3.3,4.4,8.8, and13.0μg kg1, respectively. The intra-day andinter-day RSDs are less than7.2%and9.9%. The proposed method has beensuccessfully applied to the determination of the four triazines in fruit and vegetablesamples and the accuracy is assessed through recovery experiments.
引文
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