微波辐射联用活性炭强化有毒物质去除及再生活性炭研究
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摘要
水体中有毒有害物的污染是世界各国关注的热点和治理难点。本文在较全面综述了国内外相关领域研究成果基础上,对微波辐射联用活性炭强化水中典型有毒有害污染物苯酚、苯胺和六价铬的去除以及利用微波再生和改性活性炭进行了深入研究,探讨了其影响因素和作用机理。
通过单因素实验和正交实验发现,直接微波辐射联用活性炭工艺可在极短时间内显著提高苯酚去除效率,其苯酚去除效果随微波辐射时间的延长、微波功率的增加、活性炭投加量的增多而逐渐提高,且当溶液PH<8.2时苯酚去除效果最好。在100m1苯酚浓度约为1000mg/1的水样中加入5～10g活性炭,在300W-700W微波功率下辐射5min～30min,其苯酚去除率比相同作用时间下传统活性炭吸附效果提高了16.6%～29.5%。
通过对微波辐射前后苯酚水样中的苯酚浓度与CODcr浓度之间的定量关系、以及水样的紫外一可见分光全扫描和色谱—质谱定性分析,确定微波辐射联用活性炭工艺强化苯酚去除的主要作用机理是微波热作用导致的加速吸附,没有发生苯酚的催化氧化分解和矿化作用。通过SEM扫描和BET表面分析发现,微波辐射使活性炭表面变得粗糙,并出现了明显的裂纹,平均孔径减小,比表面积及总孔隙体积增大,是苯酚去除效率提高的另一原因。
通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了载氮气和无载气条件下,影响微波再生活性炭效果的主要因素依次是微波再生时间、微波功率和活性炭用量,而氮气量和活性炭含水率影响不大,饱和湿活性炭直接微波再生的效果优于常规热烘干后微波再生的效果,是本文推荐的活性炭再生方法。
通过分析比较微波辐射联用活性炭工艺和两种微波再生活性炭方法的微波能耗与苯酚去除率或活性炭再生率及微波效能指标EZ值的关系表明,随着微波能耗增大,苯酚去除率或活性炭再生率升高,Ez值则呈逐渐减小趋势,但在相同微波能耗下,微波功率越高,苯酚去除率或活性炭再生率及EZ值越高。由此确定载氮气—微波再生活性炭的较佳工况为：10g废活性炭在500W微波功率下再生15min,通氮气量251/h,此时活性炭再生率为102.8%,Ez值为0.24mg/(g.kJ),再生能耗为45kJ/gGAC。无载气—微波再生活性炭的较佳工况为：活性炭再生量10g,微波功率700W、再生时间5min,此时活性炭再生率为73.9%,Ez值为0.31mg/(g.kJ),再生能耗为21kJ/gGAC。在相同条件下,载氮气时活性炭再生率及微波效能指标均高于无载气时的情形,是活性炭再生的较好方法；而微波再生法去除水中苯酚的的微波效能指标整体上高于直接微波辐射联用活性炭方法,说明采用微波再生法去除有机污染物比直接微波辐射联用活性炭方法更加经济有效。
研究还表明,微波法多次再生活性炭后仍能获得较好的再生效果。载氮气时,10g活性炭在700W微波功率,1001/h氮气流量下再生30min,经7次重复再生后,再生率可稳定在90%以上,无载气时,10g活性炭在500W微波功率下再生35min,经5次重复再生后,再生率可稳定在70%左右。
实验确定了硝酸—微波改性活性炭GACH-M制备条件为：原炭5g、硝酸浓度0.78mol/l、微波功率600W、辐射时间5min、氮气流量50L/h. GACH-M吸附去除苯胺的适宜PH值为5-12,苯胺去除效率可达90%左右,比原炭提高约14.1%；Cr(VI)去除效率可达94.3%,比原炭提高约44%。载氮气和无载气—微波改性炭的制备条件为：9g原炭在600W微波功率下辐射7min,载氮气时氮气流量501/h,两种改性炭吸附去除苯胺等有机物的效果均比原炭提高约20%,但Cr(Ⅵ)去除率不高。
微波再生载苯酚活性炭机理为：再生初期,苯酚随反应体系升温从活性炭上解吸或蒸馏出来,随后苯酚在微波高温下发生复杂的裂解、缩合反应,绝大部分被裂解为C、CO、H2或低沸点物质,少部分被裂解其它有机物。微波再生功率越高,有机吸附质的高温裂解反应越彻底,尾气中有机质种类越少；微波功率较低时,尾气中含有多种裂解产物；载氮气降低了反应体系温度,苯酚未被彻底分解,尾气中含有多种有机物。
微波加热和还原性氮气使活性炭表面酸性含氧基团分解而减少,碱性基团增加,零点电荷增加,非极性和疏水性增强,是强化弱极性、疏水性有机物去除的活性炭改性方法,但不利于极性金属离子的吸附。硝酸—微波改性炭的表面碱性基团和酸性基团均低于原炭,零点电荷增加,表面化学特性既有利于疏水性物质的去除、也有利于极性阳离子的去除。是较好的活性炭改性方法。
The pollution of toxic and hazardous compounds in water is the focus and difficult point in treatment all over the world. Based on the comprehesive summary of the national and international researching results in related fields, this paper made a thorough study about the way of strengthening the removal of typical toxic pollutants in water such as phenol,aniline and hexavalent chromium,and regenerating or modifying activated carbon by the process of microwave irradiation combined with activated carbon.The paper also made a deep discussion about the influencing factors and the functional mechanism of the above ways.
Single factor and orthogonal tests showed that the process of microwave irradiation directly combined with activated carbon can significantly improve the phenol removal efficiency in a very short period of time。The phenol removal efficiency raised with the increasing in microwave irradiation time, microwave power and the amount of activated carbon, and it turned to its best when the PH in the solution isn't greater than8.2. Compared with the traditional adsorption of activated carbon at the same action time, the phenol removal efficiency improved by16.6%～29.5%when5～10g of activated carbon was added into100ml water sample with the concentration of1000mg phenol/L at300W～700W microwave irradiation for5min～30min.
It had been studied about the quantitative relations between the concentration of phenol and CODcr,and the qualitative analysis of phenol wastewater samples irradiated by microwave or not using full scan of ultraviolet spectrootometer and chromatogray-mass spectrometer. The results showed that the main functional mechanism of strengthening removal of enol in the process of activated carbon-microwave irradiation is accelerating adsorption because of the heating caused by microwave,and that there is not any catalytic oxidation and mineralization for phenol in this treatment. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) and the BET surface area for activated carbon had been analyzed; and the results showed that microwave irradiation let the surface of activated carbon rough and formed a clear crack, the average pore size decreased, the surface area and total pore volume increased, which was another reason of improving removal efficiency of phenol.
Single factor and orthogonal tests under N2atmosere or not had been investigated.The results showed that the main factors affecting the regenerate effect of activated carbon irradiated by microwave were first the time of microwave regeneration,then microwave power,and last the amount of activated carbon.The flow of nitrogen and the moisture rate of activated carbon had little impact on the regenerate effect. Compared the effect of microwave regeneration of saturated wet activated carbon directly with that of wet activated carbon being dried by the conventional heatibg before microwave regeneration,the former is much better,and it is the recommended method for regeneration of activated carbon in this paper.
It had been done that comparing the correlativity among the microwave energy consumption rate,the removal rate of phenol,the regeneration rate of activated carbon and the value of the microwave efficiency indicator Ez in the processes of microwave irradiation combined with activated carbon or two microwave regeneration activated carbon methods. The results showed that the higher the microwave energy consumption rate,the higher the removal rate of phenol or the regeneration rate of activated carbon,but the value of Ez decreasing gredually.However, at the same microwave energy consumption rate,the higher the microwave power,the higher the removal rate of phenol,the regeneration rate of activated carbon and the value of the microwave efficiency indicator Ez.So it could be determined that, the better conditions of microwave regeneration of activated carbon under nitrogen atmosere were that:10g activated carbon was irradiated by microwave at700W with the nitrogen flow of251/h for15min, and its regeneration rate would reach102.8%, the value of Ez,0.24mg/(g.kJ), and the regeneration energy consumption,45kJ/gGAC.The better conditions of microwave regeneration of activated carbon without any gas was that:10g activated carbon was irradiated by microwave at700W for5min, and the regeneration rate would reach73.9%, the value of Ez,0.31mg/(g.kJ), and the regeneration energy consumption,21kJ/gGAC. However, the regeneration rate of activated carbon and the value of microwave efficiency indicator of the former were both higher than the latter under the same condition,so the former is the better method for regeneration of activated carbon. On the other hand,the value of microwave efficiency indicator in the process of microwave regeneration activated carbon is higher than that of microwave irradiation combined with activated carbon on the whole,so it was proved that the former process was a more economical and effective way than the latter.
The study also showed that a good regeneration effect could still be gotten after the activated carbon was regenerated repeatly for multiple times.Under the nitrogen flow of1001/h,the regeneration rate could stay stable at above90%when lOg activated carbon were irradiated by microwave at700W for30min after7times of repeated regenerations, and without any gas,the regeneration rate could also stay stable at70%or so when lOg activated carbon were irradiated by microwave at500W for35min after5times repeated regenerations.
Conditions for the preparation of nitric acid-microwave modified activated carbon GACH-M are:5g of original carbon,0.78mol/1of nitric acid concentration,600W of microwave power, microwave irradiation for5min, and501/h of nitrogen flow. The removal efficiency of aniline for GACH-M adsorption was about90%under the condition of appropriate PH of5-12, which was14.1%higher than that of original carbon; and the Cr (VI) removal efficiency could reach to94.3%, which was44%higher than that of original carbon.Conditions for the preparation of microwave modified activated carbon under nitrogen atmosere or no carrier gas are:9g of original carbon,600W of microwave power, microwave irradiation for7min, and501/h of nitrogen flow if nitrogen gas is needed.The removal effects of organisms such as aniline for the above two kinds of microwave modified activated carbon were both increased by about20%compared with original carbon, but the removal rate of Cr (VI) was not high.
The mechanism of microwave regeneration activated carbon loaded by phenol is that:first,phenol was warmed up to be desorbed or distilled from the activated carbon with the increasing temperature of the reaction system, then,it would start complex pyrolysis and condensation reactions under the conditions of high temperature in the microwave oven.A large part of phenol was decomposed to low boiling point substances such as C,CO, H2,etc., and a small part of it was split into other organisms. The higher the microwave regenerative power,the more thoroughly the high-temperatured pyrolysis reaction for organic adsorbate,and the fewer kinds of the organic matter in eshausted gas. When irradiated by low microwave power, there were various of pyrolysis products in the eshausted gas.But under nitrogen atmosere,the temperature of reaction system would reduce,and phenol was not completely decomposed, so there were a variety of organic compounds in the eshausted gas.
Heated by microwave or passing through by reducing nitrogen,the acidity oxygen-containing groups on the surface of activated carbon decreased because of decomposition, the basic groups,zero charge,non-polarity and hydroilicity increased, which is a good way of modifying activated carbon to strengthen the removal of weak polar and hydroobic organisms.However, it doesn't benefit for the modified activated carbon to adsorb polar metal ions. The basic groups and acidic groups on the surface of nitric acid-microwave modified activated carbon were both lower than that of original carbon,and the zero charge increased.The surface chemical properties of modified activated carbon is advantageous to the removal of both hydroobic substances and polar cations,which is the better method for activated carbon to be modified.
通过单因素实验和正交实验发现,直接微波辐射联用活性炭工艺可在极短时间内显著提高苯酚去除效率,其苯酚去除效果随微波辐射时间的延长、微波功率的增加、活性炭投加量的增多而逐渐提高,且当溶液PH<8.2时苯酚去除效果最好。在100m1苯酚浓度约为1000mg/1的水样中加入5～10g活性炭,在300W-700W微波功率下辐射5min～30min,其苯酚去除率比相同作用时间下传统活性炭吸附效果提高了16.6%～29.5%。
通过对微波辐射前后苯酚水样中的苯酚浓度与CODcr浓度之间的定量关系、以及水样的紫外一可见分光全扫描和色谱—质谱定性分析,确定微波辐射联用活性炭工艺强化苯酚去除的主要作用机理是微波热作用导致的加速吸附,没有发生苯酚的催化氧化分解和矿化作用。通过SEM扫描和BET表面分析发现,微波辐射使活性炭表面变得粗糙,并出现了明显的裂纹,平均孔径减小,比表面积及总孔隙体积增大,是苯酚去除效率提高的另一原因。
通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了载氮气和无载气条件下,影响微波再生活性炭效果的主要因素依次是微波再生时间、微波功率和活性炭用量,而氮气量和活性炭含水率影响不大,饱和湿活性炭直接微波再生的效果优于常规热烘干后微波再生的效果,是本文推荐的活性炭再生方法。
通过分析比较微波辐射联用活性炭工艺和两种微波再生活性炭方法的微波能耗与苯酚去除率或活性炭再生率及微波效能指标EZ值的关系表明,随着微波能耗增大,苯酚去除率或活性炭再生率升高,Ez值则呈逐渐减小趋势,但在相同微波能耗下,微波功率越高,苯酚去除率或活性炭再生率及EZ值越高。由此确定载氮气—微波再生活性炭的较佳工况为：10g废活性炭在500W微波功率下再生15min,通氮气量251/h,此时活性炭再生率为102.8%,Ez值为0.24mg/(g.kJ),再生能耗为45kJ/gGAC。无载气—微波再生活性炭的较佳工况为：活性炭再生量10g,微波功率700W、再生时间5min,此时活性炭再生率为73.9%,Ez值为0.31mg/(g.kJ),再生能耗为21kJ/gGAC。在相同条件下,载氮气时活性炭再生率及微波效能指标均高于无载气时的情形,是活性炭再生的较好方法；而微波再生法去除水中苯酚的的微波效能指标整体上高于直接微波辐射联用活性炭方法,说明采用微波再生法去除有机污染物比直接微波辐射联用活性炭方法更加经济有效。
研究还表明,微波法多次再生活性炭后仍能获得较好的再生效果。载氮气时,10g活性炭在700W微波功率,1001/h氮气流量下再生30min,经7次重复再生后,再生率可稳定在90%以上,无载气时,10g活性炭在500W微波功率下再生35min,经5次重复再生后,再生率可稳定在70%左右。
实验确定了硝酸—微波改性活性炭GACH-M制备条件为：原炭5g、硝酸浓度0.78mol/l、微波功率600W、辐射时间5min、氮气流量50L/h. GACH-M吸附去除苯胺的适宜PH值为5-12,苯胺去除效率可达90%左右,比原炭提高约14.1%；Cr(VI)去除效率可达94.3%,比原炭提高约44%。载氮气和无载气—微波改性炭的制备条件为：9g原炭在600W微波功率下辐射7min,载氮气时氮气流量501/h,两种改性炭吸附去除苯胺等有机物的效果均比原炭提高约20%,但Cr(Ⅵ)去除率不高。
微波再生载苯酚活性炭机理为：再生初期,苯酚随反应体系升温从活性炭上解吸或蒸馏出来,随后苯酚在微波高温下发生复杂的裂解、缩合反应,绝大部分被裂解为C、CO、H2或低沸点物质,少部分被裂解其它有机物。微波再生功率越高,有机吸附质的高温裂解反应越彻底,尾气中有机质种类越少；微波功率较低时,尾气中含有多种裂解产物；载氮气降低了反应体系温度,苯酚未被彻底分解,尾气中含有多种有机物。
微波加热和还原性氮气使活性炭表面酸性含氧基团分解而减少,碱性基团增加,零点电荷增加,非极性和疏水性增强,是强化弱极性、疏水性有机物去除的活性炭改性方法,但不利于极性金属离子的吸附。硝酸—微波改性炭的表面碱性基团和酸性基团均低于原炭,零点电荷增加,表面化学特性既有利于疏水性物质的去除、也有利于极性阳离子的去除。是较好的活性炭改性方法。
The pollution of toxic and hazardous compounds in water is the focus and difficult point in treatment all over the world. Based on the comprehesive summary of the national and international researching results in related fields, this paper made a thorough study about the way of strengthening the removal of typical toxic pollutants in water such as phenol,aniline and hexavalent chromium,and regenerating or modifying activated carbon by the process of microwave irradiation combined with activated carbon.The paper also made a deep discussion about the influencing factors and the functional mechanism of the above ways.
Single factor and orthogonal tests showed that the process of microwave irradiation directly combined with activated carbon can significantly improve the phenol removal efficiency in a very short period of time。The phenol removal efficiency raised with the increasing in microwave irradiation time, microwave power and the amount of activated carbon, and it turned to its best when the PH in the solution isn't greater than8.2. Compared with the traditional adsorption of activated carbon at the same action time, the phenol removal efficiency improved by16.6%～29.5%when5～10g of activated carbon was added into100ml water sample with the concentration of1000mg phenol/L at300W～700W microwave irradiation for5min～30min.
It had been studied about the quantitative relations between the concentration of phenol and CODcr,and the qualitative analysis of phenol wastewater samples irradiated by microwave or not using full scan of ultraviolet spectrootometer and chromatogray-mass spectrometer. The results showed that the main functional mechanism of strengthening removal of enol in the process of activated carbon-microwave irradiation is accelerating adsorption because of the heating caused by microwave,and that there is not any catalytic oxidation and mineralization for phenol in this treatment. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) and the BET surface area for activated carbon had been analyzed; and the results showed that microwave irradiation let the surface of activated carbon rough and formed a clear crack, the average pore size decreased, the surface area and total pore volume increased, which was another reason of improving removal efficiency of phenol.
Single factor and orthogonal tests under N2atmosere or not had been investigated.The results showed that the main factors affecting the regenerate effect of activated carbon irradiated by microwave were first the time of microwave regeneration,then microwave power,and last the amount of activated carbon.The flow of nitrogen and the moisture rate of activated carbon had little impact on the regenerate effect. Compared the effect of microwave regeneration of saturated wet activated carbon directly with that of wet activated carbon being dried by the conventional heatibg before microwave regeneration,the former is much better,and it is the recommended method for regeneration of activated carbon in this paper.
It had been done that comparing the correlativity among the microwave energy consumption rate,the removal rate of phenol,the regeneration rate of activated carbon and the value of the microwave efficiency indicator Ez in the processes of microwave irradiation combined with activated carbon or two microwave regeneration activated carbon methods. The results showed that the higher the microwave energy consumption rate,the higher the removal rate of phenol or the regeneration rate of activated carbon,but the value of Ez decreasing gredually.However, at the same microwave energy consumption rate,the higher the microwave power,the higher the removal rate of phenol,the regeneration rate of activated carbon and the value of the microwave efficiency indicator Ez.So it could be determined that, the better conditions of microwave regeneration of activated carbon under nitrogen atmosere were that:10g activated carbon was irradiated by microwave at700W with the nitrogen flow of251/h for15min, and its regeneration rate would reach102.8%, the value of Ez,0.24mg/(g.kJ), and the regeneration energy consumption,45kJ/gGAC.The better conditions of microwave regeneration of activated carbon without any gas was that:10g activated carbon was irradiated by microwave at700W for5min, and the regeneration rate would reach73.9%, the value of Ez,0.31mg/(g.kJ), and the regeneration energy consumption,21kJ/gGAC. However, the regeneration rate of activated carbon and the value of microwave efficiency indicator of the former were both higher than the latter under the same condition,so the former is the better method for regeneration of activated carbon. On the other hand,the value of microwave efficiency indicator in the process of microwave regeneration activated carbon is higher than that of microwave irradiation combined with activated carbon on the whole,so it was proved that the former process was a more economical and effective way than the latter.
The study also showed that a good regeneration effect could still be gotten after the activated carbon was regenerated repeatly for multiple times.Under the nitrogen flow of1001/h,the regeneration rate could stay stable at above90%when lOg activated carbon were irradiated by microwave at700W for30min after7times of repeated regenerations, and without any gas,the regeneration rate could also stay stable at70%or so when lOg activated carbon were irradiated by microwave at500W for35min after5times repeated regenerations.
Conditions for the preparation of nitric acid-microwave modified activated carbon GACH-M are:5g of original carbon,0.78mol/1of nitric acid concentration,600W of microwave power, microwave irradiation for5min, and501/h of nitrogen flow. The removal efficiency of aniline for GACH-M adsorption was about90%under the condition of appropriate PH of5-12, which was14.1%higher than that of original carbon; and the Cr (VI) removal efficiency could reach to94.3%, which was44%higher than that of original carbon.Conditions for the preparation of microwave modified activated carbon under nitrogen atmosere or no carrier gas are:9g of original carbon,600W of microwave power, microwave irradiation for7min, and501/h of nitrogen flow if nitrogen gas is needed.The removal effects of organisms such as aniline for the above two kinds of microwave modified activated carbon were both increased by about20%compared with original carbon, but the removal rate of Cr (VI) was not high.
The mechanism of microwave regeneration activated carbon loaded by phenol is that:first,phenol was warmed up to be desorbed or distilled from the activated carbon with the increasing temperature of the reaction system, then,it would start complex pyrolysis and condensation reactions under the conditions of high temperature in the microwave oven.A large part of phenol was decomposed to low boiling point substances such as C,CO, H2,etc., and a small part of it was split into other organisms. The higher the microwave regenerative power,the more thoroughly the high-temperatured pyrolysis reaction for organic adsorbate,and the fewer kinds of the organic matter in eshausted gas. When irradiated by low microwave power, there were various of pyrolysis products in the eshausted gas.But under nitrogen atmosere,the temperature of reaction system would reduce,and phenol was not completely decomposed, so there were a variety of organic compounds in the eshausted gas.
Heated by microwave or passing through by reducing nitrogen,the acidity oxygen-containing groups on the surface of activated carbon decreased because of decomposition, the basic groups,zero charge,non-polarity and hydroilicity increased, which is a good way of modifying activated carbon to strengthen the removal of weak polar and hydroobic organisms.However, it doesn't benefit for the modified activated carbon to adsorb polar metal ions. The basic groups and acidic groups on the surface of nitric acid-microwave modified activated carbon were both lower than that of original carbon,and the zero charge increased.The surface chemical properties of modified activated carbon is advantageous to the removal of both hydroobic substances and polar cations,which is the better method for activated carbon to be modified.
引文
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