湍流场中柔性结构的气动分析
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摘要
随着大跨度新桥型在桥梁工程领域的不断应用,桥梁抗风问题成为设计时需要重点考虑的因素。激发结构风振的气动力包括自激气动力和强迫气动力以及由此引发的桥梁颤振和抖振是桥梁风振研究的重点。桥梁结构大多具有钝体截面,而钝体桥梁断面附近的流场又比较复杂,很难找到一种合适的气动力解析表达式,所以直接的风洞试验成为现代桥梁风振研究最有效的方法。然而,风洞试验室很难完整地表现实际桥梁附近的流场情况,并且人们通过数据的对比发现：对于同样的模型,同样的试验条件,有些时候桥梁气动参数测试的结果不尽相同,因此单纯依靠试验方法进行桥梁风振研究存在一定的局限性。
计算机运算能力的发展使得计算流体动力学方法(CFD)在桥梁风振研究领域得到一定的应用。但是CFD方法对于桥梁风效应的气动弹性问题研究存在一定的难点,例如桥梁周围的流动通常是高雷诺数非定常分离流动,桥梁和周围空气的气固耦合效应不可忽略。同时由于计算能力和计算方法的限制,目前大部分桥梁风振问题的CFD研究还仅限于二维范畴,并且对湍流问题的认识和描述还远未完善。
有鉴于此,本博士学位论文在CFD理论框架下将分块迭代耦合方法,任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法等流体力学领域的计算方法引入到大跨桥梁风致振动的研究之中,并且选用了高雷诺数,引入了湍流模型,采用了多重网格算法,进行湍流场中大跨桥梁的三维气固耦合分析。分析过程立足于不同结构的气动参数计算和其周围流场特点的分析,从二维模型发展至三维模型,从流线型结构过渡至钝体结构,建立了可以进行高雷诺数下湍流场中各种不同结构的气固耦合效应分析的有效的三维CFD方法。全文的主要研究内容如下：
1.基于分块迭代耦合方法和任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法的CFD方法
基于分块迭代耦合算法、任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法提出一种新型的CFD方法,从流固耦合分析的角度研究结构的气弹性问题。流场分析和结构分析通过任意拉格朗日-欧拉流动坐标方法加以耦合。分析过程将采用大连理工大学自主研发的软件包DDJ-W结合商用软件CFX求解器共同进行。
2.建立可用于复杂湍流特征分析的高性能并行计算软硬件体系
提出了一种可被广泛应用于复杂湍流特征分析的低成本高性能并行计算体系。引入了并行计算性能优越的Centos开源操作系统和企鹅龙并行架构,基于PVM并行算法,采用桌面计算机硬件,建立了灵活、高效的高性能并行计算集群,为湍流场中大跨桥梁的三维气固耦合分析提供了必要的硬件基础。
3.流线型结构气动特性的二维CFD数值分析
选取翼型NACA0012结构作为流线型结构的代表验证本文CFD方法在二维范畴内的准确性。利用新型网格算法建立了NACA0012翼型的流场-结构网格模型并选定K-ωSST为湍流模型。首先,计算了初始固定不动、弦方向与来流方向平行的翼型结构的气动力系数与颤振导数,并分别与试验值或者理论值进行比较,以及通过计算机图形化方法对其流场特点进行分析。随后,通过改变初始条件,包括选取不同的初始攻角、不同的强迫振动振幅、不同的初始Re数,分别进行了翼型的气动参数计算以及气动特性分析。
4.利用三维CFD方法进行湍流场中大跨度桥梁的气固耦合分析
利用基于分块迭代耦合的三维CFD方法结合国际上最新的DES湍流模型进行湍流场中大跨度桥梁的气固耦合分析,计算了典型断面和特殊断面两类五种大跨桥梁的气动力系数和颤振导数,并且通过计算机图形化的方法分析各种不同桥梁断面的气动特性。将得到的气动参数的计算结果与目前国际上比较著名的离散涡方法(Discrete Vortex Method, DVM)以及风洞试验值进行对比以说明本文三维CFD方法的有效性。
5.结合风洞试验的倒U形梁的三维气动特性分析
设计并完成了一种气动稳定性非常差的钝体结构——倒U形梁的风洞试验,测量了其气动参数。然后利用二维和三维的CFD方法分别进行了其气动特性的数值模拟,并将计算值与试验值进行对比,验证本文三维CFD方法对于气动稳定性较差结构数值分析的有效性,从方法学角度完成湍流场中各种不同类型结构的气固耦合分析。
6.利用CFD方法结合虚拟激励法进行不同类型柔性结构的风振响应分析
利用CFD方法结合随机振动高效算法-虚拟激励法进行结构的风振响应计算。选取NACA0012机翼和青马大桥主梁断面作为研究对象。计算中用CFD方法取代理论方法或风洞试验方法获取结构的气动参数,并且采用虚拟激励法将结构随机响应的功率谱密度函数的计算转化为确定性外载作用下的动力响应分析,显著提高了计算准确度和计算速度。
Wind-resistant analysis of bridges has now become an important problem because of the rapid developments and increasing applications of long-span bridges. The wind-induced aerodynamic forces on structures including self-excited aerodynamic forces and forced aerodynamic forces, the resulting flutter and buffet are some focal points to be investigated. The cross sections of long-span bridges are usually classified to blunt bodies, around which the flow distributions are very complicated. As analytical expressions of aerodynamic forces are not available, therefore the wind tunnel test is the most effective way to investigate wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges. Unfortunately, since the actual flow distribution conditions around the bridges can hardly be expressed comprehensively in a wind-tunnel laboratory, and it has been found by comparisons that the wind tunnel test results are quite divergent even for identical models and testing conditions. Clearly, it is not sufficient to investigate wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges only by means of wind tunnel tests.
Due to the development of computers, much computational work with computational fluid dynamic method (CFD) has been undertaken in the investigations of wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges. But the research of aeroelastic problems of wind effect on bridges with CFD has its own difficulties, such as the flows around bridges are unsteady separated flows with high Reynolds numbers and the wind-structure interaction effects between winds and bridges cannot be neglected. Also due to the limitation of computational ability and methods, most investigations on wind-induced bridge vibration are two dimensional, and the knowledge about the turbulent flow is still quite limited.
In view of this, this doctoral dissertation uses the CFD method combined with the block-iterative coupling method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian mesh control method to investigate the wind-induced vibrations on long-span bridges. In order to analyse the wind-structure interaction problems of long-span bridges in turbulence flow, high Reynolds numbers are chosen, turbulence models are introduced and multi-grid method is adopted. The analysis processes are based on the computations of aerodynamic parameter values and the investigations of the flow characteristics around different structures, from two dimensional models to three dimensional models, and from streamlined bodies to blunt bodies. An effective CFD method to study wind-structure interaction effects on different structures in turbulent flows is established. The main research contents of the full paper are as follows:
1. CFD method based on the block-iterative coupling method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method
To study aeroelastic problems according to fluid-structure interaction analysis, a novel CFD method based on the block-iterative coupling method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method is proposed. The flow analysis and structure analysis are coupled through arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian current coordinate method. The analysis process uses self-developed program system DDJ-W and a solver of the commercially available CFD code ANSYS-CFX.
2. Construction of high performance parallel computing software and hardware systems to analyse complicated turbulent flow characteristics.
A high performance computing system with low cost is proposed, which can be widely applied to the analyses of complicated turbulent flow characteristics. An open source operating system named Centos which has excellent parallel computing performance and DRB1parallel structure are introduced. This computing system is based on the PVM algorithm and the use of desktop hardware. This effective and flexible high performance computing system is the necessary hardware foundation of three dimensional wind-structure interaction analysis of long-span bridges in turbulent flows.
3. Numerical analysis of a streamlined structure with the two dimensional CFD method
NACA0012airfoil is chosen as a representation of streamlined structures to verify the present CFD method for two dimensional numerical simulations. A new mesh control method is used to model the flow-structure meshes of NACA0012airfoil and the k-ω SST turbulence model is adopted. Firstly, numerical wind-structure investigation of an airfoil structure, which is fixed initially and has the same chord direction as that of the flow velocity, is performed. Its aerodynamic force coefficients and flutter derivatives are computed and compared with the wind tunnel test results or theoretical values. The flow characteristics is analysed through computer pictorial visualizations. Then, extended simulations of the airfoil are performed for different initial conditions such as the angle of attack, forced vibration amplitude and Reynolds number. The aerodynamic parameters of the airfoil are computed and the aerodynamic characteristics are analysed.
4. Three dimensional CFD numerical analysis of wind-structure interaction problems of long-span bridges in turbulence flow
A three dimensional CFD method based on the block-iterative coupling method with the newest DES turbulence model is used to analyse the wind-structure interaction of long-span bridges in turbulence flow. The aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the typical and special sections of five long-span bridges were computed and visualized. The computed aerodynamic parameter values are compared with the wind tunnel test results and those based on the Discrete Vortex Method (DVM) in order to show the validity of the present three dimensional CFD method.
5. Three dimensional aerodynamic analysis of a U-shape beam with wind tunnel test and CFD method
The wind tunnel test of a U-shape beam which has poor aerodynamic stability was designed and made to measure its aerodynamic parameter values. Then both two dimensional and three dimensional CFD methods were used to investigate its aerodynamic characteristics. The CFD-based results were compared with the wind tunnel test-based results to validate the effectiveness of the present three dimensional CFD method for structures with poor aerodynamic stability. This work verified the completeness of the present analysis method of wind-structure interaction of different structures in turbulent flow in view of methodology.
6. Wind-induced random vibration analysis of different structures with pseudo excitation method and CFD
The wind-induced random vibration analyses of a composite wing and the Tsing Ma bridge girder sections in Turbulent flow were performed using a highly efficient method for random vibration analysis-PEM (pseudo excitation method) and CFD technique. In order to obtain unsteady aerodynamic parameters of the structure accurately, the present CFD method is used to replace the wind tunnel test. The PEM converts the computations of power spectral density functions of the structure stochastic responses to the analysis of the dynamic responses under deterministic loads and so improves the computational efficiency considerably.
计算机运算能力的发展使得计算流体动力学方法(CFD)在桥梁风振研究领域得到一定的应用。但是CFD方法对于桥梁风效应的气动弹性问题研究存在一定的难点,例如桥梁周围的流动通常是高雷诺数非定常分离流动,桥梁和周围空气的气固耦合效应不可忽略。同时由于计算能力和计算方法的限制,目前大部分桥梁风振问题的CFD研究还仅限于二维范畴,并且对湍流问题的认识和描述还远未完善。
有鉴于此,本博士学位论文在CFD理论框架下将分块迭代耦合方法,任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法等流体力学领域的计算方法引入到大跨桥梁风致振动的研究之中,并且选用了高雷诺数,引入了湍流模型,采用了多重网格算法,进行湍流场中大跨桥梁的三维气固耦合分析。分析过程立足于不同结构的气动参数计算和其周围流场特点的分析,从二维模型发展至三维模型,从流线型结构过渡至钝体结构,建立了可以进行高雷诺数下湍流场中各种不同结构的气固耦合效应分析的有效的三维CFD方法。全文的主要研究内容如下：
1.基于分块迭代耦合方法和任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法的CFD方法
基于分块迭代耦合算法、任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法提出一种新型的CFD方法,从流固耦合分析的角度研究结构的气弹性问题。流场分析和结构分析通过任意拉格朗日-欧拉流动坐标方法加以耦合。分析过程将采用大连理工大学自主研发的软件包DDJ-W结合商用软件CFX求解器共同进行。
2.建立可用于复杂湍流特征分析的高性能并行计算软硬件体系
提出了一种可被广泛应用于复杂湍流特征分析的低成本高性能并行计算体系。引入了并行计算性能优越的Centos开源操作系统和企鹅龙并行架构,基于PVM并行算法,采用桌面计算机硬件,建立了灵活、高效的高性能并行计算集群,为湍流场中大跨桥梁的三维气固耦合分析提供了必要的硬件基础。
3.流线型结构气动特性的二维CFD数值分析
选取翼型NACA0012结构作为流线型结构的代表验证本文CFD方法在二维范畴内的准确性。利用新型网格算法建立了NACA0012翼型的流场-结构网格模型并选定K-ωSST为湍流模型。首先,计算了初始固定不动、弦方向与来流方向平行的翼型结构的气动力系数与颤振导数,并分别与试验值或者理论值进行比较,以及通过计算机图形化方法对其流场特点进行分析。随后,通过改变初始条件,包括选取不同的初始攻角、不同的强迫振动振幅、不同的初始Re数,分别进行了翼型的气动参数计算以及气动特性分析。
4.利用三维CFD方法进行湍流场中大跨度桥梁的气固耦合分析
利用基于分块迭代耦合的三维CFD方法结合国际上最新的DES湍流模型进行湍流场中大跨度桥梁的气固耦合分析,计算了典型断面和特殊断面两类五种大跨桥梁的气动力系数和颤振导数,并且通过计算机图形化的方法分析各种不同桥梁断面的气动特性。将得到的气动参数的计算结果与目前国际上比较著名的离散涡方法(Discrete Vortex Method, DVM)以及风洞试验值进行对比以说明本文三维CFD方法的有效性。
5.结合风洞试验的倒U形梁的三维气动特性分析
设计并完成了一种气动稳定性非常差的钝体结构——倒U形梁的风洞试验,测量了其气动参数。然后利用二维和三维的CFD方法分别进行了其气动特性的数值模拟,并将计算值与试验值进行对比,验证本文三维CFD方法对于气动稳定性较差结构数值分析的有效性,从方法学角度完成湍流场中各种不同类型结构的气固耦合分析。
6.利用CFD方法结合虚拟激励法进行不同类型柔性结构的风振响应分析
利用CFD方法结合随机振动高效算法-虚拟激励法进行结构的风振响应计算。选取NACA0012机翼和青马大桥主梁断面作为研究对象。计算中用CFD方法取代理论方法或风洞试验方法获取结构的气动参数,并且采用虚拟激励法将结构随机响应的功率谱密度函数的计算转化为确定性外载作用下的动力响应分析,显著提高了计算准确度和计算速度。
Wind-resistant analysis of bridges has now become an important problem because of the rapid developments and increasing applications of long-span bridges. The wind-induced aerodynamic forces on structures including self-excited aerodynamic forces and forced aerodynamic forces, the resulting flutter and buffet are some focal points to be investigated. The cross sections of long-span bridges are usually classified to blunt bodies, around which the flow distributions are very complicated. As analytical expressions of aerodynamic forces are not available, therefore the wind tunnel test is the most effective way to investigate wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges. Unfortunately, since the actual flow distribution conditions around the bridges can hardly be expressed comprehensively in a wind-tunnel laboratory, and it has been found by comparisons that the wind tunnel test results are quite divergent even for identical models and testing conditions. Clearly, it is not sufficient to investigate wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges only by means of wind tunnel tests.
Due to the development of computers, much computational work with computational fluid dynamic method (CFD) has been undertaken in the investigations of wind-induced vibrations of long-span bridges. But the research of aeroelastic problems of wind effect on bridges with CFD has its own difficulties, such as the flows around bridges are unsteady separated flows with high Reynolds numbers and the wind-structure interaction effects between winds and bridges cannot be neglected. Also due to the limitation of computational ability and methods, most investigations on wind-induced bridge vibration are two dimensional, and the knowledge about the turbulent flow is still quite limited.
In view of this, this doctoral dissertation uses the CFD method combined with the block-iterative coupling method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian mesh control method to investigate the wind-induced vibrations on long-span bridges. In order to analyse the wind-structure interaction problems of long-span bridges in turbulence flow, high Reynolds numbers are chosen, turbulence models are introduced and multi-grid method is adopted. The analysis processes are based on the computations of aerodynamic parameter values and the investigations of the flow characteristics around different structures, from two dimensional models to three dimensional models, and from streamlined bodies to blunt bodies. An effective CFD method to study wind-structure interaction effects on different structures in turbulent flows is established. The main research contents of the full paper are as follows:
1. CFD method based on the block-iterative coupling method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method
To study aeroelastic problems according to fluid-structure interaction analysis, a novel CFD method based on the block-iterative coupling method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method is proposed. The flow analysis and structure analysis are coupled through arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian current coordinate method. The analysis process uses self-developed program system DDJ-W and a solver of the commercially available CFD code ANSYS-CFX.
2. Construction of high performance parallel computing software and hardware systems to analyse complicated turbulent flow characteristics.
A high performance computing system with low cost is proposed, which can be widely applied to the analyses of complicated turbulent flow characteristics. An open source operating system named Centos which has excellent parallel computing performance and DRB1parallel structure are introduced. This computing system is based on the PVM algorithm and the use of desktop hardware. This effective and flexible high performance computing system is the necessary hardware foundation of three dimensional wind-structure interaction analysis of long-span bridges in turbulent flows.
3. Numerical analysis of a streamlined structure with the two dimensional CFD method
NACA0012airfoil is chosen as a representation of streamlined structures to verify the present CFD method for two dimensional numerical simulations. A new mesh control method is used to model the flow-structure meshes of NACA0012airfoil and the k-ω SST turbulence model is adopted. Firstly, numerical wind-structure investigation of an airfoil structure, which is fixed initially and has the same chord direction as that of the flow velocity, is performed. Its aerodynamic force coefficients and flutter derivatives are computed and compared with the wind tunnel test results or theoretical values. The flow characteristics is analysed through computer pictorial visualizations. Then, extended simulations of the airfoil are performed for different initial conditions such as the angle of attack, forced vibration amplitude and Reynolds number. The aerodynamic parameters of the airfoil are computed and the aerodynamic characteristics are analysed.
4. Three dimensional CFD numerical analysis of wind-structure interaction problems of long-span bridges in turbulence flow
A three dimensional CFD method based on the block-iterative coupling method with the newest DES turbulence model is used to analyse the wind-structure interaction of long-span bridges in turbulence flow. The aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the typical and special sections of five long-span bridges were computed and visualized. The computed aerodynamic parameter values are compared with the wind tunnel test results and those based on the Discrete Vortex Method (DVM) in order to show the validity of the present three dimensional CFD method.
5. Three dimensional aerodynamic analysis of a U-shape beam with wind tunnel test and CFD method
The wind tunnel test of a U-shape beam which has poor aerodynamic stability was designed and made to measure its aerodynamic parameter values. Then both two dimensional and three dimensional CFD methods were used to investigate its aerodynamic characteristics. The CFD-based results were compared with the wind tunnel test-based results to validate the effectiveness of the present three dimensional CFD method for structures with poor aerodynamic stability. This work verified the completeness of the present analysis method of wind-structure interaction of different structures in turbulent flow in view of methodology.
6. Wind-induced random vibration analysis of different structures with pseudo excitation method and CFD
The wind-induced random vibration analyses of a composite wing and the Tsing Ma bridge girder sections in Turbulent flow were performed using a highly efficient method for random vibration analysis-PEM (pseudo excitation method) and CFD technique. In order to obtain unsteady aerodynamic parameters of the structure accurately, the present CFD method is used to replace the wind tunnel test. The PEM converts the computations of power spectral density functions of the structure stochastic responses to the analysis of the dynamic responses under deterministic loads and so improves the computational efficiency considerably.
引文
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