有功功率平衡辅助服务成本与交易的相关理论研究
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摘要
电力辅助服务市场中,市场交易主体首要关注的仍是交易商品的成本与收益。因此明确各辅助服务的成本、确定合理的交易方式即成为辅助服务市场化下需要解决的主要问题。而要解决这些问题,首先需确定各成本产生的根源,给出各成本可行的量化方法；及有针对性地选择交易主体和交易手段。但辅助服务种类繁多,不同服务的成本和交易方式存在较大差异。为此,本文针对部分有功功率平衡辅助服务的成本及交易方式进行了较系统、深入地研究。所做的主要工作及得出的结论如下所示：
1.以AGC控制的实施过程为主线,对电厂侧和调度侧AGC成本的构成进行了研究,给出了各成本的量化计算方法。所提出的方法不仅考虑了AGC运行过程中涉及到的硬件和软件成本,还计入了在电力市场环境下可能产生的调度成本和机会成本,及源于AGC的实时供应而产生的成本,如运行成本和控制成本等,从而为基于成本的AGC相关问题的研究提供了依据。
2.针对以区域电网为载体的区域电力市场,基于历史AGC需求曲线,以AGC成本构成为依据,设计了三个分摊指标,用以明确确定各控制区域对负荷侧AGC需求应承担的责任。该分摊策略可公平、合理地将区域电网负荷侧的AGC需求成本进行分摊,引导用户改善其负荷特性,减少整个区域电网的AGC需求量。
3.提出了一种AGC调节容量调度策略。即基于AGC成本,以被调度机组的AGC电量的影子价格和影子价格的均衡值为设计依据,对机组进行调度。结果表明该策略可公平、合理地在预调度机组之间分配实时AGC调用量,可保证系统安全、经济地运行。
4.针对我国电网调峰容量存在较大缺额、而部分早期建设的燃气轮机却停运的现状,提出了燃气轮机基于障碍期权合约参与电网调峰的思路。探讨了在不同的管理体制下,如何合理确定合约的交易机制等关键因素,从而可实现系统、调度中心及燃气轮机的共赢。
5.就辅助服务市场中多种辅助服务的最优调度问题,提出了一种全局搜索寻优方法。此方法主要基于质量可比的辅助服务之间的分级可替代性,且在调度过程中优先满足高质量辅助服务的需求。实例表明该方法不仅简单有效,且更加节省购买成本。
上述研究表明,要减少系统的辅助服务需求量,实现辅助服务的经济调度及在引起者之间的公平分摊辅助服务成本,均需进行辅助服务成本的研究,而合理的交易方式则可实现多方共赢。
Costs and earings of trading commodities make the central points that market traders pay close attention to in ancillary service market. So the primary questions to be solved are how to determine the costs of ancillary services, and what means of transactions are reasonable and feasible. The main aspects involved in solving the above questions are to determine the root cause of costs and feasible quantification methods, and transaction subjects and transaction methods are chosen with special focus and aims. But costs and transaction modes of several of ancillary services are very different. Therefore, a relative systemic research is made in the paper. The mainly works and results are presented as follows:
1. The implementation process of AGC(automatic generation control) is as the framework, the costs of AGC are researched from the perspective of the power-station and the dispatch. Then quantification methods are applied to calculate the costs. These costs include not only hardware and software costs related to the AGC operation, but also some costs which will appear only in the market environment, such as dispatch costs and opportunity costs, and other costs which derive from the real-time supply of AGC, such as the operation costs and control costs etc. The analysis provides the evidence for the related research which is based on AGC costs.
2. In light of area power market with regional electric network as its carrier, and based on the history AGC demand curve and the composition of AGC costs, and the paper brings forward three AGC costs allocation indexes to describe the responsibility of each area for the AGC demand of the customer side. The strategy can allocate the costs among responsibilities reasonable, which will simulate loads to improve operating characteristics and reduce the AGC demand.
3. A feasible scheduling strategy of AGC capacity is proposed. It is based on the AGC costs and the foundation of units being dispatched is designed on the shadow prices of AGC electricity of units scheduled and the equilibrium of the shadow prices. The numerical experiment indicates that the strategy can allocate real-time AGC scheduled electricity among units fairly and reasonably, which can ensure the system perform reliably, securely, and economically.
4. The market trading mechanism of steam turbines taking part in peak shaving operation is proposed for the awkward current situation that there is a shortage in peaking capacity in our country while part of steam turbines constructed in earlier years are idle. In accordance with two different management systems, the paper investigates how to reasonably determine several key factors, such as the trading mechanism, etc. So the power system can share the revenue with ISO and customer.
5. A global optimization approach is presented for the optimal dispatch of several ancillary services. It is based on the interchangeability between different ancillary services which are comparable in quality, the best quality ancillary service is first met as various of ancillary service are bidding in the same time. Case studies show that the method is effective and practical, and can save more comparing with the sequential method.
The reaearch of the paper shows that the cost study of ancillary services can decrease the demand, and realize the economic dispatch of ancillary services. The costs can be shared between causers fairly. The reasonable trading patterns can arrive the win-win situation.
1.以AGC控制的实施过程为主线,对电厂侧和调度侧AGC成本的构成进行了研究,给出了各成本的量化计算方法。所提出的方法不仅考虑了AGC运行过程中涉及到的硬件和软件成本,还计入了在电力市场环境下可能产生的调度成本和机会成本,及源于AGC的实时供应而产生的成本,如运行成本和控制成本等,从而为基于成本的AGC相关问题的研究提供了依据。
2.针对以区域电网为载体的区域电力市场,基于历史AGC需求曲线,以AGC成本构成为依据,设计了三个分摊指标,用以明确确定各控制区域对负荷侧AGC需求应承担的责任。该分摊策略可公平、合理地将区域电网负荷侧的AGC需求成本进行分摊,引导用户改善其负荷特性,减少整个区域电网的AGC需求量。
3.提出了一种AGC调节容量调度策略。即基于AGC成本,以被调度机组的AGC电量的影子价格和影子价格的均衡值为设计依据,对机组进行调度。结果表明该策略可公平、合理地在预调度机组之间分配实时AGC调用量,可保证系统安全、经济地运行。
4.针对我国电网调峰容量存在较大缺额、而部分早期建设的燃气轮机却停运的现状,提出了燃气轮机基于障碍期权合约参与电网调峰的思路。探讨了在不同的管理体制下,如何合理确定合约的交易机制等关键因素,从而可实现系统、调度中心及燃气轮机的共赢。
5.就辅助服务市场中多种辅助服务的最优调度问题,提出了一种全局搜索寻优方法。此方法主要基于质量可比的辅助服务之间的分级可替代性,且在调度过程中优先满足高质量辅助服务的需求。实例表明该方法不仅简单有效,且更加节省购买成本。
上述研究表明,要减少系统的辅助服务需求量,实现辅助服务的经济调度及在引起者之间的公平分摊辅助服务成本,均需进行辅助服务成本的研究,而合理的交易方式则可实现多方共赢。
Costs and earings of trading commodities make the central points that market traders pay close attention to in ancillary service market. So the primary questions to be solved are how to determine the costs of ancillary services, and what means of transactions are reasonable and feasible. The main aspects involved in solving the above questions are to determine the root cause of costs and feasible quantification methods, and transaction subjects and transaction methods are chosen with special focus and aims. But costs and transaction modes of several of ancillary services are very different. Therefore, a relative systemic research is made in the paper. The mainly works and results are presented as follows:
1. The implementation process of AGC(automatic generation control) is as the framework, the costs of AGC are researched from the perspective of the power-station and the dispatch. Then quantification methods are applied to calculate the costs. These costs include not only hardware and software costs related to the AGC operation, but also some costs which will appear only in the market environment, such as dispatch costs and opportunity costs, and other costs which derive from the real-time supply of AGC, such as the operation costs and control costs etc. The analysis provides the evidence for the related research which is based on AGC costs.
2. In light of area power market with regional electric network as its carrier, and based on the history AGC demand curve and the composition of AGC costs, and the paper brings forward three AGC costs allocation indexes to describe the responsibility of each area for the AGC demand of the customer side. The strategy can allocate the costs among responsibilities reasonable, which will simulate loads to improve operating characteristics and reduce the AGC demand.
3. A feasible scheduling strategy of AGC capacity is proposed. It is based on the AGC costs and the foundation of units being dispatched is designed on the shadow prices of AGC electricity of units scheduled and the equilibrium of the shadow prices. The numerical experiment indicates that the strategy can allocate real-time AGC scheduled electricity among units fairly and reasonably, which can ensure the system perform reliably, securely, and economically.
4. The market trading mechanism of steam turbines taking part in peak shaving operation is proposed for the awkward current situation that there is a shortage in peaking capacity in our country while part of steam turbines constructed in earlier years are idle. In accordance with two different management systems, the paper investigates how to reasonably determine several key factors, such as the trading mechanism, etc. So the power system can share the revenue with ISO and customer.
5. A global optimization approach is presented for the optimal dispatch of several ancillary services. It is based on the interchangeability between different ancillary services which are comparable in quality, the best quality ancillary service is first met as various of ancillary service are bidding in the same time. Case studies show that the method is effective and practical, and can save more comparing with the sequential method.
The reaearch of the paper shows that the cost study of ancillary services can decrease the demand, and realize the economic dispatch of ancillary services. The costs can be shared between causers fairly. The reasonable trading patterns can arrive the win-win situation.
引文
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