基于GIS的火灾场景下人员疏散模拟
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摘要
随着我国经济的发展、城市建设的加快,火灾的危害程度也日益加剧,性能化防火设计中对建筑方案的人员疏散安全评估显得尤为重要。随着计算机软硬件水平的不断提升,计算机模拟方法成为了人员疏散的重要研究手段。
本文基于GIS技术,对火灾场景下人员疏散的模拟方法与关键技术进行了研究。通过对火场进行分析和对已有资料进行研究,总结出建筑环境、火场及燃烧产物、人员等火灾场景中影响疏散的主要因素,在此基础上进行了以下几方面研究工作:
(1)应用GIS技术实现了火灾场景的分析与表现。基于GIS设计了场景解析、空间分析等算法流程,实现了针对疏散场景的地理空间信息提取与分析和人员疏散模拟过程的二维可视化。
(2)基于FDS火场数值模拟工具,设计并实现了火场数值模拟及燃烧产物危害评估体系。设计了时空数据模型对FDS计算结果进行描述,设计了GIS模型向FDS模型的转换接口,实现了GIS模型向FDS模型的自动生成。参考相关研究成果,实现了基于FDS的火场及燃烧产物危害评估过程。
(3)研究了基于多智能体理论的人员疏散行为建模方法。确定了时间、空间离散度等基本参量,设计了智能体的疏散行为属性。应用GIS分析获取的空间信息,设计并实现了疏散行为策略,用以模拟火灾场景下人员的行为反应。
(4)研究了模型集成的理论与方法,针对疏散模型提出并实现了分层协作的模型集成机制,解决了数据的交换与传输、集成化数据存储、模型通信方法及同步访问资源的有效性判断等技术难点。
(5)提出了系统实现方案,采用Microsoft .NET技术完成了人员疏散模拟系统AutoEscape,并给出了系统的应用实例。应用人员疏散模拟系统分析了建筑方案对疏散效率的影响,并据此提出了性能化防火设计中改进疏散方案的初步建议。
应用实例证明了本文研究方法和实现技术的可行性与有效性。应用该系统可对建筑方案的疏散效率进行评估,为建筑性能化防火设计、建筑方案设计与优化、应急疏散演习、消防救援指挥等提供支持。
With the rapid development of economy and urban construction in our country, the increasing damages due to fire have attracted great attentions. Life losses are the most dangerous phenomena under fire condition. To evaluate the evacuation efficiency for the building plans is therefore significant. With the continuous upgrade on computer software and hardware, the computational simulation becomes an important approach for the research on the occupant evacuation.
This dissertation studies on the methods and related technologies to simulate the occupant evacuation at fire scenes based on GIS technology. By analyzing of fire scenes and investigation of the current statistics, the main variables at fire scenes were summarized: building environment, fire, combustion products and occupants. Based on this, the following research has been conducted.
(1) Employ the GIS technology to analyze and represent the fire scenes. The processes of scene analysis and real-time spatial analysis are designed based on GIS. The extraction and analysis of geospatial information for evacuation scenarios are implemented and the 2d visualization for the simulation of occupant evacuation is realized.
(2) Design and implement the system for the numerical simulation of fire and toxicity assessment of combustion products based on FDS. A spatio-temporal data model to represent FDS results is designed and the conversion interface from GIS model to FDS model is implemented, which can automatically generate FDS models from GIS models. A FDS-based process of toxicity assessment of fire and combustion products was realized according to the relevant studies.
(3) Study on the methods to model the evacuation behaviors of occupants based on multi-agent theory. The basic parameters such as temporal and spatial variables are determined and the behavioral attributes for the agents are designed. Employing the spatial information captured by GIS analysis, the evacuation strategy was designed and implemented to simulate the behavioral response of occupants at fire scenes.
(4) Study the theory and methods of model integration. A level-based collaboration mechanism was proposed and implemented to integrate sub-models in the evacuation model. The solutions to the related problems such as data exchange and transmission, the integrated data storage, model communication and the configuration of the access to the resource are obtained base on the studies.
(5) Design the architecture for the system implementation. Microsoft .NET technology was employed to construct the system of evacuation simulation - AutoEscape and some examples were given to demonstrate the application of the system. Employing the evacuation simulation system, the influences of building plans on evacuation efficiency were analyzed and the preliminary suggestions were given accordingly to improve building plans.
The case study demonstrates the feasibility and the effectiveness of the results obtained from this study. The system can be applied in the evaluation of evacuation efficiency for building plans and provide the references for the performance-based fire protection design, the building design and optimization, emergency evacuation drills and fire rescue command.
本文基于GIS技术,对火灾场景下人员疏散的模拟方法与关键技术进行了研究。通过对火场进行分析和对已有资料进行研究,总结出建筑环境、火场及燃烧产物、人员等火灾场景中影响疏散的主要因素,在此基础上进行了以下几方面研究工作:
(1)应用GIS技术实现了火灾场景的分析与表现。基于GIS设计了场景解析、空间分析等算法流程,实现了针对疏散场景的地理空间信息提取与分析和人员疏散模拟过程的二维可视化。
(2)基于FDS火场数值模拟工具,设计并实现了火场数值模拟及燃烧产物危害评估体系。设计了时空数据模型对FDS计算结果进行描述,设计了GIS模型向FDS模型的转换接口,实现了GIS模型向FDS模型的自动生成。参考相关研究成果,实现了基于FDS的火场及燃烧产物危害评估过程。
(3)研究了基于多智能体理论的人员疏散行为建模方法。确定了时间、空间离散度等基本参量,设计了智能体的疏散行为属性。应用GIS分析获取的空间信息,设计并实现了疏散行为策略,用以模拟火灾场景下人员的行为反应。
(4)研究了模型集成的理论与方法,针对疏散模型提出并实现了分层协作的模型集成机制,解决了数据的交换与传输、集成化数据存储、模型通信方法及同步访问资源的有效性判断等技术难点。
(5)提出了系统实现方案,采用Microsoft .NET技术完成了人员疏散模拟系统AutoEscape,并给出了系统的应用实例。应用人员疏散模拟系统分析了建筑方案对疏散效率的影响,并据此提出了性能化防火设计中改进疏散方案的初步建议。
应用实例证明了本文研究方法和实现技术的可行性与有效性。应用该系统可对建筑方案的疏散效率进行评估,为建筑性能化防火设计、建筑方案设计与优化、应急疏散演习、消防救援指挥等提供支持。
With the rapid development of economy and urban construction in our country, the increasing damages due to fire have attracted great attentions. Life losses are the most dangerous phenomena under fire condition. To evaluate the evacuation efficiency for the building plans is therefore significant. With the continuous upgrade on computer software and hardware, the computational simulation becomes an important approach for the research on the occupant evacuation.
This dissertation studies on the methods and related technologies to simulate the occupant evacuation at fire scenes based on GIS technology. By analyzing of fire scenes and investigation of the current statistics, the main variables at fire scenes were summarized: building environment, fire, combustion products and occupants. Based on this, the following research has been conducted.
(1) Employ the GIS technology to analyze and represent the fire scenes. The processes of scene analysis and real-time spatial analysis are designed based on GIS. The extraction and analysis of geospatial information for evacuation scenarios are implemented and the 2d visualization for the simulation of occupant evacuation is realized.
(2) Design and implement the system for the numerical simulation of fire and toxicity assessment of combustion products based on FDS. A spatio-temporal data model to represent FDS results is designed and the conversion interface from GIS model to FDS model is implemented, which can automatically generate FDS models from GIS models. A FDS-based process of toxicity assessment of fire and combustion products was realized according to the relevant studies.
(3) Study on the methods to model the evacuation behaviors of occupants based on multi-agent theory. The basic parameters such as temporal and spatial variables are determined and the behavioral attributes for the agents are designed. Employing the spatial information captured by GIS analysis, the evacuation strategy was designed and implemented to simulate the behavioral response of occupants at fire scenes.
(4) Study the theory and methods of model integration. A level-based collaboration mechanism was proposed and implemented to integrate sub-models in the evacuation model. The solutions to the related problems such as data exchange and transmission, the integrated data storage, model communication and the configuration of the access to the resource are obtained base on the studies.
(5) Design the architecture for the system implementation. Microsoft .NET technology was employed to construct the system of evacuation simulation - AutoEscape and some examples were given to demonstrate the application of the system. Employing the evacuation simulation system, the influences of building plans on evacuation efficiency were analyzed and the preliminary suggestions were given accordingly to improve building plans.
The case study demonstrates the feasibility and the effectiveness of the results obtained from this study. The system can be applied in the evaluation of evacuation efficiency for building plans and provide the references for the performance-based fire protection design, the building design and optimization, emergency evacuation drills and fire rescue command.
引文
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