微晶化对钾矿粉钾素释放的影响及应用研究
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摘要
难溶性钾矿粉直接施用可以促进植物生长发育并提高土壤养分含量，对酸性土壤改良也有一定的意义。与传统钾肥相比，钾矿粉中有效养分含量低，释放缓慢，施用量大，造成农学效果不明显，从而限制了难溶性钾矿粉大面积推广与应用。因此，如何促进钾矿粉中元素的释放则成为利用难溶性钾矿资源的关键。本研究利用机械力活化技术对钾长石和白云母进行改性处理，系统的研究了机械力活化对钾矿粉物理化学性质及矿质元素溶出的影响；同时以籽粒苋为研究对象，采用砂培和土培两种方式，深入的研究了活化钾矿粉对籽粒苋生长发育及土壤理化性质的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.在一定时间内，强机械力作用改善了钾矿粉的物理性质，具体表现为：钾矿粉颗粒粒径显著降低，粒度分布变窄，比表面积增大，表面形貌得到改善，晶格结构受到破坏，无序化程度提高。其中在相同研磨条件下，钾长石粉的这种有利变化强于白云母粉。
2.强机械力作用促进了钾矿粉中矿质元素的溶出，随着研磨时间的延长， K、Na、Si、Al、Ca、Mg和Fe元素单次释放量均显著增大，这主要是由于钾矿粉物理性质改善造成的。其中，在研磨120min时各矿质元素的单次释放量均达到最大值。两种钾矿粉相比，除Na元素外，同一处理白云母粉中矿质元素的释放量均高于相对应的钾长石粉。
3.浸提试验表明，强机械力作用促进了钾矿粉中钾素的积累，其中研磨120min时钾长石粉和白云母粉分别较未研磨原矿增加了7.14倍和3.44倍，差异显著。两种钾矿粉间相比，白云母粉钾素累积释放量明显高于钾长石粉。从钾素浸提率上看，研磨120min钾长石粉和白云母粉酸浸提率分别为7.50%和15.21%，表明大部分钾素仍被含钾矿物固有晶格束缚。运用灰色关联法对影响钾矿粉钾素释放的因素分析表明，同一种矿物，有效比表面积是决定钾矿粉钾素释放的关键因素。
4.砂培籽粒苋试验表明，强机械力作用提高了钾矿粉的生物有效性。与无钾营养液处理相比，施用钾矿粉促进了籽粒苋植株的生长及对营养元素的吸收，且随着研磨时间的延长，籽粒苋植株生长的这种有利趋势就越明显。相同处理条件下，白云母粉的生物有效性强于钾长石粉，但两种钾矿粉处理籽粒苋生长状况与元素吸收量均低于全钾营养液处理。
5.盆栽籽粒苋试验表明，施钾促进了籽粒苋的生长发育及对营养元素的吸收和利用，还提升了籽粒苋牧草的品质。各施钾处理中，微晶化钾矿粉对促进籽粒苋生长的效果好于普通钾矿粉；施用白云母粉的效果均好于相对应的钾长石粉处理；增施钾矿粉或配施钾矿粉对促进籽粒苋生长的效果均优于单倍独施钾矿粉处理。因此，合理施用钾矿粉可以促进植物的生长发育，对于缓解我国钾素匮乏矛盾有一定积极的作用。
6.盆栽籽粒苋试验还表明，施用钾矿粉提高了籽粒苋栽培土壤中的钾素含量，还增加了土壤EC值和pH值，这对于维持土壤钾库平衡和改良酸性土壤有积极的意义。总的来看，各施钾处理中，微晶化钾矿粉对促进土壤钾素含量增加和改良土壤性质的效果要好于普通钾矿粉。配施钾矿粉和增施钾矿粉对土壤速效钾和缓效钾增加效果均优于单倍独施钾矿粉处理，且增施钾矿粉后对土壤改良的效果更佳。常规钾肥与钾矿粉按照一定比例配施，既能够满足作物的生长需求，同时也可以解决水溶性钾素易淋失和土壤酸化等问题。
Application of the insoluble potassium ore have stimulated plant growth, improved soilnutrients content and positively affected acidic soil properties. However, compared to theconventional potassium fertilizers, crushed or ground insoluble potassium rocks exhibit amuch slower potassium release and the effectiveness is relatively lower and a large amount ofmaterials have to be applied to meet crop needs. The use of insoluble potassium rocks inagriculture practices is very limited. Therefore the method of promoting the mineral elementsrelease became a crucial factor in utilizing the insoluble potassium resources. In this study,the K-feldspar rocks and muscovite rocks activated by a microcrystalline mill were used tostudy their physical-chemical properties and dissolution kinetics of mineral elements. Also,sand culture and soil culture experiment were carried to investigate the influence of activatedinsoluble potassium rocks on the growth of grain amaranth as well as on soil properties. Theresults were as follows:
1. Microcrystalline grinding improved the physical properties of the insoluble potassiumrocks for a certain time. It appeared that mall particle size, high specific surface areas, roughsurface morphology and substantial structural disordering. When grinding under the samegrinding conditions, these favorable changes of K-feldspar powders are stronger thanmuscovite powders.
2. Microcrystalline grinding promoted the dissolution of mineral elements from theinsoluble potassium rocks. With increasing gringding time, the single release of potassium,sodium, silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium and iron were significantly increased mostlydue to the changes of the physical properties and the maximum single release was obtained bykeeping the grinding time at120minutes. In comparison to the K-feldspar rocks, the mineralelements release except sodium in muscovite rocks were higher than the corresponding K-feldspar rocks.
3. The leaching experiment results showed that microcrystalline grinding promoted theaccumulation of potassium in insoluble potassium rocks. Compared to the rude rocks, thepotassium release of the K-feldspar rocks and the muscovite rocks milled at120minuteswere significantly increased by7.14times and3.44times, respectively. In comparison withthe K-feldspar rocks, the potassium release of the muscovite rocks was significant higher.Judging from the potassium leaching rate, the K-feldspar rocks and the muscovite rocks milled at120minutes were7.50%and15.21%, respectively. This indicated that most of thepotassium was still inherent in the lattice bondage. To analyze by using gray relationalgrade, effective specific surface area was a key factor in the decision to potassium releasefrom potassium rocks.
4. Sand culture experiment results showed that microcrystalline grinding improved thebioavailability of the insoluble potassium rocks. Compared with non-potassium nutrientsolution treatment, the use of the insoluble potassium rocks promoted plant growth andnutrients absorption, and with the extension of the milling time, the above trend was moreobvious. Under the same processing conditions, the bioavailability of muscovite rocks washighter than K-feldspar rocks. In comparison with full potassium nutrient solution treatment,the bioavailability of the insoluble potassium rocks was lower.
5. Pot culture experiment results showed that application of potassium promoted plantgrowth, nutrients absorption and utilization, but also enhance the quality of grain amaranth.Among the potassium treatments, the result of activated potassium rocks was better than theordinary potassium rocks, and the effect of the muscovite rocks was highter than thecorresponding K-feldspar rocks. When increasing the amount of potassium rocks or combinedapplication of potassium rocks and potassium chloride, the promotive effect was better.Therefore, rational application of potassium rocks could promote the growth of plant andthese were of the constructive significance for relieving the potassium crisis.
6. Pot culture experiment results also showed that application of potassium rocksincreased the soil potassium and improved the value of soil electrical conductivity and soilpH, which were of the positive significance for the soil potassium maintenance and acidic soilimprovement. In general, the result of activated potassium rocks was better than the ordinarypotassium rocks, and increasing the amount of potassium rocks or combined application ofpotassium rocks and potassium chloride was found to be much better than the others,especially increasing potassium rocks exhibited in soil improvement. It is an urgentlyquestion that how to scientifically apply potassium rocks and potassium chloride according toa certain proportion, which not only suiting crops growth but to solving water-solublepotassium leaching and soil acidification.
1.在一定时间内，强机械力作用改善了钾矿粉的物理性质，具体表现为：钾矿粉颗粒粒径显著降低，粒度分布变窄，比表面积增大，表面形貌得到改善，晶格结构受到破坏，无序化程度提高。其中在相同研磨条件下，钾长石粉的这种有利变化强于白云母粉。
2.强机械力作用促进了钾矿粉中矿质元素的溶出，随着研磨时间的延长， K、Na、Si、Al、Ca、Mg和Fe元素单次释放量均显著增大，这主要是由于钾矿粉物理性质改善造成的。其中，在研磨120min时各矿质元素的单次释放量均达到最大值。两种钾矿粉相比，除Na元素外，同一处理白云母粉中矿质元素的释放量均高于相对应的钾长石粉。
3.浸提试验表明，强机械力作用促进了钾矿粉中钾素的积累，其中研磨120min时钾长石粉和白云母粉分别较未研磨原矿增加了7.14倍和3.44倍，差异显著。两种钾矿粉间相比，白云母粉钾素累积释放量明显高于钾长石粉。从钾素浸提率上看，研磨120min钾长石粉和白云母粉酸浸提率分别为7.50%和15.21%，表明大部分钾素仍被含钾矿物固有晶格束缚。运用灰色关联法对影响钾矿粉钾素释放的因素分析表明，同一种矿物，有效比表面积是决定钾矿粉钾素释放的关键因素。
4.砂培籽粒苋试验表明，强机械力作用提高了钾矿粉的生物有效性。与无钾营养液处理相比，施用钾矿粉促进了籽粒苋植株的生长及对营养元素的吸收，且随着研磨时间的延长，籽粒苋植株生长的这种有利趋势就越明显。相同处理条件下，白云母粉的生物有效性强于钾长石粉，但两种钾矿粉处理籽粒苋生长状况与元素吸收量均低于全钾营养液处理。
5.盆栽籽粒苋试验表明，施钾促进了籽粒苋的生长发育及对营养元素的吸收和利用，还提升了籽粒苋牧草的品质。各施钾处理中，微晶化钾矿粉对促进籽粒苋生长的效果好于普通钾矿粉；施用白云母粉的效果均好于相对应的钾长石粉处理；增施钾矿粉或配施钾矿粉对促进籽粒苋生长的效果均优于单倍独施钾矿粉处理。因此，合理施用钾矿粉可以促进植物的生长发育，对于缓解我国钾素匮乏矛盾有一定积极的作用。
6.盆栽籽粒苋试验还表明，施用钾矿粉提高了籽粒苋栽培土壤中的钾素含量，还增加了土壤EC值和pH值，这对于维持土壤钾库平衡和改良酸性土壤有积极的意义。总的来看，各施钾处理中，微晶化钾矿粉对促进土壤钾素含量增加和改良土壤性质的效果要好于普通钾矿粉。配施钾矿粉和增施钾矿粉对土壤速效钾和缓效钾增加效果均优于单倍独施钾矿粉处理，且增施钾矿粉后对土壤改良的效果更佳。常规钾肥与钾矿粉按照一定比例配施，既能够满足作物的生长需求，同时也可以解决水溶性钾素易淋失和土壤酸化等问题。
Application of the insoluble potassium ore have stimulated plant growth, improved soilnutrients content and positively affected acidic soil properties. However, compared to theconventional potassium fertilizers, crushed or ground insoluble potassium rocks exhibit amuch slower potassium release and the effectiveness is relatively lower and a large amount ofmaterials have to be applied to meet crop needs. The use of insoluble potassium rocks inagriculture practices is very limited. Therefore the method of promoting the mineral elementsrelease became a crucial factor in utilizing the insoluble potassium resources. In this study,the K-feldspar rocks and muscovite rocks activated by a microcrystalline mill were used tostudy their physical-chemical properties and dissolution kinetics of mineral elements. Also,sand culture and soil culture experiment were carried to investigate the influence of activatedinsoluble potassium rocks on the growth of grain amaranth as well as on soil properties. Theresults were as follows:
1. Microcrystalline grinding improved the physical properties of the insoluble potassiumrocks for a certain time. It appeared that mall particle size, high specific surface areas, roughsurface morphology and substantial structural disordering. When grinding under the samegrinding conditions, these favorable changes of K-feldspar powders are stronger thanmuscovite powders.
2. Microcrystalline grinding promoted the dissolution of mineral elements from theinsoluble potassium rocks. With increasing gringding time, the single release of potassium,sodium, silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium and iron were significantly increased mostlydue to the changes of the physical properties and the maximum single release was obtained bykeeping the grinding time at120minutes. In comparison to the K-feldspar rocks, the mineralelements release except sodium in muscovite rocks were higher than the corresponding K-feldspar rocks.
3. The leaching experiment results showed that microcrystalline grinding promoted theaccumulation of potassium in insoluble potassium rocks. Compared to the rude rocks, thepotassium release of the K-feldspar rocks and the muscovite rocks milled at120minuteswere significantly increased by7.14times and3.44times, respectively. In comparison withthe K-feldspar rocks, the potassium release of the muscovite rocks was significant higher.Judging from the potassium leaching rate, the K-feldspar rocks and the muscovite rocks milled at120minutes were7.50%and15.21%, respectively. This indicated that most of thepotassium was still inherent in the lattice bondage. To analyze by using gray relationalgrade, effective specific surface area was a key factor in the decision to potassium releasefrom potassium rocks.
4. Sand culture experiment results showed that microcrystalline grinding improved thebioavailability of the insoluble potassium rocks. Compared with non-potassium nutrientsolution treatment, the use of the insoluble potassium rocks promoted plant growth andnutrients absorption, and with the extension of the milling time, the above trend was moreobvious. Under the same processing conditions, the bioavailability of muscovite rocks washighter than K-feldspar rocks. In comparison with full potassium nutrient solution treatment,the bioavailability of the insoluble potassium rocks was lower.
5. Pot culture experiment results showed that application of potassium promoted plantgrowth, nutrients absorption and utilization, but also enhance the quality of grain amaranth.Among the potassium treatments, the result of activated potassium rocks was better than theordinary potassium rocks, and the effect of the muscovite rocks was highter than thecorresponding K-feldspar rocks. When increasing the amount of potassium rocks or combinedapplication of potassium rocks and potassium chloride, the promotive effect was better.Therefore, rational application of potassium rocks could promote the growth of plant andthese were of the constructive significance for relieving the potassium crisis.
6. Pot culture experiment results also showed that application of potassium rocksincreased the soil potassium and improved the value of soil electrical conductivity and soilpH, which were of the positive significance for the soil potassium maintenance and acidic soilimprovement. In general, the result of activated potassium rocks was better than the ordinarypotassium rocks, and increasing the amount of potassium rocks or combined application ofpotassium rocks and potassium chloride was found to be much better than the others,especially increasing potassium rocks exhibited in soil improvement. It is an urgentlyquestion that how to scientifically apply potassium rocks and potassium chloride according toa certain proportion, which not only suiting crops growth but to solving water-solublepotassium leaching and soil acidification.
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