浮尘的发生规律及塔里木盆地浮尘对冬小麦影响的研究
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摘要
浮尘是指尘土均匀地漂浮在空中,水平能见度小于10km的天气现象。浮尘多发生于春夏季,这时正值作物生长旺盛的季节,浮尘对作物的生长和发育有重要作用。塔里木盆地是我国浮尘发生最严重的地区,冬小麦是当地的主要粮食作物,在塔里木盆地研究浮尘的形成规律及对冬小麦的作用,有重要的理论和现实意义。
本项目以南疆塔里木盆地具有代表性的和田、尉犁和铁干里克作为研究区域,通过资料分析、实地调查、野外定位试验、模拟试验、室内仪器分析、理化分析等手段,分析了浮尘在国内外,特别是在塔里木盆地的发生规律,包括浮尘的来源、分布、发生时间、性质、成分、降尘量等；探讨了浮尘形成的原因和机理,提出了局地环流是浮尘形成的机制之一；全面研究了塔里木盆地浮尘对当地冬小麦生长发育的影响。其主要研究结果如下：
1浮尘的发生规律
1.1浮尘的分布
浮尘天气的形成需要特定的气候和土壤条件,需要特定的环境和地形组合(或扬尘模式)。从全球来看,浮尘天气主要分布在南北纬10°-50°之间的内陆区域。具体形成条件如下：(1)气候干旱、半干旱,大陆性强,年降水量<400mm,降水分配不均,蒸降比大于2；温差大,多风,风速超过4.5m/s。(2)土壤干燥,疏松,缺乏结构,地表缺乏植被；土壤为荒漠土、干旱土,草原土等。(3)深居内陆,具有大陆性环境。(4)具有“高山—荒漠草原或荒漠”组合的地形条件。高山阻隔了海洋湿气的进入,形成高低对比明显的地形结构,有利于局地环流的形成。符合这些条件的地区、季风变换频繁区、冷热气团交汇区,再加上深居内陆的大陆性环境,都容易发生浮尘。根据对世界各地的分析和对比,发现世界上有14个浮尘敏感区,他们分别分布在智利北部、阿根廷、美国中西部(2个)、北非及萨赫勒、澳大利亚中部、阿拉伯半岛、中亚、中国中西部(5个)。
1.2浮尘的来源及发生的机制
浮尘的来源有两种：一种是自发的(自生的),是本地区扬尘所造成的。其特点是范围小,规律性强,发生时间长,浮尘产自本地区内部或附近,扬尘区和降尘区为同一地区,或距离较近,浮尘的物质组成与本地区的物质组成具有同源性,这种浮尘往往是由局地环流造成的。
另一种浮尘是输入性的,也叫外生的。其特点是范围大,时间短；浮尘来源于遥远的扬尘区,降尘区与扬尘区相距甚远；浮尘物质来源于外地,降尘的物质组成与本地的物质组成相比是异源的,这种浮尘往往是由大气环流、极地寒流、洋流等的运动引起,它们常常随季风而变化；这种浮尘往往与沙尘暴相伴发生,与大风、沙尘暴有发生上的联系,一般位于沙尘暴区域的外围,处在沙尘暴即将结束的后期。
塔里木盆地浮尘的发生有一定的周期性。春季发生较频繁,5-6月达到高峰。冬季较少。塔里木盆地浮尘的发生有两种机制,一种是北疆绕过天山的东灌气流或西部直接翻越天山的寒流所引发的浮尘天气；一种是局地环流所形成的浮尘天气。当山地海拔超过3000m时,由于地形高差对比强烈,在山区和平原之间将形成区域性的温度差,形成空气的定向流动,产生“局地环流”,进而形成风。随着温差的增大,当温差大于18℃,近地面风速超过4.5m/s时,就可发生浮尘天气。由于春天地温升温快,产生“锅底效应”,易发生浮尘天气。局地环流在全球是普遍存在的一种现象,它和浮尘的发生有密切的关系。
2浮尘的组成和性质
浮尘发生最严重的时期与冬小麦的生长时期基本一致。不同的地区,不同的时间,不同的高度降尘量不同,在70cm高度,和田全年的降尘量为18913.71kg/hm2。浮尘中含有较多的盐分,总盐量为56.8g/kg,可通过土壤,间接影响冬小麦的生长发育。浮尘中含多种微量元素和重金属元素,含有一定量的养分,特别是有机质和氮素；含有多种原生的、易风化矿物,特别是石灰和石膏,风化程度较低；浮尘的pH为碱性,机械组成以粗粉砂(0.05-0.02mm)为主。
3浮尘对冬小麦生长发育的影响
3.1浮尘影响冬小麦的产量和品质
浮尘对冬小麦千粒重无明显影响,主要是通过减少冬小麦的小穗数和穗粒数来降低冬小麦的产量,减产幅度超过17%；浮尘能减少冬小麦对氮、磷、钾的吸收,减少体内氨基酸含量,使籽粒中蛋白质含量和淀粉含量明显降低；浮尘能增加冬小麦对微量元素和重金属元素的吸收,增加体内盐分含量,特别是Cl-和S042-离子,分别达到27.65g/kg和27.55g/kg。
在浮尘条件下,冬小麦茎叶中纤维素和木质素含量降低,单宁略有升高,总碳量升高,淀粉转移受到影响。
3.2浮尘影响冬小麦生理生化过程
从分蘖期至开花期,浮尘可导致冬小麦叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加,对冬小麦机体产生伤害。在浮尘条件下,在拔节期的冬小麦叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,脯氨酸含量和相对电导率增加,说明降尘对冬小麦确实造成了伤害。在浮尘条件下,光量子通量有所降低,气温和叶面温度有所升高,气孔导度明显减小,气孔阻力明显增加。浮尘还可减小光合叶面积,堵塞气孔,妨碍气体交换,对光合作用和呼吸作用产生直接不利的影响。
3.3浮尘影响冬小麦形态结构
无论是拔节期还是盛花期,冬小麦叶片结构均受到浮尘的影响,使叶肉细胞的排列变得紧密,细胞间隙变小,从而影响到叶片气体交换和水分蒸腾。在拔节期,有尘叶片的机械组织变得比无尘正常小麦发达。在盛花期,叶片机械组织的发育受到一定抑制。浮尘对冬小麦影响的最敏感时期是3月至4月,发育期为分蘖后期至孕穗期,幼穗分化期为穗轴分化期至四分体形成期,而对扬花以后的灌浆没有明显影响。
Suspended dust is a kind of weather phenomena, in which dusts float in air equably and the horizontal visibility is less than10km. Suspended dust usually occurs in spring and summer, the vigorous growth seasons for crops, and has an important role on crop growth and development. Tarim basin in southern Xinjiang, China, is the most serious area occurring suspended dust, and winter wheat is one of main food crops here. The studies on suspended dust occurrence regulations and the effects of suspended dust on growth of winter wheat in tarim basin are of important theoretical and practical significance.
The studied areas in this project included Hotan, Yuli, and Tieganlike in Tarim basin. Through references summarizing, field investigations, suspended dust observation and winter wheat planting in field stations, simulation tests, physical and chemical analysis, and other means, this study summarized the occurrence regulation of suspended dust oversees and domestics, especially in Tarim basin, including the sources of suspended dust, distribution, occurrence time, characteristics, composition, dust amount, etc. The occurrence and mechanisms of suspended dust in Tarim basin were discussed, and the Local Atmospheric Circulation was contributed as one of the occurrence mechanisms. Finally, the effects of suspended dust on the growth and development of winter wheat were studied. The main results are as follows:
1. Occurrence regulations of suspended dust
1.1Distribution of suspended dust
Under the condition of specific climates, soils, and special combination of environment and landform (or specific dust mode), suspended dust happens. In the world, suspended dust occurs mostly in the areas located in the mainland of10-50degree at both north and south latitudes. The factors of the form of suspended dust are as follows:(1) Arid, semiarid and continental climate; less than400mm annual rainfall to be unevenly distributed; higher than2for the ratio of evaporation to precipitation; great difference in temperature; windy and wind speed surpassing4.5m/s.(2) Dry, loose soil lack of structure and vegetation including desert soils, aridisols and steppe soils.(3) The inland remote from sea.(4) Continental environment with the terrain conditions of the combination of "high mountain-steppe desert or desert". The moisture from the ocean is blocked by the high mountain. The terrain structure is of obvious difference between high mountains and low flats. resulting in formation of the Local Atmospheric Circulation. In the areas of above terrain conditions, suspended dust easily happens. According to our references summarizing, there are14sensitive areas in the world in which occurrence of suspended dust is frequent. They are locating at the north of Chile, Argentina, the middle and west of America, the north of Africa and Sahel, the middle of Australia, the Arabian Peninsula, central Asia and the west of China.
1.2Origins and formation mechanisms of suspended dust
The origins of suspended dust can be divided into two groups:one is spontaneous (from itself), and is caused by the local region dust emission. The characters of this suspended dust are small range, strong regularity, and floating a long time, produced in the region or nearby, the same areas of dust emission and dust fall, ranging a short distance. The material composition of suspended duct is the same in source as the local soil, and this kind of suspended dust is usually caused by Local Atmospheric Circulation.
The other suspended dust was introduced cases, also named extraneous. The characters of this suspended dust are big range, short time, coming from distant dust emission area, emission dust area far away from landing area, the material composition of suspended duct different from the local soil. This kind of suspended dust is often caused by atmospheric circulation, polar cold snap, ocean currents sport, and they often changes with monsoon. This kind of suspended dust often accompanies with dust storm, and has some relationships with occurring winds and sandstorms. It generally occurs on the outskirts of the sandstorm area at the end of dust storms.
The occurrence of suspended dust in Tarim basin behaves a certain periodicity. It happens more frequently in spring, the peak usually in May-June, and less in winter.
There are two kinds of mechanisms for the suspended dust occurrence in Tarim basin. One is the climate produced by cold air current across Tianshan from north to south in eastern and western Xinjiang. The other is weather caused by local atmospheric circulation. Due to the huge contrast caused by terrain elevation, when the mountain elevation over3000m, a regional temperature difference between mountain and plains can cause directional air flow and produce "Local Atmospheric Circulation", resulting winds. When the temperature difference is higher than18℃and the near-ground surface wind speed over4.5m/s, suspended dust is produced. Because the geothermal in spring heating up too fast, suspended dust is produced easily.This is called "effect of pot bottom". Local Atmospheric Circulation is a global common phenomenon, and it has a close relationship with the occurrence of suspended dust.
2. Composition and properties of suspended dust
The most serious period of suspended dust happens basically the same with the growth of winter wheat period. The quantities of suspended dust are different in different regions, time and heights. At70cm height, the fall dust quantity of the whole year is18913.71kg/hm2in Hetian area, where the suspended dust contains more salt, and total salt is56.8g/kg. This suspended dust can influence indirectly on the growth and development of winter wheat through soil. The suspended dust contains many kinds of microelements and heavy metals, also contains a certain amount of nutrients, especially the organic matter and nitrogen. It also contains a variety of pristine, easy weathering minerals, especially low weathered lime and plaster. The pH values in suspended dust are alkaline, and the main machinery contents are thick powder sand (0.02-0.05mm).
3. Effects of suspended dust on winter wheat
3.1Yield and quality of winter wheat
The effects of suspended dust on the weight of thousand seeds of winter wheat are not significantly, but suspended dust reduces the yield of winter wheat by17%mainly through reducing spikelet number per spike and grain number per main spike of winter wheat. Suspended dust decreases the absorption of winter wheat for N, P. and K. and reduces the contents of amino acids in winter wheat and the grain protein and starch contents in wheat seeds. However, suspended dust increases winter wheat to absorb trace elements, heavy metal elements, and salts, especially for Cl-and SO42-ions. Cl-and SO42-ion in winter wheat reaches27.65g/kg and27.55g/kg, respectively. The cellulose and lignin contents in the stems of winter wheat decrease, tannin content and total carbon increase, and the transfer of starch is affected, when winter wheat is under the conditions of suspended dust environment.
3.2Physiological and biochemical process of winter wheat
From the tillering stage to the flowering period, suspended dust enhances obviously malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, resulting in the damage in winter wheat. Meanwhile, the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) diminishes in the leaves of winter wheat at the jointing stage, thus increasing proline contents and relative electrical conductivities and showing real damage in winter wheat. In the conditions of suspended dust, light quantum flux decreases, temperature of leaf surface rises, stomatal conductance significantly decreases, and stomatal resistance significantly increases. Otherwise, suspended dust reduces the area of photosynthesis, jams porosity, inhibits gas exchange, and produces adverse effects on winter wheat photosynthesis and respiration.
3.3Morphological structure of winter wheat
Ether the jointing stage or the fullbloom stage, winter wheat blade structure is subject to the influences of suspended dust, including closer arrangement of mesophyll cells, smaller space of intercellulars, thus affecting blade gas exchange water transpiration. At the jointing stage, the mechanical tissues in winter wheat leaves with suspended dust more develop than those without suspended dsut. At the fullbloom stage, the mechanical tissues are inhibited for a certain extent. The most sensitive period that suspended dust influences winter wheat is the period from March to April, developmental phase from late tillering stage to booting stage, panicle primordium differentiation stage from ear axis to tetrad formation stage. After the flowering stage, suspended dust has no obvious influences on the winter wheat at the grain filling stage.
本项目以南疆塔里木盆地具有代表性的和田、尉犁和铁干里克作为研究区域,通过资料分析、实地调查、野外定位试验、模拟试验、室内仪器分析、理化分析等手段,分析了浮尘在国内外,特别是在塔里木盆地的发生规律,包括浮尘的来源、分布、发生时间、性质、成分、降尘量等；探讨了浮尘形成的原因和机理,提出了局地环流是浮尘形成的机制之一；全面研究了塔里木盆地浮尘对当地冬小麦生长发育的影响。其主要研究结果如下：
1浮尘的发生规律
1.1浮尘的分布
浮尘天气的形成需要特定的气候和土壤条件,需要特定的环境和地形组合(或扬尘模式)。从全球来看,浮尘天气主要分布在南北纬10°-50°之间的内陆区域。具体形成条件如下：(1)气候干旱、半干旱,大陆性强,年降水量<400mm,降水分配不均,蒸降比大于2；温差大,多风,风速超过4.5m/s。(2)土壤干燥,疏松,缺乏结构,地表缺乏植被；土壤为荒漠土、干旱土,草原土等。(3)深居内陆,具有大陆性环境。(4)具有“高山—荒漠草原或荒漠”组合的地形条件。高山阻隔了海洋湿气的进入,形成高低对比明显的地形结构,有利于局地环流的形成。符合这些条件的地区、季风变换频繁区、冷热气团交汇区,再加上深居内陆的大陆性环境,都容易发生浮尘。根据对世界各地的分析和对比,发现世界上有14个浮尘敏感区,他们分别分布在智利北部、阿根廷、美国中西部(2个)、北非及萨赫勒、澳大利亚中部、阿拉伯半岛、中亚、中国中西部(5个)。
1.2浮尘的来源及发生的机制
浮尘的来源有两种：一种是自发的(自生的),是本地区扬尘所造成的。其特点是范围小,规律性强,发生时间长,浮尘产自本地区内部或附近,扬尘区和降尘区为同一地区,或距离较近,浮尘的物质组成与本地区的物质组成具有同源性,这种浮尘往往是由局地环流造成的。
另一种浮尘是输入性的,也叫外生的。其特点是范围大,时间短；浮尘来源于遥远的扬尘区,降尘区与扬尘区相距甚远；浮尘物质来源于外地,降尘的物质组成与本地的物质组成相比是异源的,这种浮尘往往是由大气环流、极地寒流、洋流等的运动引起,它们常常随季风而变化；这种浮尘往往与沙尘暴相伴发生,与大风、沙尘暴有发生上的联系,一般位于沙尘暴区域的外围,处在沙尘暴即将结束的后期。
塔里木盆地浮尘的发生有一定的周期性。春季发生较频繁,5-6月达到高峰。冬季较少。塔里木盆地浮尘的发生有两种机制,一种是北疆绕过天山的东灌气流或西部直接翻越天山的寒流所引发的浮尘天气；一种是局地环流所形成的浮尘天气。当山地海拔超过3000m时,由于地形高差对比强烈,在山区和平原之间将形成区域性的温度差,形成空气的定向流动,产生“局地环流”,进而形成风。随着温差的增大,当温差大于18℃,近地面风速超过4.5m/s时,就可发生浮尘天气。由于春天地温升温快,产生“锅底效应”,易发生浮尘天气。局地环流在全球是普遍存在的一种现象,它和浮尘的发生有密切的关系。
2浮尘的组成和性质
浮尘发生最严重的时期与冬小麦的生长时期基本一致。不同的地区,不同的时间,不同的高度降尘量不同,在70cm高度,和田全年的降尘量为18913.71kg/hm2。浮尘中含有较多的盐分,总盐量为56.8g/kg,可通过土壤,间接影响冬小麦的生长发育。浮尘中含多种微量元素和重金属元素,含有一定量的养分,特别是有机质和氮素；含有多种原生的、易风化矿物,特别是石灰和石膏,风化程度较低；浮尘的pH为碱性,机械组成以粗粉砂(0.05-0.02mm)为主。
3浮尘对冬小麦生长发育的影响
3.1浮尘影响冬小麦的产量和品质
浮尘对冬小麦千粒重无明显影响,主要是通过减少冬小麦的小穗数和穗粒数来降低冬小麦的产量,减产幅度超过17%；浮尘能减少冬小麦对氮、磷、钾的吸收,减少体内氨基酸含量,使籽粒中蛋白质含量和淀粉含量明显降低；浮尘能增加冬小麦对微量元素和重金属元素的吸收,增加体内盐分含量,特别是Cl-和S042-离子,分别达到27.65g/kg和27.55g/kg。
在浮尘条件下,冬小麦茎叶中纤维素和木质素含量降低,单宁略有升高,总碳量升高,淀粉转移受到影响。
3.2浮尘影响冬小麦生理生化过程
从分蘖期至开花期,浮尘可导致冬小麦叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加,对冬小麦机体产生伤害。在浮尘条件下,在拔节期的冬小麦叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,脯氨酸含量和相对电导率增加,说明降尘对冬小麦确实造成了伤害。在浮尘条件下,光量子通量有所降低,气温和叶面温度有所升高,气孔导度明显减小,气孔阻力明显增加。浮尘还可减小光合叶面积,堵塞气孔,妨碍气体交换,对光合作用和呼吸作用产生直接不利的影响。
3.3浮尘影响冬小麦形态结构
无论是拔节期还是盛花期,冬小麦叶片结构均受到浮尘的影响,使叶肉细胞的排列变得紧密,细胞间隙变小,从而影响到叶片气体交换和水分蒸腾。在拔节期,有尘叶片的机械组织变得比无尘正常小麦发达。在盛花期,叶片机械组织的发育受到一定抑制。浮尘对冬小麦影响的最敏感时期是3月至4月,发育期为分蘖后期至孕穗期,幼穗分化期为穗轴分化期至四分体形成期,而对扬花以后的灌浆没有明显影响。
Suspended dust is a kind of weather phenomena, in which dusts float in air equably and the horizontal visibility is less than10km. Suspended dust usually occurs in spring and summer, the vigorous growth seasons for crops, and has an important role on crop growth and development. Tarim basin in southern Xinjiang, China, is the most serious area occurring suspended dust, and winter wheat is one of main food crops here. The studies on suspended dust occurrence regulations and the effects of suspended dust on growth of winter wheat in tarim basin are of important theoretical and practical significance.
The studied areas in this project included Hotan, Yuli, and Tieganlike in Tarim basin. Through references summarizing, field investigations, suspended dust observation and winter wheat planting in field stations, simulation tests, physical and chemical analysis, and other means, this study summarized the occurrence regulation of suspended dust oversees and domestics, especially in Tarim basin, including the sources of suspended dust, distribution, occurrence time, characteristics, composition, dust amount, etc. The occurrence and mechanisms of suspended dust in Tarim basin were discussed, and the Local Atmospheric Circulation was contributed as one of the occurrence mechanisms. Finally, the effects of suspended dust on the growth and development of winter wheat were studied. The main results are as follows:
1. Occurrence regulations of suspended dust
1.1Distribution of suspended dust
Under the condition of specific climates, soils, and special combination of environment and landform (or specific dust mode), suspended dust happens. In the world, suspended dust occurs mostly in the areas located in the mainland of10-50degree at both north and south latitudes. The factors of the form of suspended dust are as follows:(1) Arid, semiarid and continental climate; less than400mm annual rainfall to be unevenly distributed; higher than2for the ratio of evaporation to precipitation; great difference in temperature; windy and wind speed surpassing4.5m/s.(2) Dry, loose soil lack of structure and vegetation including desert soils, aridisols and steppe soils.(3) The inland remote from sea.(4) Continental environment with the terrain conditions of the combination of "high mountain-steppe desert or desert". The moisture from the ocean is blocked by the high mountain. The terrain structure is of obvious difference between high mountains and low flats. resulting in formation of the Local Atmospheric Circulation. In the areas of above terrain conditions, suspended dust easily happens. According to our references summarizing, there are14sensitive areas in the world in which occurrence of suspended dust is frequent. They are locating at the north of Chile, Argentina, the middle and west of America, the north of Africa and Sahel, the middle of Australia, the Arabian Peninsula, central Asia and the west of China.
1.2Origins and formation mechanisms of suspended dust
The origins of suspended dust can be divided into two groups:one is spontaneous (from itself), and is caused by the local region dust emission. The characters of this suspended dust are small range, strong regularity, and floating a long time, produced in the region or nearby, the same areas of dust emission and dust fall, ranging a short distance. The material composition of suspended duct is the same in source as the local soil, and this kind of suspended dust is usually caused by Local Atmospheric Circulation.
The other suspended dust was introduced cases, also named extraneous. The characters of this suspended dust are big range, short time, coming from distant dust emission area, emission dust area far away from landing area, the material composition of suspended duct different from the local soil. This kind of suspended dust is often caused by atmospheric circulation, polar cold snap, ocean currents sport, and they often changes with monsoon. This kind of suspended dust often accompanies with dust storm, and has some relationships with occurring winds and sandstorms. It generally occurs on the outskirts of the sandstorm area at the end of dust storms.
The occurrence of suspended dust in Tarim basin behaves a certain periodicity. It happens more frequently in spring, the peak usually in May-June, and less in winter.
There are two kinds of mechanisms for the suspended dust occurrence in Tarim basin. One is the climate produced by cold air current across Tianshan from north to south in eastern and western Xinjiang. The other is weather caused by local atmospheric circulation. Due to the huge contrast caused by terrain elevation, when the mountain elevation over3000m, a regional temperature difference between mountain and plains can cause directional air flow and produce "Local Atmospheric Circulation", resulting winds. When the temperature difference is higher than18℃and the near-ground surface wind speed over4.5m/s, suspended dust is produced. Because the geothermal in spring heating up too fast, suspended dust is produced easily.This is called "effect of pot bottom". Local Atmospheric Circulation is a global common phenomenon, and it has a close relationship with the occurrence of suspended dust.
2. Composition and properties of suspended dust
The most serious period of suspended dust happens basically the same with the growth of winter wheat period. The quantities of suspended dust are different in different regions, time and heights. At70cm height, the fall dust quantity of the whole year is18913.71kg/hm2in Hetian area, where the suspended dust contains more salt, and total salt is56.8g/kg. This suspended dust can influence indirectly on the growth and development of winter wheat through soil. The suspended dust contains many kinds of microelements and heavy metals, also contains a certain amount of nutrients, especially the organic matter and nitrogen. It also contains a variety of pristine, easy weathering minerals, especially low weathered lime and plaster. The pH values in suspended dust are alkaline, and the main machinery contents are thick powder sand (0.02-0.05mm).
3. Effects of suspended dust on winter wheat
3.1Yield and quality of winter wheat
The effects of suspended dust on the weight of thousand seeds of winter wheat are not significantly, but suspended dust reduces the yield of winter wheat by17%mainly through reducing spikelet number per spike and grain number per main spike of winter wheat. Suspended dust decreases the absorption of winter wheat for N, P. and K. and reduces the contents of amino acids in winter wheat and the grain protein and starch contents in wheat seeds. However, suspended dust increases winter wheat to absorb trace elements, heavy metal elements, and salts, especially for Cl-and SO42-ions. Cl-and SO42-ion in winter wheat reaches27.65g/kg and27.55g/kg, respectively. The cellulose and lignin contents in the stems of winter wheat decrease, tannin content and total carbon increase, and the transfer of starch is affected, when winter wheat is under the conditions of suspended dust environment.
3.2Physiological and biochemical process of winter wheat
From the tillering stage to the flowering period, suspended dust enhances obviously malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, resulting in the damage in winter wheat. Meanwhile, the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) diminishes in the leaves of winter wheat at the jointing stage, thus increasing proline contents and relative electrical conductivities and showing real damage in winter wheat. In the conditions of suspended dust, light quantum flux decreases, temperature of leaf surface rises, stomatal conductance significantly decreases, and stomatal resistance significantly increases. Otherwise, suspended dust reduces the area of photosynthesis, jams porosity, inhibits gas exchange, and produces adverse effects on winter wheat photosynthesis and respiration.
3.3Morphological structure of winter wheat
Ether the jointing stage or the fullbloom stage, winter wheat blade structure is subject to the influences of suspended dust, including closer arrangement of mesophyll cells, smaller space of intercellulars, thus affecting blade gas exchange water transpiration. At the jointing stage, the mechanical tissues in winter wheat leaves with suspended dust more develop than those without suspended dsut. At the fullbloom stage, the mechanical tissues are inhibited for a certain extent. The most sensitive period that suspended dust influences winter wheat is the period from March to April, developmental phase from late tillering stage to booting stage, panicle primordium differentiation stage from ear axis to tetrad formation stage. After the flowering stage, suspended dust has no obvious influences on the winter wheat at the grain filling stage.
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