销售电价分段定价方法研究
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摘要
价格是市场机制最基本的要素,是重要的经济杠杆,充分运用价格机制调配社会经济资源,促进企业改进技术和经济管理,调节社会物质利益的分配,是市场经济的必然要求。所以,电力价格是我国电力行业市场化改革成败的关键。随着电力市场打破垄断,拥有占全国46%发电资产和90%输电资产的原国家电力公司被拆分重组2家电网公司、5家发电集团公司和4家辅业集团公司以来,上网电价、输配电价和销售电价的定价问题已经成为各方竞相研究的问题。
论文从中国建国以来电价政策的发展,电力市场改革的现状及目前电价政策中存在的问题及其原因出发,对分段电价的构成及影响因素和有关分段电价的设置的理论和方法展开了深入讨论。针对各段电价的特点,介绍了成本加成定价和边际成本定价两种定价方法。其中着重研究了上网电价的两部制定价法,输配电价的成本分摊方法,长期边际成本法,短期边际成本法和实时电价,并对定价方法的效应进行了分析。
结合国外电价改革中电价制定的经验,提出了我国电力价格改革方案的初步设想。上网电价现阶段采取两部制电价,即容量电价和电量电价,待条件成熟后,再全价竞价上网;输配电价格实行政府定价,电价按平均售电价格扣减平均购电价格确定,逐步过渡到“成本加成”方式核定输配电价格;销售电价在优化电价结构的基础上,重新划分用户类别并探索直供大用户销售电价形成机制,引入零售商制度,建立科学合理的销售电价形成机制。
The price is the elementary factor of the mechanism in market and is an important economic lever. Using the price mechanism to dispense the economic resources, and promoting the enterprises to improve the management technique, control the allotment of the material benefits is the market economy's request. Therefore, the electric price is the key to electric power market reform of our country. Along with the opening of the electric market, the methods of electric pricing in production, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity have become more and more importantDiscussing the situation of electric power market reform and the problems and reasons of the electric pricing policy since the found of China. Investigating the main factors that influence the electric price and the theories concerning electric price's establishment. Introduced two pricing methods considering the character of the electric power: cost-plus pricing and marginal cost pricing. Especially, the emphasis were put on the Long Run Margin Cost of Pricing, Short Run Margin Cost of Pricing, Real-time or Spot Market Pricing of Electricity, and so on. In the mean time, this paper analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each methodBased on the experience of electric pricing of other countries in the world, a new scheme of electric pricing reform has been put forward. In this stage, electric pricing method of generation is adopted the capacity price, electric pricing method of transmission is decided by government, and electric pricing method of sale is adopted the retailer system.
论文从中国建国以来电价政策的发展,电力市场改革的现状及目前电价政策中存在的问题及其原因出发,对分段电价的构成及影响因素和有关分段电价的设置的理论和方法展开了深入讨论。针对各段电价的特点,介绍了成本加成定价和边际成本定价两种定价方法。其中着重研究了上网电价的两部制定价法,输配电价的成本分摊方法,长期边际成本法,短期边际成本法和实时电价,并对定价方法的效应进行了分析。
结合国外电价改革中电价制定的经验,提出了我国电力价格改革方案的初步设想。上网电价现阶段采取两部制电价,即容量电价和电量电价,待条件成熟后,再全价竞价上网;输配电价格实行政府定价,电价按平均售电价格扣减平均购电价格确定,逐步过渡到“成本加成”方式核定输配电价格;销售电价在优化电价结构的基础上,重新划分用户类别并探索直供大用户销售电价形成机制,引入零售商制度,建立科学合理的销售电价形成机制。
The price is the elementary factor of the mechanism in market and is an important economic lever. Using the price mechanism to dispense the economic resources, and promoting the enterprises to improve the management technique, control the allotment of the material benefits is the market economy's request. Therefore, the electric price is the key to electric power market reform of our country. Along with the opening of the electric market, the methods of electric pricing in production, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity have become more and more importantDiscussing the situation of electric power market reform and the problems and reasons of the electric pricing policy since the found of China. Investigating the main factors that influence the electric price and the theories concerning electric price's establishment. Introduced two pricing methods considering the character of the electric power: cost-plus pricing and marginal cost pricing. Especially, the emphasis were put on the Long Run Margin Cost of Pricing, Short Run Margin Cost of Pricing, Real-time or Spot Market Pricing of Electricity, and so on. In the mean time, this paper analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each methodBased on the experience of electric pricing of other countries in the world, a new scheme of electric pricing reform has been put forward. In this stage, electric pricing method of generation is adopted the capacity price, electric pricing method of transmission is decided by government, and electric pricing method of sale is adopted the retailer system.
引文
[1] 陶小马,黄治国,公用事业定价理论模式比较研究,《价格理论与实践》2002.9
[2] 毕井泉,改革电价形成机制的思路,《价格理论与实践》2002.2
[3] 何勇健,范斌,浅议我国发电市场结构及电价模式选择,《价格理论与实践》2001.1
[4] 郑斌,王秀丽,王锡凡,电力边际成本定价类型及特点,《华东电力》
[5] Leibenstein, H. (1996), "Allocative Efficeiency vs. X-Efficiency", American Economic Review, 56 pp. 392-415
[6] Wiley-Interscience, Power system economics: designing markets for electricity Steven Stoft. Monograph, Piscataway, NJIEEE Press, 2002
[7] Anctil, R. M. And Sunil Dutta. Negotiated transfer pricing and Divisional VS. firm-wide performance evaluation. The Accounting Review, 1999; 74(January)
[8] Knowles, L. L. and I. Mathur. International transfer pricing objectives. Managerial Finance 1985; 11(2)
[9] 周建平,周浩,电力市场竞价策略探讨,《中国电力》 2001.3
[10] 赵曙光,国外电价政策借鉴,《电力系统自动化》 2000.8
[11] 王锡凡,有关当前我国电力市场若干问题讨论,《中国电力》 2001.10
[12] 李才华,输电、配电价格刍议,《价格理论与实践》 2001.1
[13] 曾鸣,周巍,周霞,丁声高,叶元煦,中国电力工业市场化改革的3个问题研究与建议,《价格理论与实践》 2001.1
[14] 黄少忠,考察英国、西班牙、意大利、法国电力体制机电价的启示和建议,《价格理论与实践》 2001.8
[15] 韩慧芳,电价管理现状及电价改革的基本思路,《价格理论与实践》 2001.1
[16] 何伟,关于电力改革若干问题的思考,《理论前沿》 2001.1.9
[17] 高光夫,关于销售电价改革的设想,《价格理论与实践》 2001.3
[18] 郑厚清,张银芽,刘小鸿,余钢,竞价上网试点的成果与问题,《中国电力企业管理》 2002.3
[19] 国务院秘书局2002年3月印发,电力体制改革方案,《中国电力企业管理》 2002.5
[20] 林嘉音,余铭正,孟宪生,对两部制电价的初步分析与探讨,《华东电力》 2000.7
[21] 葛茂长,建设符合市场规律的电价机制,《中国电业》 2002.5
[22] 杨荣华,边际成本理论在电价计划中的应用,《电力需求侧管理》 2001.2
[23] 电力企业改革目标模式研究课题组,我国电力工业改革目标模式研究,《中国电业》 2001.4
[24] 刘树杰,竞争与规范——电价改革的基本思路,《中国物价》 1998
[25] Friedman,Milton著,鲁晓龙等译,价格理论,商务印书馆,1994.8
[26] 穆荣平,德国向中国的技术转移—上海大众汽车公司案例研究[J],科研管理,1997.11,p71-78.
[27] 谢伟.追赶和价格战[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2001
[28] 徐金发,许强,顾惊雷.企业知识转移的情景分析模型[J],科研管理,2003.3,p54-60.
[30] Nonaka I,, Takeuchi H.. The knowledge-creating company. How Japanese Companies Creat the Dynamics of Innovation [M]. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
[31] Michael, Hitt. Technological Learning, Knowledge Management, Firm Growth and Performance: an Introdectory essay [J]. Technological Management, 2000 (17): 231-246
[2] 毕井泉,改革电价形成机制的思路,《价格理论与实践》2002.2
[3] 何勇健,范斌,浅议我国发电市场结构及电价模式选择,《价格理论与实践》2001.1
[4] 郑斌,王秀丽,王锡凡,电力边际成本定价类型及特点,《华东电力》
[5] Leibenstein, H. (1996), "Allocative Efficeiency vs. X-Efficiency", American Economic Review, 56 pp. 392-415
[6] Wiley-Interscience, Power system economics: designing markets for electricity Steven Stoft. Monograph, Piscataway, NJIEEE Press, 2002
[7] Anctil, R. M. And Sunil Dutta. Negotiated transfer pricing and Divisional VS. firm-wide performance evaluation. The Accounting Review, 1999; 74(January)
[8] Knowles, L. L. and I. Mathur. International transfer pricing objectives. Managerial Finance 1985; 11(2)
[9] 周建平,周浩,电力市场竞价策略探讨,《中国电力》 2001.3
[10] 赵曙光,国外电价政策借鉴,《电力系统自动化》 2000.8
[11] 王锡凡,有关当前我国电力市场若干问题讨论,《中国电力》 2001.10
[12] 李才华,输电、配电价格刍议,《价格理论与实践》 2001.1
[13] 曾鸣,周巍,周霞,丁声高,叶元煦,中国电力工业市场化改革的3个问题研究与建议,《价格理论与实践》 2001.1
[14] 黄少忠,考察英国、西班牙、意大利、法国电力体制机电价的启示和建议,《价格理论与实践》 2001.8
[15] 韩慧芳,电价管理现状及电价改革的基本思路,《价格理论与实践》 2001.1
[16] 何伟,关于电力改革若干问题的思考,《理论前沿》 2001.1.9
[17] 高光夫,关于销售电价改革的设想,《价格理论与实践》 2001.3
[18] 郑厚清,张银芽,刘小鸿,余钢,竞价上网试点的成果与问题,《中国电力企业管理》 2002.3
[19] 国务院秘书局2002年3月印发,电力体制改革方案,《中国电力企业管理》 2002.5
[20] 林嘉音,余铭正,孟宪生,对两部制电价的初步分析与探讨,《华东电力》 2000.7
[21] 葛茂长,建设符合市场规律的电价机制,《中国电业》 2002.5
[22] 杨荣华,边际成本理论在电价计划中的应用,《电力需求侧管理》 2001.2
[23] 电力企业改革目标模式研究课题组,我国电力工业改革目标模式研究,《中国电业》 2001.4
[24] 刘树杰,竞争与规范——电价改革的基本思路,《中国物价》 1998
[25] Friedman,Milton著,鲁晓龙等译,价格理论,商务印书馆,1994.8
[26] 穆荣平,德国向中国的技术转移—上海大众汽车公司案例研究[J],科研管理,1997.11,p71-78.
[27] 谢伟.追赶和价格战[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2001
[28] 徐金发,许强,顾惊雷.企业知识转移的情景分析模型[J],科研管理,2003.3,p54-60.
[30] Nonaka I,, Takeuchi H.. The knowledge-creating company. How Japanese Companies Creat the Dynamics of Innovation [M]. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
[31] Michael, Hitt. Technological Learning, Knowledge Management, Firm Growth and Performance: an Introdectory essay [J]. Technological Management, 2000 (17): 231-246