煤矿开采对矿区地下水系统扰动的定量评价研究
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摘要
地下水系统作为自然水文循环系统的重要组成部分,是维系地球生命支撑系统不可或缺的基本要素。因此,研究如何正确认识和评价煤矿开采对地下水系统的扰动,对保护地下水系统,实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。
论文以矿区地下水系统作为研究对象,采取理论分析和数值计算相结合的研究方法,分析了煤矿开采导致矿区地下水系统扰动的现象,探索了地下水系统扰动的定量评价问题,提出了涌水量系数法的评价体系。
论文首先结合前人的研究成果从系统论的角度给出了矿区地下水系统的定义及其组成,介绍了地下水系统的自组织特性,并从系统与环境之间相互关系的角度介绍了矿区地下水系统的多重性功能。在矿区,地下水既是水资源的重要组成部分和重要的环境要素,并参与自然界的水文循环,又是矿井水害的主要水源,具有一定的特殊性。
进而从人地系统的理论出发,认识矿区人地系统中人与地的相互作用,概括出了开采对含隔水层子系统、水化学子系统以及水资源子系统的扰动。煤矿区是一个典型的小型人地系统。在矿区人地系统中人与地的相互作用是十分剧烈的。采空区塌陷导致顶底板含、隔水层破断,影响储集和运移地下水的功能,对含、隔水层子系统产生扰动。开采改变了煤层的原有赋存状态,在新的环境的作用下形成酸性矿井水、含悬浮物矿井水、高矿化度矿井水等,对水化学子系统产生扰动。为保障煤矿安全生产,疏干降压,强力抽排地下水,地下水资源损失严重。
运用传统的地下水降落漏斗法和新提出的涌水量系数法开展了地下水系统扰动的定量评价研究。重点是从矿区揭示的资料的有限性这一实际情况出发,提出了涌水量系数的概念,并给出了基于该指标的完整的评价体系。通过矿区水文长观孔的水位观测资料可以求算出地下水水位的最大降深和漏斗半径,定量评价地下水系统的扰动。涌水量和降雨量是矿区的重要技术信息,通过年涌水量(Wa)、年降雨量(Ra)和矿区面积(Am)构造出涌水量系数(y),y=Wa /( Ra·Am)。再把涌水量系数(y)与矿区的降雨入渗补给系数(b)进行比较,划分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ共五个扰动等级,对开采导致的地下水系统的扰动进行定量评价。同时涌水量和降雨量都是时间序列,可以用ARIMA时间序列分析方法建模和预测,因此应用涌水量系数法既可以用于定量地评价地下水系统的扰动,也可以对地下水系统的扰动进行预测。
论文最后还以韩桥矿区为例进行了实例研究,进一步验证了该评价体系的可行性。通过对矿区水文地质条件的综合分析,以1973～2008年的矿井年涌水量数据为基础,运用ARIMA时间序列分析方法,实现了涌水量的预测。通过该法也可以对降雨量序列进行建模和预测,从而实现涌水量系数法的评价和预测功能。韩桥矿区的涌水量系数介于0.885～2.553之间,扰动等级评定为最高的Ⅴ级,这与其采取疏干开采,对地下水系统扰动剧烈的情况完全相符。
本论文的创新点:(1)创新研究思路,一改矿区地下水研究中“就矿论矿”,以防治水为重点的思维定势,把地下水系统这一自然系统作为研究的中心,探索煤矿开采(人工干预)对地下水系统的扰动及其定量评价。(2)首次提出涌水量系数的概念,给出了涌水量系数的定义及其计算方法,并基于涌水量系数制定了完整的评价指标体系。
As a key component of natural hydrological cycle, groundwater system is the inevitable basic element for life supporting system on the Earth. So, how to exactly understanding and evaluating mining-induced disturbance on groundwater system in coal mines are of great significance for protecting groundwater system and regional sustainable development.
The main object of the dissertation is the groundwater system in coal mining areas. On the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical calculation of groundwater system disturbance caused by coal mining, the dissertation focuses on the quantitative evaluation of groundwater system disturbance in coal mining areas, and puts forward an evaluation system, in which water inrush coefficient is seen as the critical factor.
From the viewpoint of system theory, this dissertation firstly introduces the definition of groundwater system in coal mining areas, as well as its composition and features of self-organization based on a systematical literature surveying. Then the different kinds of the function of groundwater system in the interaction among water resource, environment and human being, as well as natural water cycle, including mine water hazards, are discussed in detail. In a coal mining area, the groundwater plays not only the role of the component of water cycle, but also as an important water source both for the normal production and for water disaster.
From the theory of human-earth system, the paper also introduces the interaction between human activities and earth system in mining areas, summarizes the mining- induced disturbance on different subsystems, like aquifer and aquitard subsystem, water chemical subsystem and water resource subsystem. The coal mining area is a typical human-earth system in a smaller dimension, where the interaction between human and earth is very fierce. The breaking of roof or floor of coal seam could lower the storage and migration capability of groundwater system and cause disturbance on the aquifer and aquitard subsystem. Mining activity not only changes the occurrence of coal seam, but also disturbs the water chemical subsystem, resulting in acidized, mineralized water, suspended substance in mine water. Because of the drainage of mine water for safety production, the amount of water resource in mining areas decreases obviously.
In the dissertation, the mining-induced disturbance on groundwater system is evaluated by means of the factors, such as groundwater depression cone and water inrush coefficient. This paper proposes the conception of water inrush coefficient and the evaluate indicator system integrating with the actual situation of coal field. The drawdown and radius of groundwater depression cone can be calculated by data of observational material of water level in observation drills, so the disturbance on groundwater system can be quantitative evaluated. Water inrush and rainfall are the important technical information in mine. Water inrush coefficient (y) is conformed by annual water inrush (Wa), annual rainfall (Ra) and area of mine(Am) as y = Wa /( Ra·Am). Five classes of disturbances can be recognized by comparing water inrush coefficient(y) with coefficient of recharge from precipitation (b). Time series of water inrush and rainfall could be calculated for modeling and predicting using ARIMA. So the water inrush coefficient that is consisted by water inrush and rainfall could not only be used for quantitative evaluation, but also for prediction of the disturbance on groundwater system.
As a case study, the water inrush coefficient was calculated based on the data from study area Hanqiao Coal Mine in Xuzhou, China. The results indicate that the evaluation system is feasible. Taking the water inrush of 1973-2008 as an example, the use of ARIMA model was introduced and the prediction to rainfall was verified in the dissertation. The water inrush coefficient is between 0.885 and 2.553. The degree of disturbance isⅤ, the highest. The reason is that water drainage results in lowering of the groundwater table in mining and the groundwater system had been disturbed violently.
Innovations in the dissertation include:①The dissertation takes the groundwater system in coal mining area as the focus of the study, instead of mine disastrous inundation prevention. It explores an indicator system for quantitative evaluation of mining-induced disturbance on groundwater system.②For the first time, the concept of water inrush coefficient is proposed in this dissertation and used in the evaluate indicator system mentioned above.
论文以矿区地下水系统作为研究对象,采取理论分析和数值计算相结合的研究方法,分析了煤矿开采导致矿区地下水系统扰动的现象,探索了地下水系统扰动的定量评价问题,提出了涌水量系数法的评价体系。
论文首先结合前人的研究成果从系统论的角度给出了矿区地下水系统的定义及其组成,介绍了地下水系统的自组织特性,并从系统与环境之间相互关系的角度介绍了矿区地下水系统的多重性功能。在矿区,地下水既是水资源的重要组成部分和重要的环境要素,并参与自然界的水文循环,又是矿井水害的主要水源,具有一定的特殊性。
进而从人地系统的理论出发,认识矿区人地系统中人与地的相互作用,概括出了开采对含隔水层子系统、水化学子系统以及水资源子系统的扰动。煤矿区是一个典型的小型人地系统。在矿区人地系统中人与地的相互作用是十分剧烈的。采空区塌陷导致顶底板含、隔水层破断,影响储集和运移地下水的功能,对含、隔水层子系统产生扰动。开采改变了煤层的原有赋存状态,在新的环境的作用下形成酸性矿井水、含悬浮物矿井水、高矿化度矿井水等,对水化学子系统产生扰动。为保障煤矿安全生产,疏干降压,强力抽排地下水,地下水资源损失严重。
运用传统的地下水降落漏斗法和新提出的涌水量系数法开展了地下水系统扰动的定量评价研究。重点是从矿区揭示的资料的有限性这一实际情况出发,提出了涌水量系数的概念,并给出了基于该指标的完整的评价体系。通过矿区水文长观孔的水位观测资料可以求算出地下水水位的最大降深和漏斗半径,定量评价地下水系统的扰动。涌水量和降雨量是矿区的重要技术信息,通过年涌水量(Wa)、年降雨量(Ra)和矿区面积(Am)构造出涌水量系数(y),y=Wa /( Ra·Am)。再把涌水量系数(y)与矿区的降雨入渗补给系数(b)进行比较,划分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ共五个扰动等级,对开采导致的地下水系统的扰动进行定量评价。同时涌水量和降雨量都是时间序列,可以用ARIMA时间序列分析方法建模和预测,因此应用涌水量系数法既可以用于定量地评价地下水系统的扰动,也可以对地下水系统的扰动进行预测。
论文最后还以韩桥矿区为例进行了实例研究,进一步验证了该评价体系的可行性。通过对矿区水文地质条件的综合分析,以1973～2008年的矿井年涌水量数据为基础,运用ARIMA时间序列分析方法,实现了涌水量的预测。通过该法也可以对降雨量序列进行建模和预测,从而实现涌水量系数法的评价和预测功能。韩桥矿区的涌水量系数介于0.885～2.553之间,扰动等级评定为最高的Ⅴ级,这与其采取疏干开采,对地下水系统扰动剧烈的情况完全相符。
本论文的创新点:(1)创新研究思路,一改矿区地下水研究中“就矿论矿”,以防治水为重点的思维定势,把地下水系统这一自然系统作为研究的中心,探索煤矿开采(人工干预)对地下水系统的扰动及其定量评价。(2)首次提出涌水量系数的概念,给出了涌水量系数的定义及其计算方法,并基于涌水量系数制定了完整的评价指标体系。
As a key component of natural hydrological cycle, groundwater system is the inevitable basic element for life supporting system on the Earth. So, how to exactly understanding and evaluating mining-induced disturbance on groundwater system in coal mines are of great significance for protecting groundwater system and regional sustainable development.
The main object of the dissertation is the groundwater system in coal mining areas. On the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical calculation of groundwater system disturbance caused by coal mining, the dissertation focuses on the quantitative evaluation of groundwater system disturbance in coal mining areas, and puts forward an evaluation system, in which water inrush coefficient is seen as the critical factor.
From the viewpoint of system theory, this dissertation firstly introduces the definition of groundwater system in coal mining areas, as well as its composition and features of self-organization based on a systematical literature surveying. Then the different kinds of the function of groundwater system in the interaction among water resource, environment and human being, as well as natural water cycle, including mine water hazards, are discussed in detail. In a coal mining area, the groundwater plays not only the role of the component of water cycle, but also as an important water source both for the normal production and for water disaster.
From the theory of human-earth system, the paper also introduces the interaction between human activities and earth system in mining areas, summarizes the mining- induced disturbance on different subsystems, like aquifer and aquitard subsystem, water chemical subsystem and water resource subsystem. The coal mining area is a typical human-earth system in a smaller dimension, where the interaction between human and earth is very fierce. The breaking of roof or floor of coal seam could lower the storage and migration capability of groundwater system and cause disturbance on the aquifer and aquitard subsystem. Mining activity not only changes the occurrence of coal seam, but also disturbs the water chemical subsystem, resulting in acidized, mineralized water, suspended substance in mine water. Because of the drainage of mine water for safety production, the amount of water resource in mining areas decreases obviously.
In the dissertation, the mining-induced disturbance on groundwater system is evaluated by means of the factors, such as groundwater depression cone and water inrush coefficient. This paper proposes the conception of water inrush coefficient and the evaluate indicator system integrating with the actual situation of coal field. The drawdown and radius of groundwater depression cone can be calculated by data of observational material of water level in observation drills, so the disturbance on groundwater system can be quantitative evaluated. Water inrush and rainfall are the important technical information in mine. Water inrush coefficient (y) is conformed by annual water inrush (Wa), annual rainfall (Ra) and area of mine(Am) as y = Wa /( Ra·Am). Five classes of disturbances can be recognized by comparing water inrush coefficient(y) with coefficient of recharge from precipitation (b). Time series of water inrush and rainfall could be calculated for modeling and predicting using ARIMA. So the water inrush coefficient that is consisted by water inrush and rainfall could not only be used for quantitative evaluation, but also for prediction of the disturbance on groundwater system.
As a case study, the water inrush coefficient was calculated based on the data from study area Hanqiao Coal Mine in Xuzhou, China. The results indicate that the evaluation system is feasible. Taking the water inrush of 1973-2008 as an example, the use of ARIMA model was introduced and the prediction to rainfall was verified in the dissertation. The water inrush coefficient is between 0.885 and 2.553. The degree of disturbance isⅤ, the highest. The reason is that water drainage results in lowering of the groundwater table in mining and the groundwater system had been disturbed violently.
Innovations in the dissertation include:①The dissertation takes the groundwater system in coal mining area as the focus of the study, instead of mine disastrous inundation prevention. It explores an indicator system for quantitative evaluation of mining-induced disturbance on groundwater system.②For the first time, the concept of water inrush coefficient is proposed in this dissertation and used in the evaluate indicator system mentioned above.
引文
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