SMAIP系统开发及其在村镇污水治理中的应用研究
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摘要
我国村镇经济技术基础薄弱，开发低投资、低成本、高效、维护简单的工艺是村镇污水治理的关键环节之一。课题组采用静态试验、野外自然生态净化试验和工业化生物强化试验，在超深厌氧塘区厌氧消化、固定化生物载体强化、人工浮岛吸收吸附以及悬浮式移动曝气系统多级A/O的基础上，开发悬浮式移动曝气综合塘强化生态技术（简称SMAIP系统），并对其性能及机理进行研究。
研究表明：SMAIP系统培养过程简单、启动快。悬浮式移动曝气采用微孔膜式移动曝气，充氧性能优于机械移动式表面曝气，溶解氧可方便控制。悬浮式移动曝气用于生态塘强化试验，污染物COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TP净化效率分别为81%、80%和55%以上。比对照样净化效率分别提高37.5%、30%、12.5%。源水TN浓度过高，C/N值低，系统对TN净化效率影响不明显。固定化生物载体提供较大的生物接触表面积和更强的表面吸附性，提供更多的硝化菌、反硝化细菌数量，提高脱氮效率；并通过载体的过滤、吸附与沉淀强化除磷。固定化生物载体用作生态塘强化手段对COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN、TP平均净化效率分别达87.69%、72.65%、41%、83.98%，比对照样分别提高22.15%、15.33%、8.65%、34.41%。人工浮岛水生植物净化能力与生长特征表现一致。试验浮岛水生植物中千屈菜生长快，水生黄鸢尾茎叶繁茂。根系泌氧能力：水生黄鸢尾>千屈菜。经4d稳定运行后，水生黄鸢尾、千屈菜浮岛对COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN和TP平均净化效率分别达50%、50%、15%和70%以上。
针对不同气候条件，SMAIP系统分别采用无动力自然生态净化模式和工业化生物强化模式。无动力模式SMAIP系统对COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN和TP的平均净化效率为60.89%、31.20%、19.7%和21%。净化效率与水温相关系数R2分别为0.6928、0.8544、0.6796和0.8519，相关性显著；与HRT相关系数R2分别为0.8975、0.8558、0.5372和0.9023，除TN外呈显著性相关，用完全混合CSTR模型COD一级反应动力学模型描述SMAIP系统的净化过程，并用Arrhenius定律描述温度对反应速率的关系，得出数学模型公式为：Ce=C0(1+1.38×1.23(T-20)×Tm)。实测值与模型计算值之间的相关系数为0.7814。工业化模式COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN、TP平均净化效率为90.28%、92.78%、60%、52.43%，冰冻期水温维持在9~15℃，出水低于城镇污水处理一级排放标准，净化效率与水温相关性不明显，较低温度下的除磷效果比较高温度下反而高。工业化模式系统主要利用微生物对有机基质的利用，采用Monod一级反应动力学模型来描述生化降解过程，得出数学模型公式为：S SOe. .TX。实测值与模型计算值之间的相关系数为0.9553。以1000人大型村庄为案例，SMAIP系统投资约15万元，占地600m2，运行费用0.662万元/年，装机1.5KW。
The level of economic and technological is relatively low in our country, andDeveloping low investment cost, high efficiency, simple maintenance processaccording to the local conditions is a key link in our village sewage treatment. Ourresearch group carried enhanced means experiment on traditional natural ecologicalpurification system based on the towns and villages sewage characteristics, duringwhich, static tests, natural field ecological experiment, and industrialized-assistedbiological mode of operation were applied respectively. Our researches strengthenedthe means of suspended mobile artificial aeration, artificial floating island andimmobilized biological carrier, together with the ultra anaerobic digestion in theexperiment, developed the Suspended Mobile Aeration Integrated Process (short asSMAIP) , and preliminary study and research its properties and mechanism. The mainconcussions of the paper are as follow:
The SMAIP system is simple cultured and fast started, professionals are notnecessary in the starting period.Suspended mobile aeration applies a microporousmembrane, which is better than the artificial aeration. Dissolved oxygen can be easilycontrolled. The purifying effect of suspended mobile aeration on COD_(Cr),NH3-N,TP issignificant, the removal efficiency reaches over 81%, 80%, and 55%, respectively.The purification efficiency was improved by 37.5%, 30% and 12.5% higher than theexperimental samples. During the trial period, the ratio of C/N in the source water istoo low, no significant effect on the TN purification efficiency.The immobilizedbiocarrier has bigger contact surface area and enhanced surface adsorption, containinga large number of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, which accelerates thedegradation of nitrogen. The immobilized biocarrier had significant purifying effecton the removal of COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP, up to 87.69%, 72.65%, 41% and83.98% , respectively. The purification efficiency was improved by 22.15%, 15.33%,8.65% and 34.41%.The purtrification capacity of the artificial floating islands appearconsisitance with the growth characteristics of the aquatic plants. During the trialperiod, the Lythrum grows fastest; aquatic yellow iris has the most luxuriant stemsand leaves. During 4 days stable operation, the Lythrum and aquatic yellow islandshad significant purifying effect on the removal of COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP, up to50%, 50%, 15% and 70%, respectively. Reed floating islands grew downward with less fibrous roots. During the trial period, the adsorption capacity was weak, and theremoval of COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP, up to 50%, 20%, 6% and 45%, respectively.
SMAIP system apply the natural ecological non-powered mode or theindustrialized biological mode on different season, water temperature, llluminationand different growing season of the aquatic plants.
In the natural ecological non-powered mode, the average purification efficiencyof COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP was 60.89%, 31.20%,19.7% and 21%, respectively. Thecorrelation coefficient between the purification efficiency and the water temperaturewas 0.6928, 0.8544, 0.6796 and 0.8519, respectively, and the correlation coefficientbetween the purification efficiency and the HRT was 0.8975, 0.8558, 0.5372, and0.9023, respectively. the SMAIP system consistent with total mixed CSTR model.Using Arrhenius law to describes the relationship of temperature on reaction rate, themathematical model formula was derived as: Ce=C0(1+1.38×1.23(T-20)×Tm). Thecorrelation coefficient between the measured values and calculated values was0.7814.
Supplemented by the industrialized biological mode, the system purificationefficiency of COD_(Cr)、NH3-N、TN and TP was significantly improved till 90.28%,92.78%, 60% and 52.43%, respectively. For most of the time the effluent waterquality was lower than 1A emissions standard (GB1898-2002). The correlationcoefficient between the purification efficiency and the water temperature is lower, thephosphorus removal under lower temperature was relatively better than that in highertemperature. SMAIP system use of microbial utilization of organic substrate, theMonod kinetic model was applied to describe the biochemical degradation processand the mathematical model was derived formula as: S STOe. .X.The correlation coefficient between the measured values and calculated values was0.9553.
In the case of large village with population of 1000, the investment of SMAIPsystem is about RMB 150,000 yuan, covers an area of 600m2, the operating cost is6620 yuan per year and the total installed capacity is 1.5kw.
研究表明：SMAIP系统培养过程简单、启动快。悬浮式移动曝气采用微孔膜式移动曝气，充氧性能优于机械移动式表面曝气，溶解氧可方便控制。悬浮式移动曝气用于生态塘强化试验，污染物COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TP净化效率分别为81%、80%和55%以上。比对照样净化效率分别提高37.5%、30%、12.5%。源水TN浓度过高，C/N值低，系统对TN净化效率影响不明显。固定化生物载体提供较大的生物接触表面积和更强的表面吸附性，提供更多的硝化菌、反硝化细菌数量，提高脱氮效率；并通过载体的过滤、吸附与沉淀强化除磷。固定化生物载体用作生态塘强化手段对COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN、TP平均净化效率分别达87.69%、72.65%、41%、83.98%，比对照样分别提高22.15%、15.33%、8.65%、34.41%。人工浮岛水生植物净化能力与生长特征表现一致。试验浮岛水生植物中千屈菜生长快，水生黄鸢尾茎叶繁茂。根系泌氧能力：水生黄鸢尾>千屈菜。经4d稳定运行后，水生黄鸢尾、千屈菜浮岛对COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN和TP平均净化效率分别达50%、50%、15%和70%以上。
针对不同气候条件，SMAIP系统分别采用无动力自然生态净化模式和工业化生物强化模式。无动力模式SMAIP系统对COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN和TP的平均净化效率为60.89%、31.20%、19.7%和21%。净化效率与水温相关系数R2分别为0.6928、0.8544、0.6796和0.8519，相关性显著；与HRT相关系数R2分别为0.8975、0.8558、0.5372和0.9023，除TN外呈显著性相关，用完全混合CSTR模型COD一级反应动力学模型描述SMAIP系统的净化过程，并用Arrhenius定律描述温度对反应速率的关系，得出数学模型公式为：Ce=C0(1+1.38×1.23(T-20)×Tm)。实测值与模型计算值之间的相关系数为0.7814。工业化模式COD_(Cr)、氨氮、TN、TP平均净化效率为90.28%、92.78%、60%、52.43%，冰冻期水温维持在9~15℃，出水低于城镇污水处理一级排放标准，净化效率与水温相关性不明显，较低温度下的除磷效果比较高温度下反而高。工业化模式系统主要利用微生物对有机基质的利用，采用Monod一级反应动力学模型来描述生化降解过程，得出数学模型公式为：S SOe. .TX。实测值与模型计算值之间的相关系数为0.9553。以1000人大型村庄为案例，SMAIP系统投资约15万元，占地600m2，运行费用0.662万元/年，装机1.5KW。
The level of economic and technological is relatively low in our country, andDeveloping low investment cost, high efficiency, simple maintenance processaccording to the local conditions is a key link in our village sewage treatment. Ourresearch group carried enhanced means experiment on traditional natural ecologicalpurification system based on the towns and villages sewage characteristics, duringwhich, static tests, natural field ecological experiment, and industrialized-assistedbiological mode of operation were applied respectively. Our researches strengthenedthe means of suspended mobile artificial aeration, artificial floating island andimmobilized biological carrier, together with the ultra anaerobic digestion in theexperiment, developed the Suspended Mobile Aeration Integrated Process (short asSMAIP) , and preliminary study and research its properties and mechanism. The mainconcussions of the paper are as follow:
The SMAIP system is simple cultured and fast started, professionals are notnecessary in the starting period.Suspended mobile aeration applies a microporousmembrane, which is better than the artificial aeration. Dissolved oxygen can be easilycontrolled. The purifying effect of suspended mobile aeration on COD_(Cr),NH3-N,TP issignificant, the removal efficiency reaches over 81%, 80%, and 55%, respectively.The purification efficiency was improved by 37.5%, 30% and 12.5% higher than theexperimental samples. During the trial period, the ratio of C/N in the source water istoo low, no significant effect on the TN purification efficiency.The immobilizedbiocarrier has bigger contact surface area and enhanced surface adsorption, containinga large number of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, which accelerates thedegradation of nitrogen. The immobilized biocarrier had significant purifying effecton the removal of COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP, up to 87.69%, 72.65%, 41% and83.98% , respectively. The purification efficiency was improved by 22.15%, 15.33%,8.65% and 34.41%.The purtrification capacity of the artificial floating islands appearconsisitance with the growth characteristics of the aquatic plants. During the trialperiod, the Lythrum grows fastest; aquatic yellow iris has the most luxuriant stemsand leaves. During 4 days stable operation, the Lythrum and aquatic yellow islandshad significant purifying effect on the removal of COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP, up to50%, 50%, 15% and 70%, respectively. Reed floating islands grew downward with less fibrous roots. During the trial period, the adsorption capacity was weak, and theremoval of COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP, up to 50%, 20%, 6% and 45%, respectively.
SMAIP system apply the natural ecological non-powered mode or theindustrialized biological mode on different season, water temperature, llluminationand different growing season of the aquatic plants.
In the natural ecological non-powered mode, the average purification efficiencyof COD_(Cr), NH3-N,TN and TP was 60.89%, 31.20%,19.7% and 21%, respectively. Thecorrelation coefficient between the purification efficiency and the water temperaturewas 0.6928, 0.8544, 0.6796 and 0.8519, respectively, and the correlation coefficientbetween the purification efficiency and the HRT was 0.8975, 0.8558, 0.5372, and0.9023, respectively. the SMAIP system consistent with total mixed CSTR model.Using Arrhenius law to describes the relationship of temperature on reaction rate, themathematical model formula was derived as: Ce=C0(1+1.38×1.23(T-20)×Tm). Thecorrelation coefficient between the measured values and calculated values was0.7814.
Supplemented by the industrialized biological mode, the system purificationefficiency of COD_(Cr)、NH3-N、TN and TP was significantly improved till 90.28%,92.78%, 60% and 52.43%, respectively. For most of the time the effluent waterquality was lower than 1A emissions standard (GB1898-2002). The correlationcoefficient between the purification efficiency and the water temperature is lower, thephosphorus removal under lower temperature was relatively better than that in highertemperature. SMAIP system use of microbial utilization of organic substrate, theMonod kinetic model was applied to describe the biochemical degradation processand the mathematical model was derived formula as: S STOe. .X.The correlation coefficient between the measured values and calculated values was0.9553.
In the case of large village with population of 1000, the investment of SMAIPsystem is about RMB 150,000 yuan, covers an area of 600m2, the operating cost is6620 yuan per year and the total installed capacity is 1.5kw.
引文
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