混合动力发动机电控管理系统开发及排放控制研究
摘要
混合动力汽车是目前公认的解决环境与能源问题,实现可持续发展的有效途径,节能与减排是混合动力汽车研究的两大主题。瞬态排放一直是发动机控制的难点,发动机产生的排放主要来自于起动及加速等瞬态工况,而混合动力汽车怠速停机功能必然会增加起停次数及减缓催化器起燃,对排放产生极为不利的影响。另外,混合动力策略的实现必须有发动机管理系统的配合,因此,开发可靠的、功能完备的发动机管理系统并进行混合动力排放的研究具有很强的现实意义。
本文以发动机电控管理系统软件开发和降低混合动力瞬态工况排放为主线,系统研究了混合动力排放产生的本质,发动机电控软件策略以及降低混合动力瞬态排放的方法,完成了混合动力发动机瞬态排放控制的理论建模、仿真研究、策略制定、软件开发以及标定试验等工作。
起动及加速工况是混合动力发动机排放产生的重要来源。通过建立发动机平均值模型及排放模型仿真发动机瞬态工况空燃比及碳氢排放,验证稳态及瞬态工况数据准确性,冷却水温对瞬态排放的影响,并对混合动力起动及加速过程的排放情况进行了仿真。通过仿真可以指导混合动力起动及加速策略的制定:混合动力起动时应避免出现过浓喷油;混合动力车在加速时应充分发挥电机的优势,避免瞬态燃油触发。
进行混合动力发动机排放试验研究之前有大量工作需要完成,包括试验条件的准备、基础数据标定以及功能完善的发动机电控软件开发。在传统发动机台架上进行原型发动机基本喷油点火数据的标定,还搭建了混合动力发动机专用台架,用于混合动力发动机起动排放测试。
发动机电控软件开发是模型验证、混合动力功能策略实现、发动机及整车标定试验完成的基础。由于发动机起动过程进气量总体较小,所以对于配备电子节气门的发动机电控系统,节气门必须对微小进气量可控,且具备很高的稳定性,本文对电子节气门的控制实现了上述功能,其它与混合动力排放有关的软件措施也做了开发,包括催化器起燃点火后推功能及瞬态燃油控制等,为混合动力发动机及整车策略开发验证奠定了电控系统平台基础。
依据ISG并联式混合动力车的特点及所开发的发动机电控软件,制定了ISG混合动力汽车起动及加速策略,详细分析了发动机起动过程的各个阶段,研究了发动机起动及加速过程中燃油、空气与点火的控制方法。在混合动力汽车加速策略中提出了快慢扭矩的概念,快扭矩用以替代快速瞬态燃油,扭矩维持和慢扭矩替代慢速瞬态燃油,其实质是以ISG电机扭矩取代瞬态燃油的动力性,同时避免排放恶化。
基于模型仿真结果以及开发出的发动机电控管理系统,完成了混合动力标定试验及测试。在发动机瞬态排放台架上研究了拖转转速、点火推迟以及目标怠速对发动机起动过程排放的影响;在整车平台上进行了实车起动标定,确定了起动标定的原则,在各种冷却水温点确定了合理的拖转转速、起始喷油转速及ISG电机扭矩维持时间,保证了混合动力起动平顺性及空燃比的精确性;通过传统车与混合动力车加速过程的空燃比测试体现了混合动力加速控制策略的明显优势,最后分别在两种模式下测试国标国IV循环排放试验,充分验证了混合动力策略在实际应用中对降低油耗和排放的显著效果。
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is the recognized cost-effective approach to solve the environment, petroleum resources and achieving sustainable development. The pollutant emissions mainly result from such transient cases as start and acceleration, and the transient emissions are always the key of the engine emission. The idle cancel function definitely increases the starts and prolongs the catalyst activation that do harm to the emissions. The realization of hybrid function is based on the engine management system. So it is necessary to develop the reliable, function-oriented engine management system and hybrid emissions.
Aiming at the EMS software development and reduction of hybrid transient emissions, this research studied the essence of hybrid emission generation, engine strategies and methods of emission elimination. Research on theoretical modeling, simulation, strategy establishment, software development and calibration was finished.
The start and transient modes are the main cases which engine generates emissions. The air-fuel ratio and hydrocarbon emission are simulated by the engine mean value model and emission model. The steady and transient calibration data were validated and the influence of coolant temperature to HC emission is studied. The hybrid start and acceleration emission were specially studied and it can guide the hybrid start and acceleration optimization. The excess fuel must be avoided. It must take advantage of the ISG motor, instead of the transient fuel.
Lot of preparation must be finished before hybrid engine test, including experiment condition, basic parameter calibration and well-developed EMS software. The basic injection and ignition parameters of prototype engine were calibrated on the conventional bench test while the hybrid bench is mainly target at hybrid start emission test.
The EMS software is the basis of model validation, hybrid strategies realization, engine and vehicle calibration tests. Because of little air is needed at start, the accuracy and stability of tiny air delivery must be uner control when the engine equips with electrical-controlled throttle (ETC). The mentioned function was achieved and other emission-related software was also developed which inclues catalyst-activation-oriented ignition reatard and transient fuel control. The EMS software lays platform foundation on the hybrid engine and vehicle strategies development.
The hybrid start and acceleration strategies were worked out based on the characteristic of ISG hybrid electric vehicle and EMS software. Every stages of start process were analyzed in detail. The control principal of fuel, air and ignition were determined. The concept of fast and slow torque was introduced. The fast torque takes place of fast transient fuel while the slow torque corresponds to the slow transient fuel. The essence of fast and slow torque is to substitute the power performance of transient fuel as well as avoiding emission deterioration.
The hybrid calibration tests were done based on the simlution result and the EMS software. The influence of motoring speed, ignition retard and target idle speed to start process emission were studied. The start calibration principal was worked out with vehicle platform. The reasonable motoring speed, injection-trigger speed and ISG-torque-keeping time were determined at various coolant temperatures to realize the smooth start and air-fuel ratio accuracy. The advantage of hybrid acceleration strategy was validated by testing the acceleration air-fuel ratio with conventional and hybrid modes. The results of National emission test (stage IV) well explain the effect of reduction of fuel consumption and emissions.
本文以发动机电控管理系统软件开发和降低混合动力瞬态工况排放为主线,系统研究了混合动力排放产生的本质,发动机电控软件策略以及降低混合动力瞬态排放的方法,完成了混合动力发动机瞬态排放控制的理论建模、仿真研究、策略制定、软件开发以及标定试验等工作。
起动及加速工况是混合动力发动机排放产生的重要来源。通过建立发动机平均值模型及排放模型仿真发动机瞬态工况空燃比及碳氢排放,验证稳态及瞬态工况数据准确性,冷却水温对瞬态排放的影响,并对混合动力起动及加速过程的排放情况进行了仿真。通过仿真可以指导混合动力起动及加速策略的制定:混合动力起动时应避免出现过浓喷油;混合动力车在加速时应充分发挥电机的优势,避免瞬态燃油触发。
进行混合动力发动机排放试验研究之前有大量工作需要完成,包括试验条件的准备、基础数据标定以及功能完善的发动机电控软件开发。在传统发动机台架上进行原型发动机基本喷油点火数据的标定,还搭建了混合动力发动机专用台架,用于混合动力发动机起动排放测试。
发动机电控软件开发是模型验证、混合动力功能策略实现、发动机及整车标定试验完成的基础。由于发动机起动过程进气量总体较小,所以对于配备电子节气门的发动机电控系统,节气门必须对微小进气量可控,且具备很高的稳定性,本文对电子节气门的控制实现了上述功能,其它与混合动力排放有关的软件措施也做了开发,包括催化器起燃点火后推功能及瞬态燃油控制等,为混合动力发动机及整车策略开发验证奠定了电控系统平台基础。
依据ISG并联式混合动力车的特点及所开发的发动机电控软件,制定了ISG混合动力汽车起动及加速策略,详细分析了发动机起动过程的各个阶段,研究了发动机起动及加速过程中燃油、空气与点火的控制方法。在混合动力汽车加速策略中提出了快慢扭矩的概念,快扭矩用以替代快速瞬态燃油,扭矩维持和慢扭矩替代慢速瞬态燃油,其实质是以ISG电机扭矩取代瞬态燃油的动力性,同时避免排放恶化。
基于模型仿真结果以及开发出的发动机电控管理系统,完成了混合动力标定试验及测试。在发动机瞬态排放台架上研究了拖转转速、点火推迟以及目标怠速对发动机起动过程排放的影响;在整车平台上进行了实车起动标定,确定了起动标定的原则,在各种冷却水温点确定了合理的拖转转速、起始喷油转速及ISG电机扭矩维持时间,保证了混合动力起动平顺性及空燃比的精确性;通过传统车与混合动力车加速过程的空燃比测试体现了混合动力加速控制策略的明显优势,最后分别在两种模式下测试国标国IV循环排放试验,充分验证了混合动力策略在实际应用中对降低油耗和排放的显著效果。
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is the recognized cost-effective approach to solve the environment, petroleum resources and achieving sustainable development. The pollutant emissions mainly result from such transient cases as start and acceleration, and the transient emissions are always the key of the engine emission. The idle cancel function definitely increases the starts and prolongs the catalyst activation that do harm to the emissions. The realization of hybrid function is based on the engine management system. So it is necessary to develop the reliable, function-oriented engine management system and hybrid emissions.
Aiming at the EMS software development and reduction of hybrid transient emissions, this research studied the essence of hybrid emission generation, engine strategies and methods of emission elimination. Research on theoretical modeling, simulation, strategy establishment, software development and calibration was finished.
The start and transient modes are the main cases which engine generates emissions. The air-fuel ratio and hydrocarbon emission are simulated by the engine mean value model and emission model. The steady and transient calibration data were validated and the influence of coolant temperature to HC emission is studied. The hybrid start and acceleration emission were specially studied and it can guide the hybrid start and acceleration optimization. The excess fuel must be avoided. It must take advantage of the ISG motor, instead of the transient fuel.
Lot of preparation must be finished before hybrid engine test, including experiment condition, basic parameter calibration and well-developed EMS software. The basic injection and ignition parameters of prototype engine were calibrated on the conventional bench test while the hybrid bench is mainly target at hybrid start emission test.
The EMS software is the basis of model validation, hybrid strategies realization, engine and vehicle calibration tests. Because of little air is needed at start, the accuracy and stability of tiny air delivery must be uner control when the engine equips with electrical-controlled throttle (ETC). The mentioned function was achieved and other emission-related software was also developed which inclues catalyst-activation-oriented ignition reatard and transient fuel control. The EMS software lays platform foundation on the hybrid engine and vehicle strategies development.
The hybrid start and acceleration strategies were worked out based on the characteristic of ISG hybrid electric vehicle and EMS software. Every stages of start process were analyzed in detail. The control principal of fuel, air and ignition were determined. The concept of fast and slow torque was introduced. The fast torque takes place of fast transient fuel while the slow torque corresponds to the slow transient fuel. The essence of fast and slow torque is to substitute the power performance of transient fuel as well as avoiding emission deterioration.
The hybrid calibration tests were done based on the simlution result and the EMS software. The influence of motoring speed, ignition retard and target idle speed to start process emission were studied. The start calibration principal was worked out with vehicle platform. The reasonable motoring speed, injection-trigger speed and ISG-torque-keeping time were determined at various coolant temperatures to realize the smooth start and air-fuel ratio accuracy. The advantage of hybrid acceleration strategy was validated by testing the acceleration air-fuel ratio with conventional and hybrid modes. The results of National emission test (stage IV) well explain the effect of reduction of fuel consumption and emissions.
引文
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